Jonathan Haidt: How common threats can make common (political) ground

72,680 views ・ 2013-01-07

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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Samantha Jian 審譯者: Jephian Lin
00:15
So if you've been following the news,
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如果你有在注意新聞,
00:17
you've heard that there's a pack of giant asteroids
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你應該有聽說有一個大群小行星
00:20
headed for the United States,
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正往美國飛來,
00:21
all scheduled to strike within the next 50 years.
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將會在未來的50年內到達撞擊。
00:24
Now I don't mean actual asteroids made of rock and metal.
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現在我要說的不是由石頭和金屬組成的行星。
00:27
That actually wouldn't be such a problem,
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事實上那不會是個問題,
00:29
because if we were really all going to die,
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因為如果我們都快要死了,
00:31
we would put aside our differences, we'd spend whatever it took,
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我們會把我們之間的歧異放在一旁, 我們會不計任何代價,
00:34
and we'd find a way to deflect them.
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我們會想出辦法來使這些行星轉向。
00:36
I'm talking instead about threats that are headed our way,
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而我要說的是我們即將面臨的威脅,
00:39
but they're wrapped in a special energy field
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但是這些威脅被包在一個會讓我們分裂、
00:41
that polarizes us, and therefore paralyzes us.
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進而使我們癱瘓的特殊的能量場裡。
00:45
Last March, I went to the TED conference,
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去年三月,我參加TED會談,
00:47
and I saw Jim Hansen speak, the NASA scientist
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我看到Jim Hansen的演講,他是一個NASA的科學家
00:50
who first raised the alarm about global warming in the 1980s,
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也是第一位在1980年代提出對於全球暖化的警訊的人,
00:53
and it seems that the predictions he made back then
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似乎他當時做的預測
00:55
are coming true.
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將會成真。
00:57
This is where we're headed in terms of global temperature rises,
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以全球暖化來說,這是現在我們正朝向的地方,
01:01
and if we keep on going the way we're going,
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如果我們繼續往這個方向走,
01:02
we get a four- or five-degree-Centigrade temperature rise
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全球溫度在這個世紀末將會上升攝氏四到五度。
01:06
by the end of this century.
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全球溫度在這個世紀末將會上升攝氏四到五度。
01:07
Hansen says we can expect about a five-meter rise in sea levels.
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Hansen說海平面預計將會升高五公尺。
01:11
This is what a five-meter rise in sea levels would look like.
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這是當海平面升高五公尺時的樣子。
01:14
Low-lying cities all around the world will disappear
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在我們下一代的有生之年,世界上低海拔的城市都會消失。
01:17
within the lifetime of children born today.
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在我們下一代的有生之年,世界上低海拔的城市都會消失。
01:21
Hansen closed his talk by saying,
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Hansen用以下的話來結束他的演講:
01:23
"Imagine a giant asteroid on a collision course with Earth.
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「想像一個巨大的小行星正往地球飛來。
01:27
That is the equivalent of what we face now.
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那就像我們現在面臨的危機。
01:30
Yet we dither, taking no action to deflect the asteroid,
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但是我們猶豫慌亂,沒做任何事在使這個小行星轉向,
01:34
even though the longer we wait,
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即使我們等得愈久,
01:35
the more difficult and expensive it becomes."
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要解決所需要花的力氣和花費就更大。」
01:38
Of course, the left wants to take action,
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當然,左翼的想做些事,
01:40
but the right denies that there's any problem.
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但右翼的卻否認問題的存在。
01:43
All right, so I go back from TED,
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好了,所以我參加完TED會談回去,
01:45
and then the following week, I'm invited to a dinner party
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在一個禮拜後,我受邀參加一個在華盛頓特區的晚宴
01:48
in Washington, D.C., where I know that I'll be meeting
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而我知道我將會見到一群保守派的知識份子
01:50
a number of conservative intellectuals, including Yuval Levin,
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其中包括Yuval Levin,
01:53
and to prepare for the meeting, I read this article by Levin
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而為了和他們見面做準備, 我讀了Levin發表在National Affairs
01:57
in National Affairs called "Beyond the Welfare State."
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的一篇文章,叫做"Beyond the Welfare State"。
02:00
Levin writes that all over the world,
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Levin寫道現在世界各國
02:03
nations are coming to terms with the fact
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都面臨到一個
02:06
that the social democratic welfare state
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國家社會民主福利制度
02:08
is turning out to be untenable and unaffordable,
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都將無法維持和無法負擔的狀態,
02:11
dependent upon dubious economics
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因為其依賴於未來不可預測的經濟
02:14
and the demographic model of a bygone era.
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和過去的人囗統計模型。
02:18
All right, now this might not sound as scary as an asteroid,
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好,現在也許聽起來並不像小行星一樣的恐怖,
02:20
but look at these graphs that Levin showed.
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但是看一下Levin提供的圖表。
02:23
This graph shows the national debt
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這個圖顯示國債
02:25
as a percentage of America's GDP, and as you see,
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佔美國GDP的百分比,如你所見,
02:28
if you go all the way back to the founding,
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如果我們回到美國創立時期,
02:30
we borrowed a lot of money to fight the Revolutionary War.
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我們借了很多錢來打獨立戰爭。
02:33
Wars are expensive. But then we'd pay it off, pay it off, pay it off,
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戰爭很費錢。 但是我們慢慢地還債,還債,還債,
02:36
and then, oh, what's this? The Civil War. Even more expensive.
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然後,哦,這是什麽? 南北戰爭。花的錢更多了。
02:39
Borrow a lot of money, pay it off, pay it off, pay it off,
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借了很多錢,還債,還債,還債,
02:42
get down to near zero, and bang! -- World War I.
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幾乎快還完了,然後,砰!──第一次世界大戰。
02:44
Once again, the same process repeats.
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再一次地,又重複一次借錢還錢。
02:46
Now then we get the Great Depression and World War II.
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然後我們到了經濟大蕭條和第二次世界大戰。
02:48
We rise to an astronomical level, around 118 percent of GDP,
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負債比高到變成天文數字,到達了約GDP的118%,
02:52
really unsustainable, really dangerous.
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到了真正的無法維持、 真正危險的地步。
02:56
But we pay it off, pay it off, pay it off, and then, what's this?
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但是我們還債,還債,還債, 然後,這是什麽?
03:01
Why has it been rising since the '70s?
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為什麽負債比從70年代就一直上升?
03:04
It's partly due to tax cuts that were unfunded,
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一部份是因為沒有財源支持的減少稅收方案,
03:07
but it's due primarily to the rise of entitlement spending,
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但是主要是因為各項津貼支出的增加
03:09
especially Medicare.
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特別是醫療津貼。
03:11
We're approaching the levels of indebtedness we had at World War II,
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我們快接近在二次世界大戰時的舉債程度,
03:14
and the baby boomers haven't even retired yet,
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更何況嬰兒潮時代出生的人還沒退休,
03:17
and when they do, this is what will happen.
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當他們退休時,這將會發生。
03:21
This is data from the Congressional Budget Office
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這是美國國會預算辦公室的資料
03:22
showing its most realistic forecast of what would happen
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顯示他們依據現今之情況、期望、趨勢加以延展, 實際上最可能會發生的預測。
03:25
if current situations and expectations and trends are extended.
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顯示他們依據現今之情況、期望、趨勢加以延展, 實際上最可能會發生的預測。
03:29
All right, now what you might notice is that these two graphs
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好,現在你也許注意到這兩個圖表
03:32
are actually identical, not in terms of the x- and y-axes,
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實際上是一模一樣的, 不是在它們的x軸和y軸,
03:37
or in terms of the data they present,
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也不是指它們所呈現的資訊,
03:38
but in terms of their moral and political implications, they say the same thing.
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而是就它們在道德和政治上的含義, 它們是一樣的。
03:43
Let me translate for you.
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讓我翻譯給你聽。
03:44
"We are doomed unless we start acting now.
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「我們注定完蛋了,除非我們現在開始行動。
03:48
What's wrong with you people on the other side in the other party?
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你們那邊另一派的人到底有什麽問題?
03:51
Can't you see reality? If you won't help, then get the hell out of the way."
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你們看不見現實嗎? 如果你們不幫忙的話,那就不要擋住我們的路。」
03:55
We can deflect both of these asteroids.
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我們可以讓這兩個大行星轉向。
03:58
These problems are both technically solvable.
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這些問題都是技術上能被解決的。
04:01
Our problem and our tragedy is that in these hyper-partisan times,
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我們的問題和我們的悲劇是在那些偏激黨派時代,
04:04
the mere fact that one side says, "Look, there's an asteroid,"
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是只要一邊說: 「你看,有小行星!」
04:07
means that the other side's going to say, "Huh? What?
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另一邊就會說:「什麽?
04:09
No, I'm not even going to look up. No."
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沒有的事,我連抬頭看都不要。沒有。」
04:12
To understand why this is happening to us,
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要了解為何這樣的事會發生在我們身上,
04:15
and what we can do about it, we need to learn more about moral psychology.
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和我們能做些什麽事,我們需要更了解道德心理學。
04:19
So I'm a social psychologist, and I study morality,
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我是一個社會心理學家,我研究道德規範,
04:22
and one of the most important principles of morality
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在道德規範裡一個最重要的原理是
04:24
is that morality binds and blinds.
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道德規範約束人們也使人們帶去判斷力。
04:27
It binds us into teams that circle around sacred values
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道德規範讓我們圍繞著神聖的價值約束成一個團體
04:30
but thereby makes us go blind to objective reality.
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但是卻也因此使我們失去了面對客觀事實的能力。
04:34
Think of it like this.
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你可以這樣來看。
04:35
Large-scale cooperation is extremely rare on this planet.
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大規模合作的例子在這個星球上是極少的。
04:39
There are only a few species that can do it.
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只有少數幾種生物能做到。
04:41
That's a beehive. That's a termite mound, a giant termite mound.
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這是蜂窩。 這是白蟻丘,一個巨大的白蟻丘。
04:44
And when you find this in other animals, it's always the same story.
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當你在別的動物上發現這種大規模的合作時, 這都是同樣的模式。
04:47
They're always all siblings who are children of a single queen,
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他們都是兄弟姊妺、 都是單一一個女王的子孫,
04:52
so they're all in the same boat.
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所以他們都在同一條船上。
04:54
They rise or fall, they live or die, as one.
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不是一起壯大就是一起衰弱、 不是一起活就是一起死。
04:57
There's only one species on the planet that can do this
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這個星球上只有一種生物 可以在沒有親屬關係下做到
04:59
without kinship, and that, of course, is us.
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而那,當然,就是我們。
05:02
This is a reconstruction of ancient Babylon,
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這是古巴比倫的重建、
05:04
and this is Tenochtitlan.
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這是特諾奇提特蘭城。
05:07
Now how did we do this? How did we go
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我們當初是如何做到的? 我們是如何
05:09
from being hunter-gatherers 10,000 years ago
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從一萬年前的獵人和採集者
05:12
to building these gigantic cities in just a few thousand years?
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在短短地幾千年裡做到建造這些巨大的城市?
05:16
It's miraculous, and part of the explanation
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這是非常神奇的,而其中一個解釋
05:19
is this ability to circle around sacred values.
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是這個能環繞神聖的價值的能力。
05:23
As you see, temples and gods play a big role in all ancient civilizations.
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如你所見, 神廟和眾神在所有的古文明中扮演一個很大的角色。
05:27
This is an image of Muslims circling the Kaaba in Mecca.
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這是穆斯林教徒在麥加圍繞克爾白的照片
05:31
It's a sacred rock, and when people circle something together,
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這是一個神聖的石頭,然後當人們一起圍繞一個東西時,
05:34
they unite, they can trust each other, they become one.
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他們團結,他們可以相信彼此,他們變成一體。
05:38
It's as though you're moving an electrical wire
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這就像你在一個磁場裡
05:40
through a magnetic field that generates current.
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移動一個電線,這會產生電流。
05:42
When people circle together, they generate a current.
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當人們環繞在一起時,他們產生電流。
05:45
We love to circle around things.
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我們喜歡環繞東西。
05:47
We circle around flags, and then we can trust each other.
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我們會圍繞旗子,然後我們可以相信彼此。
05:51
We can fight as a team, as a unit.
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我們可以如同一個團隊、一個單位來戰鬥。
05:53
But even as morality binds people together into a unit,
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但是即使道德規範約束人們形成一個單位、
05:57
into a team, the circling blinds them.
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形成一個團隊, 這樣的約束使他們帶去客觀的判斷力。
06:01
It causes them to distort reality.
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這使得他們去扭曲事實。
06:02
We begin separating everything into good versus evil.
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我們開始把所有的東西分成好跟壞。
06:06
Now that process feels great. It feels really satisfying.
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這個過程感覺很好。 它令人感覺很滿足。
06:10
But it is a gross distortion of reality.
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但是那是對於現實一個很嚴重的扭曲。
06:15
You can see the moral electromagnet operating in the U.S. Congress.
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你可以看到這個道德的電磁鐵正在美國國會裡運作。
06:18
This is a graph that shows the degree to which voting
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這張圖表顯示美國國會投票 落在左右兩派這條軸上的程度,
06:20
in Congress falls strictly along the left-right axis,
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這張圖表顯示美國國會投票 落在左右兩派這條軸上的程度,
06:23
so that if you know how liberal or conservative someone is,
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所以如果你知道某人是自由主義派或保守派的話,
06:26
you know exactly how they voted on all the major issues.
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你完全知道他們在主要議題上會投票支持哪一邊。
06:29
And what you can see is that,
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然後你可以看到的是,
06:31
in the decades after the Civil War,
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在美國南北戰爭後的數十年內,
06:33
Congress was extraordinarily polarized,
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美國國會是非常兩極化的,
06:36
as you would expect, about as high as can be.
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誠如你所預期的,其程度大到不能再大了。
06:38
But then, after World War I, things dropped,
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但是在一次世界大戰後,程度下降了。
06:41
and we get this historically low level of polarization.
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我們到達歷史上分裂兩極化程度最低的地方。
06:44
This was a golden age of bipartisanship,
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這是兩黨合作的黃金時期,
06:46
at least in terms of the parties' ability to work together
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至少就黨派間互相合作 然後解決國家的問題上
06:49
and solve grand national problems.
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至少就黨派間互相合作 然後解決國家的問題上
06:52
But in the 1980s and '90s, the electromagnet turns back on.
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但是在80和90年代,電磁鐵又開始運作了。
06:57
Polarization rises.
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兩極化程度增加了。
07:00
It used to be that conservatives and moderates and liberals
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曾經在國會裡,保守黨和現代黨和自由黨
07:03
could all work together in Congress.
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可以一起合作。
07:04
They could rearrange themselves, form bipartisan committees,
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他們可以改組,成立兩黨合作的委員會,
07:07
but as the moral electromagnet got cranked up,
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但是當道德規範的電磁鐵開始變大時,
07:10
the force field increased,
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能量場增大,
07:13
Democrats and Republicans were pulled apart.
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民主黨人士和共和黨人士被分離。
07:16
It became much harder for them to socialize,
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他們變得愈來愈難有社交活動,
07:17
much harder for them to cooperate.
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愈來愈難一起合作。
07:19
Retiring members nowadays say that it's become like gang warfare.
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現今的退休國會會員說 那變成了像幫派間的戰爭一樣
07:24
Did anybody notice that in two of the three debates,
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有沒有注意到在三次競選辯論中有兩次,
07:27
Obama wore a blue tie and Romney wore a red tie?
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歐巴馬戴籃色的領帶而羅姆尼載紅色的領帶?
07:31
Do you know why they do this?
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你知道為何他們這麽做嗎?
07:33
It's so that the Bloods and the Crips will know which side to vote for. (Laughter)
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這樣血幫和瘸幫(美國加州幫派) 會知道要投那一個。(笑)
07:37
The polarization is strongest among our political elites.
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我們的政治精英之間 兩極化的程度是最強大的。
07:40
Nobody doubts that this is happening in Washington.
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沒有人懷疑這正在華盛頓特區裡發生。
07:42
But for a while, there was some doubt as to whether it was happening among the people.
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但是有一陣子,有人懷疑是否 這種兩極化的情況也在一般大眾間發生。
07:45
Well, in the last 12 years it's become
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好吧,在過去12年裡
07:47
much more apparent that it is.
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情況已經變得愈來愈明顯。
07:49
So look at this data. This is from the American National Elections Survey.
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所以來看這個資料。 這是來自美國全國選舉調查機構。
07:52
And what they do on that survey is they ask
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他們的問卷調查是詢問
07:55
what's called a feeling thermometer rating.
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他們稱之為感覺溫度計的評分。
07:57
So, how warm or cold do you feel about, you know,
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所以就是你對於各種美國社會裡的族群的感覺 是有多暖還是多冷,你知道的,
08:01
Native Americans, or the military, the Republican Party,
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美國原住民、或是軍方、共和黨、民主黨。
08:04
the Democratic Party, all sorts of groups in American life.
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美國原住民、或是軍方、共和黨、民主黨。
08:07
The blue line shows how warmly Democrats feel
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藍色這條線代表民主派人士覺得對於民主派人士
08:09
about Democrats, and they like them.
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感覺有多溫暖,他們喜歡他們。
08:12
You know, ratings in the 70s on a 100-point scale.
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你知道,評比是在100分裡得到70多分。
08:14
Republicans like Republicans. That's not a surprise.
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保守派人士喜歡保守派人士。這並不驚訝。
08:17
But when you look at cross-party ratings,
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但是當你去看跨黨派的評比,
08:19
you find, well, that it's lower, but actually,
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你會發現是比較低的,但是事實上,
08:22
when I first saw this data, I was surprised.
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但我第一次看到這個資料,我感到驚訝。
08:24
That's actually not so bad. If you go back to the Carter and even Reagan administrations,
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這其實沒有那麼差。 如果你回來看卡特甚至是雷根執政時期,
08:27
they were rating the other party 43, 45. It's not terrible.
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他們對於另一派的評比是43、45。 這沒有很糟糕。
08:32
It drifts downwards very slightly,
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評比有向下滑了一點,
08:34
but now look what happens under George W. Bush and Obama.
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但是現在來看在小布希和歐巴馬執政下發生了什麼事。
08:38
It plummets. Something is going on here.
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評比垂直下滑。這裡頭有問題。
08:41
The moral electromagnet is turning back on,
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道德規範的電磁鐵又被開啟了,
08:43
and nowadays, just very recently,
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現在,到了最近,
08:45
Democrats really dislike Republicans.
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民主派人士真的不喜歡保守派人士。
08:48
Republicans really dislike the Democrats. We're changing.
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保守派人士真的不喜歡民主派人士。 我們正在改變。
08:51
It's as though the moral electromagnet is affecting us too.
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這就像道德規範電磁鐵也正在影響我們。
08:54
It's like put out in the two oceans and it's pulling the whole country apart,
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這就像把國家放在兩大海洋上 而這電磁體正在把整個國家拉扯分裂,
08:58
pulling left and right into their own territories
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把左派和右派分離到他們各自的領域。
09:02
like the Bloods and the Crips.
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就像血幫和瘸幫一樣。
09:04
Now, there are many reasons why this is happening to us,
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為何這會發生在我們身上是有很多原因的
09:07
and many of them we cannot reverse.
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其中很多原因我們是無法回頭的。
09:10
We will never again have a political class
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我們再也不會有一個政治群體
09:13
that was forged by the experience of fighting together
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是由一次世界大戰中 一起對抗共同敵人的經驗所打造而成。
09:16
in World War II against a common enemy.
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是由一次世界大戰中 一起對抗共同敵人的經驗所打造而成。
09:19
We will never again have just three television networks,
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我們再也不會只有三個相對中間派的 電視網路了。
09:23
all of which are relatively centrist.
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我們再也不會只有三個相對中間派的 電視網路了。
09:26
And we will never again have a large group of conservative southern Democrats
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還有我們再也不會有一大群保守主義的南方民主派人士
09:31
and liberal northern Republicans making it easy,
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以及自由主義的北方保守派人士來產生大量的交集、
09:35
making there be a lot of overlap for bipartisan cooperation.
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並使得兩黨合作變得容易。
09:39
So for a lot of reasons, those decades after the Second World War
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所以由於很多原因,二次世界大戰後的數十年
09:42
were an historically anomalous time.
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成為歷史上非常異常的一個時代。
09:43
We will never get back to those low levels of polarization, I believe.
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我相信,我們的兩極化再也回不去那麼低的程度。
09:47
But there's a lot that we can do. There are dozens
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但是有很多我們可以做的事。 有很多很多
09:50
and dozens of reforms we can do that will make things better,
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改革我們可以做來讓事情變好,
09:53
because a lot of our dysfunction can be traced directly
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因為很多我們的功能障礙可以直接追溯到
09:55
to things that Congress did to itself in the 1990s
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美國國會在90年代裡對它們自已做的事,
09:59
that created a much more polarized and dysfunctional institution.
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這些事產生了一個更兩極化和有更多功能障礙的機構。
10:04
These changes are detailed in many books.
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這些改變在很多書裡有詳細說明。
10:06
These are two that I strongly recommend,
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這裡有兩本我強力推薦,
10:08
and they list a whole bunch of reforms.
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它們列了很多改革。
10:10
I'm just going to group them into three broad classes here.
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我把改革分門別類成三大類。
10:13
So if you think about this as the problem of a dysfunctional,
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所以如果你把這想成是 功能障礙、超兩極化的機構的問題,
10:16
hyper-polarized institution, well, the first step is,
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那麼,第一步是,
10:20
do what you can so that fewer hyper-partisans get elected in the first place,
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盡其所能地讓更少的偏激黨派人士在一開始時被選上,
10:25
and when you have closed party primaries,
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在封閉式初選裡,
10:26
and only the most committed Republicans and Democrats are voting,
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只有最忠誠的保守派和民主派人士來投票,
10:29
you're nominating and selecting the most extreme hyper-partisans.
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你就任命和選擇了最極端的偏激黨派人士。
10:33
So open primaries would make that problem much, much less severe.
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所以開放初選可以使這個問題輕微許多。
10:37
But the problem isn't primarily that we're electing bad people to Congress.
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但是問題主要不是在於我們推選錯的人進國會。
10:42
From my experience, and from what I've heard from Congressional insiders,
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從我的經驗和我從國會內部人士裡得知,
10:45
most of the people going to Congress are good, hard-working,
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大部份進入國會的人都是好的、認真工作的人,
10:48
intelligent people who really want to solve problems,
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都是些聰明的、真的想要解決問題的人,
10:51
but once they get there, they find that they are forced
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但是當他們進入國會,他們發現他們被迫
10:53
to play a game that rewards hyper-partisanship
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玩一個對支持偏激黨派之爭的人給予讚許
10:56
and that punishes independent thinking.
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而對獨立思考的人給予懲罰的遊戲。
10:58
You step out of line, you get punished.
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你不守規矩,你得到懲罰。
11:01
So there are a lot of reforms we could do
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所以有很多我們可以做的改革
11:02
that will counteract this.
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來抵制這種事。
11:03
For example, this "Citizens United" ruling is a disaster,
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例如,這個「公民聯合」裁決是一個災難,
11:07
because it means there's like a money gun aimed at your head,
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因為那就像說有一把附帶著錢的槍指著你的頭,
11:09
and if you step out of line, if you try to reach across the aisle,
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如果你不守規矩,如果你試圖和不同黨派的人妥協,
11:12
there's a ton of money waiting to be given to your opponent
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你的對手就會收到很多錢
11:14
to make everybody think that you are a terrible person through negative advertising.
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用負面的廣告來讓每個人認為你是一個很糟糕的人。
11:20
But the third class of reforms is that we've got to change
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但是第三種改革是我們必須去改變
11:22
the nature of social relationships in Congress.
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國會裡社交關係的本質。
11:25
The politicians I've met are generally very extroverted,
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我所遇過的政治人物通常都是非常外向的、
11:29
friendly, very socially skillful people,
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友善的、有很好社交手腕的人,
11:32
and that's the nature of politics. You've got to make relationships,
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而那正是政治學的本質。你必須得建立關係、
11:36
make deals, you've got to cajole, please, flatter,
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進行交易、 你必須要哄騙、討好、奉承、
11:39
you've got to use your personal skills,
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你必須利用你的個人技能,
11:41
and that's the way politics has always worked.
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而那正是政治圈裡運作的方式。
11:44
But beginning in the 1990s, first the House of Representatives
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但是從90年代開始,先是眾議院改變了
11:47
changed its legislative calendar
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他們的立法日程表
11:49
so that all business is basically done in the middle of the week.
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如此所有的日常工作基本上是在一個禮拜中結束。
11:53
Nowadays, Congressmen fly in on Tuesday morning,
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現在,國會議員在星期二早上搭機抵達,
11:55
they do battle for two days, then they fly home Thursday afternoon.
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他們爭辯兩天,然後在星期四下午飛回家。
11:58
They don't move their families to the District.
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他們不會把家人搬到(華盛頓)特區。
12:00
They don't meet each other's spouses or children.
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他們不會和彼此的配偶或小孩見面。
12:02
There's no more relationship there.
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再也沒有關係了。
12:05
And trying to run Congress without human relationships
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然後試著經營沒有人和人之間關係的國會
12:08
is like trying to run a car without motor oil.
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就像試著開一台沒有引擎油的車。
12:11
Should we be surprised when the whole thing freezes up
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當整個東西變冷起來然後落入癱瘓並兩極化時 我們應該驚訝嗎?
12:14
and descends into paralysis and polarization?
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當整個東西變冷起來然後落入癱瘓並兩極化時 我們應該驚訝嗎?
12:18
A simple change to the legislative calendar,
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在立法日程表上的一個簡單的改變,
12:20
such as having business stretch out for three weeks
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像是讓日常工作長達三個星期之久
12:22
and then they get a week off to go home,
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然後放一個禮拜回家,
12:24
that would change the fundamental relationships in Congress.
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就可以改變現在國會的基本關係。
12:27
So there's a lot we can do, but who's going to push them to do it?
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所以有很多我們可以做的,但是誰要來推動他們來做?
12:30
There are a number of groups that are working on this.
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有一些團體正在做這件事。
12:32
No Labels and Common Cause, I think,
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No Labels和Common Cause,我想,
12:35
have very good ideas for changes we need to do
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對於我們需要做的改變有非常好的想法
12:37
to make our democracy more responsive and our Congress more effective.
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來讓我們的民主制度更能因應變化, 和讓我們的國會更有效率。
12:40
But I'd like to supplement their work
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但是我想要以一個小小的心理的招術來
12:42
with a little psychological trick, and the trick is this.
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幫忙他們的工作,這個招術是這樣的。
12:46
Nothing pulls people together like a common threat
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沒有什麼能像一個共同的威脅 或是攻擊可以把人們團結在一起,
12:49
or a common attack, especially an attack from a foreign enemy,
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特別是像一個來自一個外國敵人的攻擊,
12:53
unless of course that threat hits on our polarized psychology,
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當然除非那個威脅是落在 我們易被兩極化的心理上,
12:58
in which case, as I said before, it can actually pull us apart.
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這樣的話,如同我之前說的, 那實際上會把我們分離。
13:01
Sometimes a single threat can polarize us, as we saw.
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如同我們看到的,有時候單一一個威脅可以分裂我們。
13:04
But what if the situation we face is not a single threat
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但是如果我們面對的不是一個單一的威脅
13:07
but is actually more like this,
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而是比較像這樣的,
13:09
where there's just so much stuff coming in,
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就是有太多東西即將到來,
13:10
it's just, "Start shooting, come on, everybody,
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就會是,「開始射擊,快點,每個人,
13:12
we've got to just work together, just start shooting."
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我們必須要一起合作,就是開始射擊就對了。」
13:15
Because actually, we do face this situation.
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因為事實上,我們的確面臨這種情況。
13:17
This is where we are as a country.
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這是我們現在身為一個國家所處的情況。
13:20
So here's another asteroid.
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然後這裡有另一個小行星。
13:22
We've all seen versions of this graph, right,
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我們都曾看過這個圖表,對吧,
13:24
which shows the changes in wealth since 1979,
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這顯示自1979年以來財富的改變,
13:27
and as you can see, almost all the gains in wealth
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如你所看到的,幾乎所有財富的增加
13:30
have gone to the top 20 percent, and especially the top one percent.
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都在前百分之二十的人手裡,特別是前百分之一的人。
13:35
Rising inequality like this is associated
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像這樣增加的財富不均是和
13:37
with so many problems for a democracy.
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民主國家裡的許多問題是有關連的。
13:40
Especially, it destroys our ability to trust each other,
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特別是這破壞了我們信任彼此的能力、
13:43
to feel that we're all in the same boat, because it's obvious we're not.
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去認為我們都在同一條船上的能力, 因為很明顯地我們不是。
13:46
Some of us are sitting there safe and sound in gigantic private yachts.
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我們之間有一些人坐在巨大的私人遊艇裡安然無恙。
13:49
Other people are clinging to a piece of driftwood.
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其他人卻得緊抓著浮木不放。
13:51
We're not all in the same boat, and that means
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我們不在同一條船上,而這代表
13:53
nobody's willing to sacrifice for the common good.
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沒有人會願意犧牲來換取大眾共同的利益。
13:58
The left has been screaming about this asteroid for 30 years now,
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左翼已經抱怨這個小行星有長達30年了,
14:01
and the right says, "Huh, what? Hmm? No problem. No problem."
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4942
而右翼說「什麼? 嗯? 沒有問題,沒有問題。」
14:05
Now,
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現在,
14:08
why is that happening to us? Why is the inequality rising?
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為何這會發生在我們身上? 為何財富不均日漸擴大?
14:10
Well, one of the largest causes, after globalization,
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其中一個最大的原因,在全球化之後,
14:14
is actually this fourth asteroid,
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實際上是這第四個小行星,
14:17
rising non-marital births.
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未婚生子數量增加。
14:19
This graph shows the steady rise of out-of-wedlock births
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這個圖表顯示自從60年代起非婚生子數量 的穩定成長。
14:22
since the 1960s.
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這個圖表顯示自從60年代起非婚生子數量 的穩定成長。
14:24
Most Hispanic and black children are now born to unmarried mothers.
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大部份現在西班牙裔美國人 和非裔美國人小孩都是非婚子。
14:27
Whites are headed that way too.
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美國白人也正朝這個趨勢走。
14:29
Within a decade or two, most American children
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在未來的十到二十年內,大部份的美國小孩
14:32
will be born into homes with no father.
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都會出生在沒有父親的家庭裡。
14:35
This means that there's much less money coming into the house.
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這代表家庭的收入會更少。
14:37
But it's not just money. It's also stability versus chaos.
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但是這不只是錢。 這也會造成不是穩定就是混亂的狀態。
14:41
As I know from working with street children in Brazil,
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從我和巴西的流浪兒童合作裡知道,
14:43
Mom's boyfriend is often a really, really dangerous person for kids.
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媽媽的男朋友通常是對於小孩子而言非常非常危險的人。
14:48
Now the right has been screaming about this asteroid since the 1960s,
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現在右翼已從60年代就抱怨這個小行星,
14:52
and the left has been saying, "It's not a problem. It's not a problem."
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而左翼卻一直說「這不是個問題,這不是個問題。」
14:56
The left has been very reluctant to say
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左翼一直都不情願說
14:58
that marriage is actually good for women and for children.
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婚姻事實上對女人和小孩是好的。
15:01
Now let me be clear. I'm not blaming the women here.
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1961
現在讓我說清楚。 在這點上,我不是在責怪女人。
15:03
I'm actually more critical of the men
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我實際上是會更批評那些
15:05
who won't take responsibility for their own children
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不對他們自已小孩負起責任的男人
15:07
and of an economic system that makes it difficult
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和一個讓很多男人難以賺到足夠的錢
15:10
for many men to earn enough money to support those children.
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來支持這些小孩的經濟系統。
15:13
But even if you blame nobody, it still is a national problem,
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但是即使不怪任何人,這仍然是一個全國性的問題,
15:17
and one side has been more concerned about it than the other.
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而一派一直是比另一派更關心這個問題。
15:21
The New York Times finally noticed this asteroid
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紐約時報終於注意到這個小行星
15:23
with a front-page story last July
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並在去年七月出了一個頭版
15:26
showing how the decline of marriage contributes to inequality.
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顯示結婚率的降低是如何導致財富不均的問題。
15:30
We are becoming a nation of just two classes.
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我們正形成一個只有兩個等級的國家。
15:33
When Americans go to college and marry each other,
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2742
當美國人去上大學,和彼此結婚,
15:36
they have very low divorce rates.
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他們有很低的離婚率。
15:39
They earn a lot of money, they invest that money in their kids,
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3045
他們賺很多錢,他們投資很多在他們的小孩身上,
15:42
some of them become tiger mothers,
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1543
他們其中一些人變成虎媽,
15:43
the kids rise to their full potential,
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他們的小孩發揮他們最大的潛力,
15:45
and the kids go on to become
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然後這些小孩再度變成
15:48
the top two lines in this graph.
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這個圖表的最上面這兩條線。
15:52
And then there's everybody else:
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然後剩下的就是所有的其他人:
15:54
the children who don't benefit from a stable marriage,
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沒有從穩定婚姻裡獲益、
15:58
who don't have as much invested in them,
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1703
沒有得到很多資源、
15:59
who don't grow up in a stable environment,
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1784
沒有在穩定的環境裡成長的小孩子,
16:01
and who go on to become the bottom three lines in that graph.
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會成為這個圖表的下面三條線。
16:06
So once again, we see that these two graphs are actually saying the same thing.
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所以再一次地, 我們可以看到這兩個圖表事實上說的是同一件事。
16:10
As before, we've got a problem, we've got to start working on this,
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如同之前我們有一個問題一樣,我們必須要開始去解決,
16:13
we've got to do something,
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我們必須做一些事情,
16:15
and what's wrong with you people that you don't see my threat?
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到底你們這些沒有看到我的威脅的人是有什麼問題?
16:17
But if everybody could just take off their partisan blinders,
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3802
但是如果所有的人可以把他們那矇住眼的黨派眼罩拿下來,
16:21
we'd see that these two problems actually
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我們就可以看到這兩個問題實際上
16:24
are best addressed together.
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最好是一起被解決。
16:27
Because if you really care about income inequality,
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因為如果你真的關心財富不均的問題的話,
16:28
you might want to talk to some evangelical Christian groups
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你也許想和一些正在找尋方法來
16:31
that are working on ways to promote marriage.
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提倡婚姻的福音派基督團體聊一下。
16:34
But then you're going to run smack into the problem
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但是你就會遇到一個問題,
16:36
that women don't generally want to marry someone
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就是女人通常不想嫁給
16:38
who doesn't have a job.
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沒有工作的男人。
16:41
So if you really care about strengthening families,
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1813
所以如果你真的想要加強家庭關係的話,
16:43
you might want to talk to some liberal groups
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1661
你也許會想要和一些
16:44
who are working on promoting educational equality,
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正在提倡教育平等、
16:48
who are working on raising the minimum wage,
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1760
正設法提升最低薪資、
16:49
who are working on finding ways to stop so many men
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2840
正設法阻止許多男人被刑事司法系統吸入
16:52
from being sucked into the criminal justice system and
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2039
而從婚姻市場離開一輩子
16:54
taken out of the marriage market for their whole lives.
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3354
的自由主義團體聊一下。
16:58
So to conclude, there are at least four asteroids headed our way.
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最後總結,至少有四個行星正往我們飛來
17:04
How many of you can see all four?
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你們有多少人可以看見這四個?
17:06
Please raise your hand right now if you're willing to admit
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請現在舉起你的手,如果你願意接受
17:09
that all four of these are national problems.
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所有這四個都是全國性的問題。
17:12
Please raise your hands.
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1857
請舉起你的手。
17:14
Okay, almost all of you.
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1647
好的,幾乎所有的人。
17:15
Well, congratulations, you guys are the inaugural members
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2842
那麼,恭喜,你們都是行星俱樂部的
17:18
of the Asteroids Club, which is a club
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3263
創始會員,這是一個
17:22
for all Americans who are willing to admit
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3241
給所有願意接受另一派 事實上也許有對的觀點的美國人。
17:25
that the other side actually might have a point.
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2903
給所有願意接受另一派 事實上也許有對的觀點的美國人。
17:28
In the Asteroids Club, we don't start by looking for common ground.
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3031
在行星俱樂部裡,我們不從建立共同的基點開始。
17:31
Common ground is often very hard to find.
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1894
共同的基點通常很難找到。
17:33
No, we start by looking for common threats
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2184
不,我們從找共同的威脅開始
17:35
because common threats make common ground.
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3669
因為共同的威脅建立共同的基點。
17:38
Now, am I being naive? Is it naive to think
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3824
我現在是很天真嗎?
17:42
that people could ever lay down their swords,
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1371
認為人們可以放下他們劍,
17:44
and left and right could actually work together?
365
1064169
3606
且左翼和右翼可以一起合作是很天真嗎?
17:47
I don't think so, because it happens,
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2487
我不認為,因為這發生過,
17:50
not all that often, but there are a variety of examples that point the way.
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3864
不是很常發生,但是有一些例子顯示這可以發生。
17:54
This is something we can do.
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1439
這是我們可以做的。
17:55
Because Americans on both sides care about the decline in civility,
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4035
因為左右兩派的美國人都關心彼此關係上的減弱,
17:59
and they've formed dozens of organizations,
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1751
他們已成立數十個全國性的機構,
18:01
at the national level, such as this one,
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2173
例如像這個,
18:03
down to many local organizations,
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1648
下至許多地方性的機構,
18:05
such as To The Village Square in Tallahassee, Florida,
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2358
例如佛羅里達州的To The Village Square in Tallahassee,
18:07
which tries to bring state leaders together to help facilitate
374
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2475
這個是試圖把州顉袖們聚在一起來促進
18:10
that sort of working together human relationship
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3446
那種人與人之間的合作關係,
18:13
that's necessary to solve Florida's problems.
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3040
那是在解決佛羅里達州的問題上是必要的。
18:16
Americans on both sides care about global poverty and AIDS,
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4395
左右兩派的美國人都關心全球貧窮和愛滋病,
18:20
and on so many humanitarian issues,
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1100886
2896
和其他許多人道主義議題,
18:23
liberals and evangelicals are actually natural allies,
379
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3024
自由主義派和福音派事實上是個自然的盟友,
18:26
and at times they really have worked together
380
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1883
而且有時他們真的一起合作
18:28
to solve these problems.
381
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1917
來解決這些問題。
18:30
And most surprisingly to me, they sometimes can even see
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2723
而最讓我驚訝的是,他們有時候甚至對於
18:33
eye to eye on criminal justice.
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1113329
1996
刑事司法的看法一致。
18:35
For example, the incarceration rate, the prison population
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1115325
3953
例如,監禁率、監獄人囗
18:39
in this country has quadrupled since 1980.
385
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3953
在這個國家從1980年起已增加到四倍。
18:43
Now this is a social disaster,
386
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2584
這是一個社會上的災難,
18:45
and liberals are very concerned about this.
387
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2052
自由主義人士對此是非常擔憂的。
18:47
The Southern Poverty Law Center is often fighting
388
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2787
The Southern Poverty Law Center經常抨擊
18:50
the prison-industrial complex, fighting to prevent a system
389
1130654
2872
監獄產業集團,並爭取防止一個
18:53
that's just sucking in more and more poor young men.
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2778
只是把更多更多貧窮年輕男人納入的系統。
18:56
But are conservatives happy about this?
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2333
但是保守派人士對這高興嗎?
18:58
Well, Grover Norquist isn't, because this system
392
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3082
嗯,Grover Norquist不高興,因為這個系統
19:01
costs an unbelievable amount of money.
393
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3072
會花費不可置信的錢。
19:04
And so, because the prison-industrial complex
394
1144791
2579
所以,因為監獄產業集團
19:07
is bankrupting our states and corroding our souls,
395
1147370
4237
正在使我們的州政府赤貧,並損害我們的心靈,
19:11
groups of fiscal conservatives and Christian conservatives
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3732
一群財政保守黨人士和基督教保守黨人士
19:15
have come together to form a group called Right on Crime.
397
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3832
已聚在一起成立一個團體叫做Right on Crime。
19:19
And at times they have worked with the Southern Poverty Law Center
398
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2656
他們曾經和Southern Poverty Law Center合作
19:21
to oppose the building of new prisons
399
1161827
1978
來反對建造新的監獄
19:23
and to work for reforms that will make the justice system
400
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3341
和一起做改革來讓司法制度
19:27
more efficient and more humane.
401
1167146
3121
更有效率和更有人性。
19:30
So this is possible. We can do it.
402
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3295
所以這是有可能的。 我們可以做的。
19:33
Let us therefore go to battle stations,
403
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3081
所以讓我們現在去戰鬥基地,
19:36
not to fight each other,
404
1176643
1259
不是和彼此戰鬥,
19:37
but to begin deflecting these incoming asteroids.
405
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3326
而是開始把那些快到達的小行星偏移。
19:41
And let our first mission be to press Congress
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3071
我們首要的任務是訴求國會
19:44
to reform itself, before it's too late for our nation.
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3943
改革他們自已,在一切都太遲之前。
19:48
Thank you. (Applause)
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1188242
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謝謝大家。 (掌聲)
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