How will we survive when the population hits 10 billion? | Charles C. Mann

941,578 views ใƒป 2018-11-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:12
How are we doing?
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ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืžื ื•?
00:14
No, no, no, by that, I meant,
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ืœื. ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื ื•,
ืœื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก.
00:16
how are we, homo sapiens "we" ...
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00:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:18
doing as a species?
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ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืžื ื•, ื›ืžื™ืŸ?
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:20
(Laughter)
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ื‘ื“"ื›, ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื•
00:21
Now the typical way to answer that question is this.
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00:23
You choose some measure of human physical well-being:
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ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื:
00:26
average longevity, average calories per day,
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ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช, ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืงืœื•ืจื™ ื™ื•ืžื™,
00:29
average income, overall population, that sort of thing,
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ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช, ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ.
00:32
and draw a graph of its value over time.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”.
00:35
In almost every case, you get the same result.
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00:37
The line skitters along at a low level for millennia,
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ื”ื’ืจืฃ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื•ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:40
then rockets up exponentially in the 19th and 20th century.
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ื•ืื– ื ื•ืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-19 ื•ื”-20.
00:44
Or choose a measure of consumption:
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ืื• ืงื—ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ืžื“ื“ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” -
ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื,
00:47
consumption of energy, consumption of fresh water,
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00:49
consumption of the world's photosynthesis,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื -
00:51
and draw a graph of its value over time.
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ื•ืฉืจื˜ื˜ื• ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ.
00:53
In the same way, the line skitters along at a low level for millennia,
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ื’ื ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืงื• ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืจืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:57
then rockets up exponentially in the 19th and 20th century.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืื•ืช ื”-19 ื•ื”-20.
01:02
Biologists have a word for this: outbreak.
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ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื” ืœื›ืš: ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช.
01:05
An outbreak is when a population or species
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ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืื• ืžื™ืŸ
01:08
exceeds the bounds of natural selection.
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ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
01:10
Natural selection ordinarily keeps populations and species
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื
01:13
within roughly defined limits.
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ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื.
ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื, ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
01:16
Pests, parasites, lack of resources prevent them from expanding too much.
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01:20
But every now and then, a species escapes its bounds.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื, ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื.
ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืฆื ื™ ืฉื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™,
01:24
Crown-of-thorns starfish in the Indian Ocean,
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01:26
zebra mussels in the Great Lakes, spruce budworm here in Canada.
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ืฆื“ืคืช ื”ื–ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื’ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืขืฉ ื”ืืฉื•ื—, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงื ื“ื”.
ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ ืžืื”, ืคื™ ืืœืฃ,
01:30
Populations explode, a hundredfold, a thousandfold,
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01:33
a millionfold.
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ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ื ืœืงื— ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”:
01:35
So here's a fundamental lesson from biology:
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01:37
outbreaks in nature don't end well.
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ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ื‘.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:40
(Laughter)
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01:41
Put a couple of protozoa into a petri dish full of nutrient goo.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื“-ืชืื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ ืžืœืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืกื” ืžื–ื™ื ื”.
01:46
In their natural habitat, soil or water, their environment constrains them.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืื• ื‘ืžื™ื, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืชื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื.
01:50
In the petri dish, they have an ocean of breakfast
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ื‘ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
01:53
and no natural enemies.
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ืœืœื ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
01:54
They eat and reproduce, eat and reproduce,
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ื”ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ื•ื™ืชืจื‘ื•, ื™ืื›ืœื• ื•ื™ืชืจื‘ื•,
ืขื“ ืฉ-ื‘ื•ื! ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื•ืœื™ ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™,
01:57
until bang, they hit the edge of the petri dish,
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01:59
at which point they either drown in their own waste,
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ื•ืื– ื™ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื,
02:01
starve from lack of resources, or both.
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ืื• ื™ื’ื•ื•ืขื• ืขืงื‘ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
02:03
The outbreak ends, always, badly.
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ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื’ืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™-ืจืข.
02:06
Now, from the viewpoint of biology,
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ื•ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
02:09
you and I are not fundamentally different than the protozoa in the petri dish.
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ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื ื•, ืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื“-ืชืื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™.
02:13
We're not special.
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ืื™ื ื ื• "ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื".
02:17
All the things that we, in our vanity, think make us different --
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ืฆื ื•ืชื ื• ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืื•ืชื ื• -
02:20
art, science, technology, and so forth, they don't matter.
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ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžื“ืข, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•' - ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘.
ืื ื• ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช,
02:23
We're an outbreak species,
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02:24
we're going to hit the edge of the petri dish, simple as that.
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ืกื•ืคื ื• ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™. ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื, ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:28
Well, the obvious question: Is this actually true?
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02:31
Are we in fact doomed to hit the edge of the petri dish?
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ื”ืื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™?
02:34
I'd like to set aside this question for a moment
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืœืจื’ืข ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•,
02:36
and ask you guys another one.
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจืช:
ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืื™ืš ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช?
02:38
If we are going to escape biology, how are we going to do it?
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2050
02:42
In the year 2050,
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02:43
there will be almost 10 billion people in the world,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ,
ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืจืฆื• ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื•:
02:46
and all of those people will want the things that you and I want:
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช, ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ื ื™ืคื™ื,
02:49
nice cars, nice clothes, nice homes,
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02:52
the odd chunk of Toblerone.
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ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ "ื˜ื•ื‘ืœืจื•ืŸ" ืคื” ื•ืฉื.
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”: "ื˜ื•ื‘ืœืจื•ืŸ" ืœ-10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ.
02:55
I mean, think of it: Toblerone for 10 billion people.
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02:57
How are we going to do this?
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ืื™ืš ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช?
ืื™ืš ื ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื ืกืคืง ืžื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื,
02:59
How are we going to feed everybody, get water to everybody,
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ื ืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื›ื•ืœื, ื ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžืคื’ืขื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื?
03:02
provide power to everybody, avoid the worst impacts of climate change?
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03:05
I'm a science journalist,
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ืื ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืžื“ืขื™,
03:07
and I've been asking these questions to researchers for years,
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื”,
03:10
and in my experience, their answers fall into two broad categories,
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื•ื ื™, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื,
03:14
which I call "wizards" and "prophets."
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ืงื•ืกืžื™ื" ื•"ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื".
03:16
Wizards, techno-whizzes,
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ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื, ืืฉืคื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:18
believe that science and technology, properly applied,
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ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืดื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:21
will let us produce our way out of our dilemmas.
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ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืคืœื˜ ืžื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ื–ืืช.
"ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ," ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
03:24
"Be smart, make more," they say.
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03:26
"That way, everyone can win."
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03:28
Prophets believe close to the opposite.
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ืคืš.
03:31
They see the world as governed by fundamental ecological processes
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™-ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื,
03:35
with limits that we transgress to our peril.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืจื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืš.
"ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืกื•ืš," ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
03:39
"Use less, conserve," they say.
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03:41
"Otherwise, everybody's going to lose."
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"ืื—ืจืช, ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืคืกื™ื“ื•."
03:44
Wizards and prophets have been butting their heads together for decades,
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ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืžื–ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
03:47
but they both believe that technology is key to a successful future.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื•ื’ื ืืœื” ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืœื—.
03:51
The trouble is, they envision different types of technology
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”
03:54
and different types of futures.
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ื•ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”.
03:56
Wizards envision a world of glittering, hyperefficient megacities
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ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืขืจื™-ืขื ืง ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืคืจ-ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
ื”ืžื•ืงืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืชื•ืœื™,
04:02
surrounded by vast tracts of untouched nature,
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ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
04:05
economies that have transitioned from atoms to bits,
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04:07
dematerialized capitalist societies
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ืŸ ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
04:09
that no longer depend on exploiting nature.
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04:12
Energy, to wizards, comes from compact nuclear plants;
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื, ืชื’ื™ืข ืžืชื—ื ื•ืช-ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช;
04:15
food from low-footprint farms with ultraproductive,
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ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ - ืžืžืฉืงื™ื ืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช
04:18
genetically modified crops tended by robots;
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื-ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช-ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืคื—ื• ืขืดื™ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื;
ื”ืžื™ื - ืžืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืชืคืœื” ื‘ืชืคื•ืงื•ืช-ืขืœ,
04:21
water from high-throughput desalination plants,
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04:23
which means we no longer exploit rivers and aquifers.
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ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื ืฆืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืื’ืจื™ื.
ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื, ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื
04:27
Wizards envision all 10 billion of us
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ื™ื™ืืจื–ื• ื‘ืขืจื™-ืขื ืง ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ,
04:29
packed into ultradense but walkable megacities,
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04:31
an urbanized world of maximum human aspiration
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ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ืฉื™ืžืจื‘ ืืช ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
04:34
and maximum human liberty.
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ื•ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•.
04:36
Now, prophets object to every bit of this.
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื–ื”.
ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื.
04:40
You can't dematerialize food and water, they point out.
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04:43
They say, you can't eat bits,
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
04:45
and industrial agriculture has already given us massive soil erosion,
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ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื ื• ืกื—ืฃ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจ,
04:49
huge coastal dead zones and ruined soil microbiomes.
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืฃ ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืข.
ื•ืืชื, ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื, ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื–ื”?
04:52
And you wizards, you want more of this?
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ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืœื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
04:54
And those giant desalination plants?
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04:56
You know they generate equally giant piles of toxic salt
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื— ืจืขื™ืœ
04:59
that are basically impossible to dispose of.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืŸ.
05:02
And those megacities you like?
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ื•ืขืจื™ ื”ืขื ืง ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื›ื?
05:04
Can you name me an actually existing megacity
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ื”ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ-ืขื ืง
05:07
that really exists in the world today, except for possibly Tokyo,
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ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืคืจื˜ ืœื˜ื•ืงื™ื•, ืื•ืœื™,
05:10
that isn't a cesspool of corruption and inequality?
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื™ื‘-ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ?
ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช,
05:15
Instead, prophets pray for a world of smaller, interconnected communities,
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05:21
closer to the earth,
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ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื“ืžื”,
05:23
a more agrarian world of maximum human connection
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ืขื•ืœื ืื’ืจืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื™ืจื‘ื™
05:26
and reduced corporate control.
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ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช.
ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ, ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
05:30
More people live in the countryside in this vision,
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05:32
with power provided by neighborhood-scale solar and wind installations
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื•ืคืง ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืจื•ื— ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ื‘ืจืงืข.
05:36
that disappear into the background.
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05:38
Prophets don't generate water from giant desalination plants.
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืžื™ื ืžืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืชืคืœื” ืขื ืงื™ื™ื,
ืืœื ืื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื™-ื’ืฉื,
05:44
They capture it from rainfall,
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05:46
and they reuse and recycle it endlessly.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื•ืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืจืฉืชื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ื
05:49
And the food comes from small-scale networks of farms
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05:53
that focus on trees and tubers
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ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืคืงืขื•ืช
05:55
rather than less productive cereals like wheat and rice.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ื’ื ื™ื ื“ืœื™-ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืื•ืจื–.
06:01
Above all, though, prophets envision people changing their habits.
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ืืš ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื.
ื”ื ืœื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืืœื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”-ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช.
06:05
They don't drive to work, they take their renewable-powered train.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืชืงืœื—ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื—ืฆื™-ืฉืขื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื.
06:08
They don't take 30-minute hot showers every morning.
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06:10
They eat, you know, like Michael Pollan says,
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ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื, ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืœืŸ,
ืื•ื›ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
06:13
real food, mostly plants, not too much.
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06:17
Above all, prophets say submitting to nature's restraints
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ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
06:21
leads to a freer, more democratic, healthier way of life.
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื“ืจืš-ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:26
Now, wizards regard all this as hooey.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฅ ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช.
06:29
They see it as a recipe for narrowness, regression, and global poverty.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื–ื”ื• ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืจื•ืช-ืื•ืคืงื™ื, ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื•ืขื•ื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™.
06:34
Prophet-style agriculture, they say, only extends the human footprint
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ืจืง ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
06:37
and shunts more people into low-wage agricultural labor.
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ื•ื“ื ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš.
06:40
Those neighborhood-run solar facilities,
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ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืฉืžืข ื ื”ื“ืจ,
06:42
they sound great,
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06:44
but they depend on a technology that doesn't exist yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
ื–ืืช ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”.
06:47
They're a fantasy.
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ื•ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื? ื–ื”ื• ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
06:49
And recycling water? It's a brake on growth and development.
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06:51
Above all, though, wizards object to the prophets' emphasis
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ืืš ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื
ืœื“ื’ืฉ ืฉืฉืžื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ืช-ื”ื™ืงืฃ,
06:55
on wide-scale social engineering,
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06:57
which they see as deeply anti-democratic.
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื”ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืื ืžืืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžืจื•ืกื ืช,
07:01
If the history of the last two centuries was one of unbridled growth,
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ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืชืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื ื•, ื›ืžื™ืŸ,
07:05
the history of the coming century may well be the choice we make
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07:08
as a species between these two paths.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื”.
ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืคืชื•ืจ, ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš,
07:11
These are the arguments that will be resolved, in one way or another,
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07:14
by our children's generation,
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ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•,
07:16
the generation that will come into the world of 10 billion.
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ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ.
ืื‘ืœ ืจื’ืข, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืœื’ืœื’ืœ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื.
07:19
Now, but wait, by this point, biologists should be rolling their eyes
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07:22
so loud you can barely hear me speak.
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ื‘ืจืขืฉ ื›ื–ื”, ืฉืœื ืชืฉืžืขื• ืื•ืชื™ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ.
07:24
They should be saying, all of this, wizards, prophets,
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ื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” - ืงื•ืกืžื™ื, ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื -
ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืืกืคืžื™ื”.
07:28
it's a pipe dream.
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07:29
It doesn't matter which illusory path you think you're taking.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื‘ื—ืจืชื:
07:34
Outbreaks in nature don't end well.
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื ื’ืžืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘.
ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื“-ืชืื™ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืœื™ ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™
07:37
I mean, you think the protozoa see the edge of the petri dish approaching
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07:40
and say, "Hey guys, time to change society"?
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื”ื™, ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”?"
07:42
No. They just let her rip.
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ืœื. ื”ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ.
07:44
That's what life does, and we're part of life.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:47
We'll do the same thing. Deal with it.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื”. ื ืชืžื•ื“ื“.
07:50
Well, if you're a follower of Darwin, you have to take this into consideration.
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ื›ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืงื—ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
07:56
I mean, the basic counterargument boils down to: "We're special."
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ื”ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ ืžืชืžืฆื” ื‘"ืื ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื".
08:00
How lame is that?
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ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœืข, ืœื?
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:02
(Laughter)
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08:03
I mean, we can accumulate and share knowledge
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ื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื™ื“ืข
08:05
and use it to guide our future.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืœืขืชื™ื“.
08:07
Well, are we actually doing this?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืจืื™ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœื›ืš
08:09
Is there any evidence that we're actually using our accumulated, shared knowledge
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ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
08:15
to guarantee our long-term prosperity?
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ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื?
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืฉืœื.
08:18
It's pretty easy to say no.
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08:20
If you're a wizard,
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ื›ืงื•ืกื,
08:21
and you believe that hyperproductive, genetically engineered crops
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ืฉืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื-ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
08:24
are key to feeding everyone in tomorrow's world,
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ื”ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื–ื ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืจ,
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชืš ืฉ-20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
08:27
you have to worry that 20 years
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08:29
of scientists demonstrating that they are safe to consume
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื”,
08:32
has failed to convince the public to embrace this technology.
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ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืžืฅ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•.
08:35
If you're a prophet
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ื›ื ื‘ื™ื,
08:36
and you believe that key to solving today's growing shortage of fresh water
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ืฉืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื
08:41
is to stop wasting it,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืคืกืงืช ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื”ืžื™ื,
08:43
you have to worry that cities around the world,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชืš ืฉืขืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
08:46
in rich places as well as poor,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืขื ื™ื™ื,
ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš-ืฉื’ืจื” ืจื‘ืข ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
08:48
routinely lose a quarter or more of their water
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08:50
to leaky and contaminated pipes.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื ืจืช.
08:53
I mean, Cape Town, just a little while ago, almost ran out of water.
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ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืงื™ื™ืคื˜ืื•ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื–ืœื• ื”ืžื™ื.
ืงื™ื™ืคื˜ืื•ืŸ ืžืื‘ื“ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืžื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฆื ืจืช ื“ื•ืœืคืช.
08:57
Cape Town loses a third of its water to leaky pipes.
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08:59
This problem has been getting worse for decades,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจื” ืžื–ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”.
09:02
and remarkably little has been done about it.
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09:04
If you're a wizard, and you think that clean, abundant,
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ื›ืงื•ืกื ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉืคืข ื—ืฉืžืœ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™, ื ืงื™, ื ื˜ื•ืœ-ืคื—ืžืŸ
09:07
carbon-free nuclear power is key to fighting climate change,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
09:10
then you have to worry
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชืš
ืฉื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื”.
09:12
that the public willingness to build nukes is going down.
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09:15
If you're a prophet, and you think that the solution to the same problem
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ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
09:18
is these neighborhood-run solar facilities shuttling power back and forth,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉื ืขื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชืš ืฉืฉื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
09:22
you have to worry that no nation anywhere in the world
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09:25
has devoted anything like the resources necessary to develop this technology
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ืœื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืฅ ืžื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•
09:29
and deploy it in the time that we need it.
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ื•ืœืคืจื™ืกืชื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ื•.
09:31
And if you're on either side, wizard or prophet,
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ื•ื›ืงื•ืกื ื•ื’ื ื›ื ื‘ื™ื,
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชืš ืฉื—ืจืฃ ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
09:34
you have to worry that, despite the massive alarm about climate change,
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09:38
the amount of energy generated every year from fossil fuels has gone up
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืงืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœืชื”
09:42
by about 30 percent since the beginning of this century.
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ื‘ื›-30% ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
09:46
So, still think we're different than the protozoa?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื ื—ื“-ืชืื™ื™ื?
09:50
Still think we're special?
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• "ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื"?
09:54
Actually, it's even worse than that.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข.
09:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:59
We're not in the streets.
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ืœื ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
10:00
No seriously, if there's a difference between us and the protozoa,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื“-ืชืื™ื™ื,
ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™,
10:04
a difference that matters,
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10:05
it's not just our art and science and technology and so forth --
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืง ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื“ืข, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•' ืฉืœื ื• --
10:08
it's that we can yell and scream, we can go out into the streets,
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ืืœื ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆืขื•ืง, ืœืฆืจื•ื— ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
10:11
and, over time, change the way society works,
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ืืš ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
10:14
but we're not doing it.
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10:15
Wizards have been arguing literally for decades
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ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืžื–ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžืžืฉ
10:17
that nuclear power is key to resolving climate change.
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
10:24
But the first pro-nuke march in history occurred less than two years ago,
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10:28
and it was dwarfed by the anti-nuke marches of the past.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ืžื“ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
10:31
Prophets have been arguing, again literally for decades,
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืžื–ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžืžืฉ
10:34
that conservation is key to keeping freshwater supplies
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ืฉื”ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื,
10:38
without destroying the ecosystems that generate those freshwater supplies.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืžื™ื ืืœื”.
10:42
But in the history of humankind, there has never been a street
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื•ืœื• ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“
10:45
full of angry protesters waving signs about leaky pipes.
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ืžืœื ื‘ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื–ื•ืขืžื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืฆื ืจืช ื“ื•ืœืคืช.
10:48
In fact, most of the political activity in this sphere
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”
10:52
has been wizards and prophets fighting each other, protesting each other
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ื›ืœืœื” ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืกืžื™ื ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ื
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“.
10:56
rather than recognizing that they are, fundamentally, on the same side.
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10:59
After all, these people are concerned about the same thing:
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ื”ืจื™ ืืœื” ื•ื’ื ืืœื” ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ:
11:03
How are we going to make our way in the world of 10 billion?
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ืื™ืš ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ?
11:06
The first step towards generating that necessary social movement,
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื”,
ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืกื” ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฆืขืงื•ืช ื•ืฆืจื—ื•ืช
11:10
creating that critical mass and getting that yelling and screaming going
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ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•: ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช.
11:13
seems obvious: wizards and prophets join together.
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11:15
But how are you going to do this, given the decades of hostility?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืœืื•ืจ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช?
ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืืช:
11:19
One way might be this:
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11:20
Each side agrees to accept the fundamental premises of the other.
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ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
11:25
Accept that nuclear power is safe and carbon-free,
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœ-ืคื—ืžืŸ,
11:29
and that uranium mines can be hideously dirty
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ื•ื’ื ืฉืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืื™ืžื”,
11:31
and that putting large volumes of toxic waste on rickety trains
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ื•ืฉื”ืขืžืกืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืจืขื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืขื•ืช
ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื” ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื•ื ื•ื ื•ืจื.
11:36
and shuttling them around the countryside is a terrible idea.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžื™ื“ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืืจืขื™ื™ื,
11:40
To me, this leads rather quickly to a vision of small,
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11:43
neighborhood scale, temporary nukes,
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11:46
nuclear power as a bridge technology while we develop and deploy renewables.
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ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื›ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ืคืชื— ื•ื ืคืจื•ืก ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื;
ืื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื-ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
11:50
Or accept that genetically modified crops are safe
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11:53
and that industrial agriculture has caused huge environmental problems.
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ื•ื’ื ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื—ื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
11:57
To me, this leads rather quickly to a vision of plant scientists
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ืืฆืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžื™ื“ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื
12:01
devoting much more of their attention to tree and tuber crops,
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ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืขืฆื™ื ื•ืœืคืงืขื•ืช,
12:04
which can be much more productive than cereals,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืœ ื“ื’ื ื™ื,
12:07
use much less water than cereals, and cause much less erosion than cereals.
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ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ืงืจืงืข ืžืืฉืจ ื“ื’ื ื™ื.
12:11
These are just ideas from a random journalist.
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ืืœื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืžืงืจื™.
12:13
I'm sure there's a hundred better ones right here in this room.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืœื.
ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
12:17
The main point is,
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ืœืงื•ืกืžื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
12:18
wizards and prophets working together have many paths to success.
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ื•"ื”ืฆืœื—ื”" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื,
12:22
And success would mean much more than mere survival,
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12:24
important though that is.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื”.
ื›ื™ ืื ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจื•ื“ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
12:26
I mean, if humankind somehow survives its own outbreak,
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ืื ื ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ืœื, ืžื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื, ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื›ื•ืœื,
12:29
if we get food to everybody, get water to everybody,
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12:31
get power to everybody,
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12:32
if we avoid the worst effects of climate change,
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ืื ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
12:36
if we somehow safeguard the biome,
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ืื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
12:39
it would be amazing.
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12:41
It would say, I think,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืฉื•ื‘,
ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฆื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจ,
12:43
even to a hardened cynic like me,
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12:45
maybe we really are special.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
12:47
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
12:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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