How radio telescopes show us unseen galaxies | Natasha Hurley-Walker

186,940 views ใƒป 2017-05-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:13
Space, the final frontier.
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ื—ืœืœ, ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
00:17
I first heard these words when I was just six years old,
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจืง ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ,
00:21
and I was completely inspired.
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ื•ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”.
00:23
I wanted to explore strange new worlds.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
00:26
I wanted to seek out new life.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:27
I wanted to see everything that the universe had to offer.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข.
00:31
And those dreams, those words, they took me on a journey,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื”ืŸ ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืกืข,
00:35
a journey of discovery,
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ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™,
00:37
through school, through university,
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ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
00:39
to do a PhD and finally to become a professional astronomer.
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ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืืกืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช.
00:43
Now, I learned two amazing things,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื,
00:46
one slightly unfortunate,
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ืื—ื“ ืžืขื˜ ืขืฆื•ื‘,
00:48
when I was doing my PhD.
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ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™,
00:50
I learned that the reality was
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื”
00:53
I wouldn't be piloting a starship anytime soon.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืื˜ื™ืก ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
00:57
But I also learned that the universe is strange, wonderful and vast,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื’ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื ืคืœื ื•ืจื—ื‘,
01:02
actually too vast to be explored by spaceship.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื—ื‘ ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
01:05
And so I turned my attention to astronomy, to using telescopes.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืคื ืชื™ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื.
01:09
Now, I show you before you an image of the night sky.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
01:12
You might see it anywhere in the world.
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:15
And all of these stars are part of our local galaxy, the Milky Way.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
01:19
Now, if you were to go to a darker part of the sky,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื,
01:22
a nice dark site, perhaps in the desert,
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื ื—ืžื“ ื•ื—ืฉื•ืš, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ,
01:24
you might see the center of our Milky Way galaxy
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื’ืœืงืกื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•
01:27
spread out before you, hundreds of billions of stars.
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ืคืจื•ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื, ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:30
And it's a very beautiful image.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืžืžืฉ ื™ืคื™ืคื”.
01:32
It's colorful.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™.
01:33
And again, this is just a local corner of our universe.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื• ืจืง ืคื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
01:37
You can see there's a sort of strange dark dust across it.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืง ื›ื”ื” ื•ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ื•.
01:40
Now, that is local dust
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืื‘ืง ืžืงื•ืžื™
01:42
that's obscuring the light of the stars.
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ืฉืžืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:45
But we can do a pretty good job.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
01:47
Just with our own eyes, we can explore our little corner of the universe.
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ืจืง ืขื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
01:50
It's possible to do better.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:51
You can use wonderful telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ.
01:56
Now, astronomers have put together this image.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื”.
01:58
It's called the Hubble Deep Field,
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ,
02:00
and they've spent hundreds of hours observing just a tiny patch of the sky
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืจืง ืงื˜ืข ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื
02:04
no larger than your thumbnail held at arm's length.
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ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื–ืจื•ืข.
02:07
And in this image
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”
02:08
you can see thousands of galaxies,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
02:10
and we know that there must be hundreds of millions, billions of galaxies
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™, ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
02:13
in the entire universe,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
02:15
some like our own and some very different.
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ื›ืžื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:18
So you think, OK, well, I can continue this journey.
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ืื– ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”.
02:20
This is easy. I can just use a very powerful telescope
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ื–ื” ืงืœ, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืžืžืฉ ื—ื–ืง
02:23
and just look at the sky, no problem.
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
02:25
It's actually really missing out if we just do that.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืคืกืคืก ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืจืง ืืช ื–ื”.
02:30
Now, that's because everything I've talked about so far
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
02:32
is just using the visible spectrum, just the thing that your eyes can see,
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ื ืจืื”, ืจืง ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช,
02:36
and that's a tiny slice,
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ื•ื–ื• ืคื™ืกื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”,
02:38
a tiny, tiny slice of what the universe has to offer us.
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ืคื™ืกื” ืžืžืฉ ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข.
02:42
Now, there's also two very important problems with using visible light.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื ืจืื”.
02:46
Not only are we missing out on all the other processes
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
02:49
that are emitting other kinds of light,
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ืฉืงื•ืจื ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ,
02:52
but there's two issues.
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื.
02:54
Now, the first is that dust that I mentioned earlier.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื‘ืง ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
02:57
The dust stops the visible light from getting to us.
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ื”ืื‘ืง ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื•.
03:00
So as we look deeper into the universe, we see less light.
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
03:05
The dust stops it getting to us.
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ื”ืื‘ืง ืขื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื•.
03:07
But there's a really strange problem with using visible light
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื ืจืื”
03:10
in order to try and explore the universe.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
03:13
Now take a break for a minute.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืงื—ื• ื”ืคืกืงื” ืœืจื’ืข.
03:15
Say you're standing on a corner, a busy street corner.
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ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื ื”, ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืกื•ืืŸ.
03:19
There's cars going by.
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช.
03:20
An ambulance approaches.
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ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก ืžืชืงืจื‘.
03:22
It has a high-pitched siren.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื™ืจื ื” ืขื ืฆืœื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
03:24
(Imitates a siren passing by)
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(ืžื—ืงื” ืกื™ืจื ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช)
03:28
The siren appeared to change in pitch
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืกื™ืจื ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ
03:30
as it moved towards and away from you.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ืืœื™ื›ื ื•ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื›ื.
03:32
The ambulance driver did not change the siren just to mess with you.
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ื ื”ื’ ื”ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก ืœื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจื ื” ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื’ืข ืืชื›ื.
03:38
That was a product of your perception.
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ื–ื” ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:40
The sound waves, as the ambulance approached,
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ื’ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ, ื›ืฉื”ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก ืžืชืงืจื‘,
03:43
were compressed,
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ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื,
03:44
and they changed higher in pitch.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:46
As the ambulance receded, the sound waves were stretched,
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ื›ืฉื”ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก ืžืชืจื—ืง, ื’ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื ืžืชื—ื™ื,
03:49
and they sounded lower in pitch.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:51
The same thing happens with light.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื ืื•ืจ.
03:54
Objects moving towards us,
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ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ื ื•,
03:56
their light waves are compressed and they appear bluer.
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ื’ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื ื“ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:59
Objects moving away from us,
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ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
04:01
their light waves are stretched, and they appear redder.
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ื’ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืžืชื—ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:04
So we call these effects blueshift and redshift.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืกื˜ื” ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืกื˜ื” ืœืื“ื•ื.
04:08
Now, our universe is expanding,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืจื—ื‘,
04:11
so everything is moving away from everything else,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ,
04:15
and that means everything appears to be red.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื ืจืื” ืื“ื•ื.
04:19
And oddly enough, as you look more deeply into the universe,
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
04:22
more distant objects are moving away further and faster,
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ืขืฆืžื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืขื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:27
so they appear more red.
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ืื– ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
04:29
So if I come back to the Hubble Deep Field
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ืื– ืื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ
04:32
and we were to continue to peer deeply into the universe
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื
04:35
just using the Hubble,
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ืื‘ืœ,
04:36
as we get to a certain distance away,
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ื›ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืจื—ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
04:39
everything becomes red,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ืคืš ืœืื“ื•ื,
04:41
and that presents something of a problem.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
04:43
Eventually, we get so far away
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš
04:46
everything is shifted into the infrared
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ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกื˜ ืœืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื
04:49
and we can't see anything at all.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœื•ื.
04:51
So there must be a way around this.
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ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื–ื”.
04:53
Otherwise, I'm limited in my journey.
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ืื—ืจืช, ืื ื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžืกืข ืฉืœื™.
04:55
I wanted to explore the whole universe,
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
04:57
not just whatever I can see, you know, before the redshift kicks in.
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ืœื ืจืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ืกื˜ื” ืœืื“ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœืช.
05:02
There is a technique.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ื”.
05:03
It's called radio astronomy.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื•.
05:04
Astronomers have been using this for decades.
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ืื˜ืกืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื.
05:07
It's a fantastic technique.
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ื–ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื ืคืœืื”.
05:08
I show you the Parkes Radio Telescope, affectionately known as "The Dish."
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ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื˜ืกืœืงื•ืค ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืคืจืงืก, ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื” "ื”ืฆืœื—ืช."
05:12
You may have seen the movie.
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜.
05:13
And radio is really brilliant.
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ื•ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื’ืื•ื ื™.
05:15
It allows us to peer much more deeply.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง.
05:18
It doesn't get stopped by dust,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืขืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ืง,
05:20
so you can see everything in the universe,
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ื›ืš ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
05:23
and redshift is less of a problem
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ื” ืœืื“ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื”
05:24
because we can build receivers that receive across a large band.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืงืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืคืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
05:28
So what does Parkes see when we turn it to the center of the Milky Way?
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ืื– ืžื” ืคืจืงืก ืจื•ืื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืจื›ื– ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘?
05:32
We should see something fantastic, right?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:35
Well, we do see something interesting.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
05:38
All that dust has gone.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื‘ืง ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืœื.
05:39
As I mentioned, radio goes straight through dust, so not a problem.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™, ืจื“ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจ ื“ืจืš ืื‘ืง, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
05:43
But the view is very different.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื”.
05:45
We can see that the center of the Milky Way is aglow,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื–ื•ื”ืจ,
05:49
and this isn't starlight.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
05:51
This is a light called synchrotron radiation,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืงืจื™ื ืช ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
05:55
and it's formed from electrons spiraling around cosmic magnetic fields.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชืคืชืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื.
06:00
So the plane is aglow with this light.
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ืื– ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:03
And we can also see strange tufts coming off of it,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฆื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืžื ื•,
06:06
and objects which don't appear to line up
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ื•ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืจืื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ื™ืฉืจื™ื
06:09
with anything that we can see with our own eyes.
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ืขื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
06:12
But it's hard to really interpret this image,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืคืจืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
06:14
because as you can see, it's very low resolution.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื–ื” ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
06:17
Radio waves have a wavelength that's long,
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ืœื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืืจื•ืš,
06:19
and that makes their resolution poorer.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
06:22
This image is also black and white,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ,
06:24
so we don't really know what is the color of everything in here.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
06:28
Well, fast-forward to today.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืจื•ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื.
06:30
We can build telescopes
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื
06:31
which can get over these problems.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
06:34
Now, I'm showing you here an image of the Murchison Radio Observatory,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืคื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืจืฆ'ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
06:37
a fantastic place to build radio telescopes.
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ืžืงื•ื ื ืคืœื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื.
06:40
It's flat, it's dry,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—, ื™ื‘ืฉ,
06:42
and most importantly, it's radio quiet:
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื˜ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•:
06:45
no mobile phones, no Wi-Fi, nothing,
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ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™, ื›ืœื•ื,
06:48
just very, very radio quiet,
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ืจืง ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจื“ื™ื•,
06:51
so a perfect place to build a radio telescope.
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ืื– ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค.
06:54
Now, the telescope that I've been working on for a few years
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื
06:57
is called the Murchison Widefield Array,
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ื ืงืจื ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืžืจืฆ'ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
06:59
and I'm going to show you a little time lapse of it being built.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื ื”.
07:02
This is a group of undergraduate and postgraduate students
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ื–ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ื
07:06
located in Perth.
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ืฉืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจืช'.
07:07
We call them the Student Army,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื,
07:09
and they volunteered their time to build a radio telescope.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค.
07:11
There's no course credit for this.
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ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจืก ืœื–ื”.
07:14
And they're putting together these radio dipoles.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืืœื”.
07:17
They just receive at low frequencies, a bit like your FM radio or your TV.
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ื”ื ืจืง ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช, ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืจื“ื™ื• ื” FM ืฉืœื›ื ืื• ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
07:23
And here we are deploying them across the desert.
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ื•ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
07:26
The final telescope covers 10 square kilometers
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ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืžื›ืกื” 10 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื
07:28
of the Western Australian desert.
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ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™.
07:30
And the interesting thing is, there's no moving parts.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืขื™ื.
07:33
We just deploy these little antennas
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
07:36
essentially on chicken mesh.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืฉืช ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
07:37
It's fairly cheap.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืœ.
07:39
Cables take the signals
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ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช
07:41
from the antennas
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ืžื”ืื ื˜ื ื•ืช
07:43
and bring them to central processing units.
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช.
07:45
And it's the size of this telescope,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค,
07:47
the fact that we've built it over the entire desert
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ
07:50
that gives us a better resolution than Parkes.
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืจืงืก.
07:53
Now, eventually all those cables bring them to a unit
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
07:57
which sends it off to a supercomputer here in Perth,
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ืฉืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืคืจืช',
08:01
and that's where I come in.
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ื•ืฉื ืื ื™ ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
08:03
(Sighs)
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(ืื ื—ื•ืช)
08:04
Radio data.
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ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื“ื™ื•.
08:05
I have spent the last five years
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
08:07
working with very difficult, very interesting data
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”, ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
08:10
that no one had really looked at before.
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ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
08:12
I've spent a long time calibrating it,
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื›ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•,
08:14
running millions of CPU hours on supercomputers
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ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืขืœ
08:18
and really trying to understand that data.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”.
08:21
And with this telescope,
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ื•ืขื ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื–ื”,
08:23
with this data,
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ืขื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
08:24
we've performed a survey of the entire southern sky,
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ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื,
08:28
the GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky MWA Survey,
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ืกืงืจ MWA ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืืงืกื˜ืจื”-ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
08:33
or GLEAM, as I call it.
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ืื• GLEAM, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื•.
08:36
And I'm very excited.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืจื’ืฉืช.
08:37
This survey is just about to be published, but it hasn't been shown yet,
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ื”ืกืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืจืง ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ืฆื’ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
08:41
so you are literally the first people
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ืื– ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
08:43
to see this southern survey of the entire sky.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืงืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
08:46
So I'm delighted to share with you some images from this survey.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืกืงืจ ื”ื–ื”.
08:50
Now, imagine you went to the Murchison,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื ืœืžืจืฆ'ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
08:52
you camped out underneath the stars
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ื—ื ื™ืชื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื
08:54
and you looked towards the south.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
08:56
You saw the south's celestial pole,
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ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™,
08:58
the galaxy rising.
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ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืขื•ืœื”.
08:59
If I fade in the radio light,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืื›ื ื™ืก ืคื ื™ืžื” ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•,
09:02
this is what we observe with our survey.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
09:04
You can see that the galactic plane is no longer dark with dust.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ืœื ื—ืฉื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื‘ืง.
09:07
It's alight with synchrotron radiation,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื ืช ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
09:10
and thousands of dots are in the sky.
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ื•ืืœืคื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
09:12
Our large Magellanic Cloud, our nearest galactic neighbor,
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ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ืžื’ืœื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
09:16
is orange instead of its more familiar blue-white.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ-ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœื•.
09:19
So there's a lot going on in this. Let's take a closer look.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:22
If we look back towards the galactic center,
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ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™,
09:25
where we originally saw the Parkes image that I showed you earlier,
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ืฉื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ืคืจืงืก ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:28
low resolution, black and white,
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ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ,
09:30
and we fade to the GLEAM view,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ GLEAM,
09:34
you can see the resolution has gone up by a factor of a hundred.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื”.
09:38
We now have a color view of the sky,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื‘ื˜ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
09:40
a technicolor view.
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืœื•ืจ.
09:42
Now, it's not a false color view.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื˜ ืฆื‘ืข ืžื“ื•ืžื”.
09:45
These are real radio colors.
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ืืœื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
09:48
What I've done is I've colored the lowest frequencies red
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ื” ืฉืฆื‘ืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื•ื
09:51
and the highest frequencies blue,
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ื•ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
09:53
and the middle ones green.
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ื•ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง.
09:54
And that gives us this rainbow view.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
09:56
And this isn't just false color.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืฆื‘ืข ืžื“ื•ืžื”.
09:59
The colors in this image tell us about the physical processes
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื
10:02
going on in the universe.
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
10:03
So for instance, if you look along the plane of the galaxy,
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ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”,
10:06
it's alight with synchrotron,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืืจ ื‘ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
10:08
which is mostly reddish orange,
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ื• ื›ืชื•ื ืื“ืžื“ื,
10:10
but if we look very closely, we see little blue dots.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืžืงืจื•ื‘, ื ืจืื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
10:14
Now, if we zoom in,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื•ื ืคื ื™ืžื”,
10:15
these blue dots are ionized plasma
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืคืœื–ืžื” ืžื™ื•ื ื ืช
10:18
around very bright stars,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื,
10:20
and what happens is that they block the red light,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื,
10:23
so they appear blue.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
10:25
And these can tell us about these star-forming regions
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ื•ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื
10:28
in our galaxy.
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ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
10:30
And we just see them immediately.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื™ื™ื“.
10:31
We look at the galaxy, and the color tells us that they're there.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื ืฉื.
10:34
You can see little soap bubbles,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกื‘ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
10:36
little circular images around the galactic plane,
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ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœืงื˜ื™,
10:39
and these are supernova remnants.
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื‘ื”.
10:42
When a star explodes,
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ื›ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ,
10:44
its outer shell is cast off
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ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืฉืœื›ืช
10:46
and it travels outward into space gathering up material,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœืœ ืื•ืกืคืช ื—ื•ืžืจ,
10:50
and it produces a little shell.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืงืœื™ืคื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
10:52
It's been a long-standing mystery to astronomers
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื
10:56
where all the supernova remnants are.
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ืื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืื•ืช.
10:58
We know that there must be a lot of high-energy electrons in the plane
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ
11:03
to produce the synchrotron radiation that we see,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
11:06
and we think they're produced by supernova remnants,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื‘ื”,
11:08
but there don't seem to be enough.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง.
11:10
Fortunately, GLEAM is really, really good at detecting supernova remnants,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, GLEAM ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ืืžืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื•ื‘ื”,
11:14
so we're hoping to have a new paper out on that soon.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืืžืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
11:17
Now, that's fine.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
11:19
We've explored our little local universe,
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ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:21
but I wanted to go deeper, I wanted to go further.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”.
11:23
I wanted to go beyond the Milky Way.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
11:26
Well, as it happens, we can see a very interesting object in the top right,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืฆื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”,
11:30
and this is a local radio galaxy,
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช,
11:32
Centaurus A.
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ืกื ื˜ืื•ืจื•ืก A.
11:34
If we zoom in on this,
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื•ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
11:35
we can see that there are two huge plumes going out into space.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืคืœื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ.
11:39
And if you look right in the center between those two plumes,
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
11:42
you'll see a galaxy just like our own.
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ืชืจืื• ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•.
11:44
It's a spiral. It has a dust lane.
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ื”ื™ื ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื ืชื™ื‘ ืื‘ืง.
11:47
It's a normal galaxy.
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ื–ื• ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช.
11:49
But these jets are only visible in the radio.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื ืจืื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•.
11:52
If we looked in the visible, we wouldn't even know they were there,
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ืื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ืจืื”, ืœื ื ื“ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื ืฉื,
11:55
and they're thousands of times larger than the host galaxy.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืœืงื™ื” ื”ืžืืจื—ืช.
11:59
What's going on? What's producing these jets?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื? ืžื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
12:03
At the center of every galaxy that we know about
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื›ืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
12:06
is a supermassive black hole.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™.
12:09
Now, black holes are invisible. That's why they're called that.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื›ืš.
12:12
All you can see is the deflection of the light around them,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
12:15
and occasionally, when a star or a cloud of gas comes into their orbit,
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื• ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื– ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืงืคื”,
12:19
it is ripped apart by tidal forces,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจืข ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
12:22
forming what we call an accretion disk.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
12:25
The accretion disk glows brightly in the x-rays,
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ื“ืกืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื‘ืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ,
12:28
and huge magnetic fields can launch the material into space
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ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื—ืœืœ
12:33
at nearly the speed of light.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
12:35
So these jets are visible in the radio
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ืื– ื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•
12:39
and this is what we pick up in our survey.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
12:42
Well, very well, so we've seen one radio galaxy. That's nice.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ืจืื™ื ื• ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืื—ืช, ื–ื” ื ื—ืžื“.
12:46
But if you just look at the top of that image,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”,
12:48
you'll see another radio galaxy.
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ืชืจืื• ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื ื•ืกืคืช.
12:50
It's a little bit smaller, and that's just because it's further away.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:53
OK. Two radio galaxies.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืฉืชื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื•.
12:56
We can see this. This is fine.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
12:58
Well, what about all the other dots?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช?
12:59
Presumably those are just stars.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืืœื• ืจืง ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
13:01
They're not.
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ื”ื ืœื.
13:03
They're all radio galaxies.
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื•.
13:05
Every single one of the dots in this image
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
13:08
is a distant galaxy,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช,
13:10
millions to billions of light-years away
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ
13:12
with a supermassive black hole at its center
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ืขื ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ืŸ
13:15
pushing material into space at nearly the speed of light.
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ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
13:19
It is mind-blowing.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื’ืข.
13:21
And this survey is even larger than what I've shown here.
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ื•ื”ืกืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ืคื”.
13:25
If we zoom out to the full extent of the survey,
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงืฃ ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงืจ,
13:28
you can see I found 300,000 of these radio galaxies.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ 300,000 ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื›ืืœื•.
13:32
So it's truly an epic journey.
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ื–ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกืข ืืคื™.
13:35
We've discovered all of these galaxies
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
13:37
right back to the very first supermassive black holes.
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ืžืžืฉ ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
13:41
I'm very proud of this, and it will be published next week.
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ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ืื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื™ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื.
13:45
Now, that's not all.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื›ืœ.
13:48
I've explored the furthest reaches of the galaxy with this survey,
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื‘ืกืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
13:52
but there's something even more in this image.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
13:56
Now, I'll take you right back to the dawn of time.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
13:59
When the universe formed, it was a big bang,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
14:03
which left the universe as a sea of hydrogen,
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ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ,
14:07
neutral hydrogen.
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ืžื™ืžืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™.
14:08
And when the very first stars and galaxies switched on,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื ื“ืœืงื•,
14:11
they ionized that hydrogen.
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ื”ื ื™ื ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ.
14:13
So the universe went from neutral to ionized.
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ืื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ ืœืžื™ื•ื ืŸ.
14:18
That imprinted a signal all around us.
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ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
14:21
Everywhere, it pervades us,
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ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื ื•,
14:23
like the Force.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
14:24
Now, because that happened so long ago,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื–ืžืŸ,
14:29
the signal was redshifted,
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ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ื,
14:31
so now that signal is at very low frequencies.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช,
14:34
It's at the same frequency as my survey,
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ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืงืจ ืฉืœื™,
14:37
but it's so faint.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืœื•ืฉื”,
14:38
It's a billionth the size of any of the objects in my survey.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ืขืฆื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืกืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
14:43
So our telescope may not be quite sensitive enough to pick up this signal.
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ืื– ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื”.
14:48
However, there's a new radio telescope.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืจื“ื™ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื—ื“ืฉ.
14:50
So I can't have a starship,
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ืื– ืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ ืกืคื™ื ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
14:52
but I can hopefully have
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™
14:53
one of the biggest radio telescopes in the world.
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ืืช ืื—ื“ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
14:56
We're building the Square Kilometre Array, a new radio telescope,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข, ืจื“ื™ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื—ื“ืฉ,
15:00
and it's going to be a thousand times bigger than the MWA,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืืœืฃ ืžื” MWA,
15:03
a thousand times more sensitive, and have an even better resolution.
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ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:06
So we should find tens of millions of galaxies.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
15:08
And perhaps, deep in that signal,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™, ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื”,
15:10
I will get to look upon the very first stars and galaxies switching on,
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ืื ื™ ืืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื“ืœืงื•,
15:15
the beginning of time itself.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.
15:17
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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