Irwin Redlener: How to survive a nuclear attack

117,765 views ใƒป 2008-09-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Uri Ladell ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So, a big question that we're facing now
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ืื–, ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
00:15
and have been for quite a number of years now:
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื ื• ืื™ืชื” ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื:
00:18
are we at risk of a nuclear attack?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ืžืชืงืคื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช?
00:21
Now, there's a bigger question
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:23
that's probably actually more important than that,
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ืืช,
00:26
is the notion of permanently eliminating
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืื—ืช ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“
00:30
the possibility of a nuclear attack,
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ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
00:32
eliminating the threat altogether.
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ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:34
And I would like to make a case to you that
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข
00:37
over the years since we first developed atomic weaponry,
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ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
00:40
until this very moment,
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ,
00:42
we've actually lived in a dangerous nuclear world
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
00:45
that's characterized by two phases,
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ืฉืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื,
00:48
which I'm going to go through with you right now.
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ืฉืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื™ืชื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
00:51
First of all, we started off the nuclear age in 1945.
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืคืชื—ื ื• ืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘- 1945.
00:55
The United States had developed a couple of atomic weapons
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื›ืžื” ื ืฉืงื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื
00:57
through the Manhattan Project,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ",
00:59
and the idea was very straightforward:
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜:
01:01
we would use the power of the atom
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ื ื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื
01:03
to end the atrocities and the horror
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ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืื™ืžื”
01:05
of this unending World War II
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ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืœื ื ื’ืžืจืช
01:07
that we'd been involved in in Europe and in the Pacific.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืงื˜.
01:10
And in 1945,
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ื•ื‘-1945
01:13
we were the only nuclear power.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืขืฆืžื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
01:15
We had a few nuclear weapons,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื ืฉืงื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
01:17
two of which we dropped on Japan, in Hiroshima,
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ืคืœื ื• ืขืœ ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”,
01:19
a few days later in Nagasaki, in August 1945,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื’ืกืืงื™, ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1945,
01:22
killing about 250,000 people between those two.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื›-250,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
01:25
And for a few years,
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ื•ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
01:27
we were the only nuclear power on Earth.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืขืฆืžื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:30
But by 1949, the Soviet Union had decided
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ื‘ืจื, ืขื“ 1949, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื”
01:34
it was unacceptable to have us as the only nuclear power,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืจืง ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฆืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
01:37
and they began to match what the United States had developed.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช ืœืžื” ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืคื™ืชื—ื”.
01:41
And from 1949 to 1985
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ื•ืž- 1949 ื•ืขื“ 1985
01:44
was an extraordinary time
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ
01:47
of a buildup of a nuclear arsenal
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ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืื’ืจ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
01:50
that no one could possibly have imagined
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ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืืจ
01:52
back in the 1940s.
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40.
01:54
So by 1985 -- each of those red bombs up here
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ืื– ืขื“ 1985, ื›ืœ ืคืฆืฆื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”
01:57
is equivalent of a thousands warheads --
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ืžืกืžืœืช ืืœืฃ ืจืืฉื™ ื ืคืฅ.
02:00
the world had
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•
02:02
65,000 nuclear warheads,
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65,000 ืจืืฉื™ ื ืคืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:05
and seven members of something
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ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”
02:07
that came to be known as the "nuclear club."
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ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืื– "ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™."
02:10
And it was an extraordinary time,
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ
02:12
and I am going to go through some of the mentality
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื ืขืœ ืงืฆืช ืžื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช
02:14
that we -- that Americans and the rest of the world were experiencing.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• - ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื - ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื•.
02:17
But I want to just point out to you that 95 percent
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืจืง ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉ-95%
02:20
of the nuclear weapons at any particular time
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืงื™ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื
02:23
since 1985 -- going forward, of course --
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ืžืื– 1985 - ื•ื”ืœืื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ -
02:25
were part of the arsenals
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ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ืกื ื™ ื”ื ืฉืง
02:27
of the United States and the Soviet Union.
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ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช.
02:30
After 1985, and before the break up of the Soviet Union,
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ืื—ืจื™ 1985, ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช,
02:33
we began to disarm
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื ืฉืง
02:35
from a nuclear point of view.
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช.
02:37
We began to counter-proliferate,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฆืžืฆื
02:39
and we dropped the number of nuclear warheads in the world
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ื ื• ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื ืคืฅ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:41
to about a total of 21,000.
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ืœืกืš ื”ื›ืœ 21,000.
02:44
It's a very difficult number to deal with,
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื”,
02:45
because what we've done is
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื
02:47
we've quote unquote "decommissioned" some of the warheads.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ืžืจื›ืื•ืช, "ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืžื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช" ื—ืœืง ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ื ืคืฅ.
02:50
They're still probably usable. They could be "re-commissioned,"
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ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืฉื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ "ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,"
02:52
but the way they count things, which is very complicated,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“,
02:55
we think we have about a third
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ
02:57
of the nuclear weapons we had before.
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ืžื”ื ืฉืงื™ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
02:59
But we also, in that period of time,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื, ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
03:01
added two more members to the nuclear club:
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ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ:
03:03
Pakistan and North Korea.
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ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”.
03:06
So we stand today with a still fully armed nuclear arsenal
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื ืžื—ืกืŸ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื—ืžื•ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™
03:10
among many countries around the world,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:12
but a very different set of circumstances.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:14
So I'm going to talk about
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
03:17
a nuclear threat story in two chapters.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ื•ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืคืจืงื™ื.
03:19
Chapter one is 1949 to 1991,
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ืคืจืง ื' ื”ื•ื ืž- 1949 ืขื“ ืœ-1991,
03:22
when the Soviet Union broke up,
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ื›ืฉื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืงื”,
03:24
and what we were dealing with, at that point and through those years,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืขืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
03:27
was a superpowers' nuclear arms race.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฅ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช.
03:30
It was characterized by
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ
03:32
a nation-versus-nation,
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ื‘ืชื™ืงื• ืฉื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“
03:34
very fragile standoff.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.
03:36
And basically,
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ื•ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ,
03:38
we lived for all those years,
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• -
03:40
and some might argue that we still do,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื• ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื›ื” -
03:42
in a situation of
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ
03:44
being on the brink, literally,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™,
03:46
of an apocalyptic, planetary calamity.
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ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™.
03:50
It's incredible that we actually lived through all that.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
03:53
We were totally dependent during those years
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื
03:55
on this amazing acronym, which is MAD.
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ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืคืœื™ื: MAD (ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช - ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ)
03:58
It stands for mutually assured destruction.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•: ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—.
04:01
So it meant
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืื ืืชื”...
04:03
if you attacked us, we would attack you
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ืื ืืชื” ืชืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชืš
04:05
virtually simultaneously,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
04:07
and the end result would be a destruction
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ
04:09
of your country and mine.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืš ื•ืฉืœื™.
04:11
So the threat of my own destruction
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ืื– ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™
04:13
kept me from launching
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ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื™ ืžืœืฉื’ืจ
04:15
a nuclear attack on you. That's the way we lived.
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ื”ืชืงืคื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœื™ืš. ื›ื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
04:19
And the danger of that, of course, is that
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ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ื–ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื
04:21
a misreading of a radar screen
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ืฉื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ืฆื’ ืžื›"ื
04:24
could actually cause a counter-launch,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžื ื’ื“,
04:26
even though the first country had not actually launched anything.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืฉื™ื’ืจื” ื›ืœื•ื.
04:29
During this chapter one,
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ื‘ืคืจืง ื' ื”ื–ื”,
04:31
there was a high level of public awareness
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืžืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
04:33
about the potential of nuclear catastrophe,
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ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
04:36
and an indelible image was implanted
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ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืœ ืชืžื—ื” ื”ื•ื˜ืžืขื”
04:38
in our collective minds
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ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœื ื•
04:40
that, in fact, a nuclear holocaust
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื•ืื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช
04:42
would be absolutely globally destructive
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
04:45
and could, in some ways, mean the end of civilization as we know it.
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ื›ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
04:48
So this was chapter one.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืจืง ื'.
04:51
Now the odd thing is that even though
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช
04:53
we knew that there would be
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ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืชื”ื™ื”
04:55
that kind of civilization obliteration,
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ืžื—ื™ืงืช ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื›ื–ืืช,
04:58
we engaged in America in a series --
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ืขืกืงื ื•, ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจื” -
05:00
and in fact, in the Soviet Union --
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช -
05:02
in a series of response planning.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื”.
05:04
It was absolutely incredible.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
05:06
So premise one is we'd be destroying the world,
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ืื– ื”ื ื—ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
05:08
and then premise two is, why don't we get prepared for it?
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื—ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื, ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื–ื”?
05:11
So what
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉ...
05:13
we offered ourselves
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืขื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื•
05:15
was a collection of things. I'm just going to go skim through a few things,
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ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืื ื™ ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืคืจื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
05:17
just to jog your memories.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™... ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื.
05:19
If you're born after 1950, this is just --
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ืื ื ื•ืœื“ืช ืื—ืจื™ 1950, ื–ื” ืจืง...
05:21
consider this entertainment, otherwise it's memory lane.
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืื—ืจืช, ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
05:24
This was Bert the Turtle. (Video)
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืฆื‘.
05:42
This was basically an attempt
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ
05:44
to teach our schoolchildren
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ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
05:46
that if we did get engaged
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ืฉืื ืื›ืŸ ื ื™ืงืœืข
05:48
in a nuclear confrontation and atomic war,
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ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื•ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช,
05:51
then we wanted our school children
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ืื– ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื•
05:53
to kind of basically duck and cover.
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ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ืคืฃ ื•ืœื”ืชื›ืกื•ืช.
05:55
That was the principle. You --
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ. ืืชื”...
05:57
there would be a nuclear conflagration
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ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
05:59
about to hit us, and if you get under your desk,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืœื™ื ื•, ื•ืื ืชื™ื›ื ืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
06:01
things would be OK.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
06:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:05
I didn't do all that well
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
06:07
in psychiatry in medical school, but I was interested,
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ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืจืคื•ืื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™,
06:09
and I think this was seriously delusional.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
06:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:14
Secondly, we told people
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืืžืจื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื
06:16
to go down in their basements
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ืœืจื“ืช ืœืžืจืชืคื™ื
06:18
and build a fallout shelter.
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ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืงืœื˜ ื ื’ื“ ื ืฉื•ืจืช.
06:20
Maybe it would be a study when we weren't having an atomic war,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
06:23
or you could use it as a TV room, or, as many teenagers found out,
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ืื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื—ื“ืจ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื•
06:26
a very, very safe place for a little privacy with your girlfriend.
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ื›ืžืงื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืงืฆืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืš.
06:29
And actually -- so there are multiple uses of the bomb shelters.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช - ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืœืžืงืœื˜ื™ื.
06:32
Or you could buy a prefabricated bomb shelter
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ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืงืœื˜ ื˜ืจื•ืžื™
06:35
that you could simply bury in the ground.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ืžื”.
06:37
Now, the bomb shelters at that point --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžืงืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”...
06:39
let's say you bought a prefab one -- it would be a few hundred dollars,
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ื‘ื ื ื’ื™ื“ ืงื ื™ืช ืื—ื“ ื˜ืจื•ืžื™. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
06:41
maybe up to 500, if you got a fancy one.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• 500 ืื ืจื›ืฉืช ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ื‘ื–ืจ,
06:43
Yet, what percentage of Americans
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
06:45
do you think ever had a bomb shelter in their house?
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ื”ื™ื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืžืงืœื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื?
06:47
What percentage lived in a house with a bomb shelter?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื•ื– ื’ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ืžืงืœื˜?
06:50
Less than two percent. About 1.4 percent
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื. ื‘ืขืจืš 1.4%
06:53
of the population, as far as anyone knows,
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ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข,
06:55
did anything,
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ืขืฉื• ืžืฉื”ื• -
06:57
either making a space in their basement
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ืื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ
06:59
or actually building a bomb shelter.
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ืื• ืžืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืงืœื˜.
07:02
Many buildings, public buildings, around the country --
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื - ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” -
07:04
this is New York City -- had these little civil defense signs,
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ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง - ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช,
07:07
and the idea was that you would
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืืชื”
07:09
run into one of these shelters and be safe
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ืชืจื•ืฅ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—
07:11
from the nuclear weaponry.
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
07:13
And one of the greatest governmental delusions
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื
07:16
of all time was something that happened
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืจื”
07:18
in the early days of
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ
07:20
the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, as we now know,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ - FEMA, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื -
07:23
and are well aware of their behaviors from Katrina.
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ื•ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ืœืื—ืจ (ืกื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ) ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื”.
07:26
Here is their first big public
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
07:29
announcement.
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ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช.
07:31
They would propose --
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ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื•...ื•ื”ื...
07:33
actually there were about six volumes written on this --
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืฉืฉื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”...
07:35
a crisis relocation plan
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืœืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ
07:37
that was dependent upon
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ
07:39
the United States having three to four days warning
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ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชืจืื”
07:42
that the Soviets were going to attack us.
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ืฉื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•.
07:44
So the goal was to evacuate the target cities.
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ืื– ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืจื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
07:47
We would move people out of the target cities
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืขืจื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”
07:49
into the countryside.
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ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื.
07:51
And I'm telling you, I actually testified at the Senate
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื, ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกืจืชื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื ืื˜
07:54
about the absolute ludicrous idea
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ื–ื•ื™
07:57
that we would actually evacuate,
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
07:58
and actually have three or four days' warning.
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ื•ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืชืจืื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื.
08:00
It was just completely off the wall.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
08:02
Turns out that they had another idea
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ
08:05
behind it, even though this was --
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื–ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช
08:07
they were telling the public it was to save us.
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ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
08:09
The idea was that we would force the Soviets
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื
08:11
to re-target their nuclear weapons -- very expensive --
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ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ - ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจ -
08:14
and potentially double their arsenal,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืžืœืื™ ื”ื ืฉืง
08:16
to not only take out the original site,
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช,
08:18
but take out sites where people were going.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืคื•ื ืชื”.
08:21
This was what apparently, as it turns out, was behind all this.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, ื›ื ืจืื”, ืžื” ืฉืขืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
08:24
It was just really, really frightening.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
08:27
The main point here is we were dealing with
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื ื•
08:29
a complete disconnect from reality.
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ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
08:32
The civil defense programs were disconnected
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื ื•ืชืงื•ืช
08:35
from the reality of what we'd see in all-out nuclear war.
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ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช.
08:37
So organizations like Physicians for Social Responsibility,
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ืื– ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช"
08:41
around 1979, started saying this a lot publicly.
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ื‘-1979 ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™.
08:44
They would do a bombing run. They'd go to your city,
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ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื”. ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ ืฉืœืš,
08:47
and they'd say, "Here's a map of your city.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื”ื ื” ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœืš.
08:49
Here's what's going to happen if we get a nuclear hit."
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืื ื ืกืคื•ื’ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช."
08:52
So no possibility of medical response to,
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ืื– "ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช
08:54
or meaningful preparedness for
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ืื• ื”ื›ื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
08:56
all-out nuclear war.
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ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช."
08:58
So we had to prevent nuclear war
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช
09:00
if we expected to survive.
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ืื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
09:02
This disconnect was never actually resolved.
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ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืคืชืจ.
09:05
And what happened was --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื -
09:07
when we get in to chapter two
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคืจืง ื‘'
09:09
of the nuclear threat era,
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ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
09:12
which started back in 1945.
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1945.
09:14
Chapter two starts in 1991.
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ืคืจืง ื‘' ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘-1991.
09:16
When the Soviet Union broke up,
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ื›ืฉื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืงื”
09:18
we effectively lost that adversary
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘
09:20
as a potential attacker of the United States, for the most part.
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ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื ื’ื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
09:23
It's not completely gone. I'm going to come back to that.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ืขืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™. ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื”.
09:25
But from 1991
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ืื‘ืœ ืž-1991
09:27
through the present time,
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื,
09:29
emphasized by the attacks of 2001,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ 2001,
09:31
the idea of an all-out nuclear war
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช
09:34
has diminished and the idea of a single event,
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ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™
09:37
act of nuclear terrorism
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ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
09:39
is what we have instead.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•.
09:41
Although the scenario has changed
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืชื ื”
09:44
very considerably, the fact is
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื
09:46
that we haven't changed our mental image
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ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื•
09:48
of what a nuclear war means.
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ืฉืœ ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช.
09:50
So I'm going to tell you what the implications of that are in just a second.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
09:53
So, what is a nuclear terror threat?
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ืื–, ืžื”ื• ืื™ื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™?
09:55
And there's four key ingredients to describing that.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
09:58
First thing is that the global nuclear weapons,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื -
10:01
in the stockpiles that I showed you in those original maps,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช -
10:03
happen to be not uniformly secure.
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ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื™ื“.
10:06
And it's particularly not secure
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
10:08
in the former Soviet Union, now in Russia.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”.
10:10
There are many, many sites where warheads are stored
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชืจื™ื ืฉืžืื—ืกื ื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื ืคืฅ
10:13
and, in fact, lots of sites where fissionable materials,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืขื™ื,
10:16
like highly enriched uranium and plutonium,
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื•ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจื™ื,
10:19
are absolutely not safe.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
10:21
They're available to be bought, stolen, whatever.
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ื”ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืื™ืš ืฉืชืจืฆื•.
10:24
They're acquirable, let me put it that way.
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ื‘ื ื ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืš - ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื.
10:27
From 1993 through 2006,
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ืž-1993 ื•ืขื“ 2006
10:30
the International Atomic Energy Agency
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ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
10:32
documented 175 cases of nuclear theft,
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ืชื™ืขื“ื” 175 ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
10:35
18 of which involved highly enriched uranium or plutonium,
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ื‘-18 ืžืชื•ื›ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืื• ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืžืขื•ืฉืจื™ื,
10:39
the key ingredients to make a nuclear weapon.
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ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
10:43
The global stockpile of highly enriched uranium
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ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžืขื•ืฉืจ
10:46
is about 1,300, at the low end,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 1,300 ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžื•ืš
10:48
to about 2,100 metric tons.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ 2,100 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื.
10:51
More than 100 megatons of this
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืžื’ื”-ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื”
10:53
is stored in particularly insecure
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ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื
10:56
Russian facilities.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
10:59
How much of that do you think it would take
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ื›ืžื” ืžื–ื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ, ืœื“ืขืชื›ื,
11:01
to actually build a 10-kiloton bomb?
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืฆืฆื” ื‘ืช 10 ืงื™ืœื•ื˜ื•ืŸ?
11:03
Well, you need about 75 pounds of it.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืขืจืš 35 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื.
11:07
So, what I'd like to show you
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
11:10
is
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ื”ื•ื
11:12
what it would take to hold 75 pounds
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ืžื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ 35 ืง"ื’
11:15
of highly enriched uranium.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ.
11:18
This is not a product placement. It's just --
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ื–ื” ืœื ืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืกืžื•ื™ื”. ื–ื” ืจืง...
11:20
in fact, if I was Coca Cola, I'd be pretty distressed about this --
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ืžืขื˜, ืื‘ืœ..
11:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:25
-- but
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ืื‘ืœ
11:27
basically, this is it.
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ื›ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”.
11:30
This is what you would need to steal or buy
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœืงื ื•ืช
11:33
out of that 100-metric-ton stockpile
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืื’ืจ ืฉืœ 100 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื
11:35
that's relatively insecure
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช,
11:37
to create the type of bomb
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืฆืฆื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’
11:39
that was used in Hiroshima.
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”.
11:41
Now you might want to look at plutonium
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื
11:43
as another fissionable material that you might use in a bomb.
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ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืงื™ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืฆืฆื”.
11:46
That -- you'd need 10 to 13 pounds of plutonium.
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ืœื–ื” ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ยฝ4 ืœ- 6 ืง"ื’ ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื.
11:50
Now, plutonium, 10 to 13 pounds:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื - ยฝ4 ืœ-6 ืง"ื’ -
11:53
this. This is enough plutonium
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ื–ื”. ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื
11:56
to create a Nagasaki-size atomic weapon.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืฉืง ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื’ืกืืงื™.
12:01
Now this situation, already I --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ...
12:03
you know, I don't really like thinking about this,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•
12:06
although somehow I got myself a job
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช
12:08
where I have to think about it. So
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ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•, ืื–...
12:10
the point is that we're very, very insecure
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
12:13
in terms of developing this material.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
12:16
The second thing is, what about the know-how?
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื, ืžื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื“ืข?
12:18
And there's a lot of controversy about
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืืœื”
12:20
whether terror organizations have the know-how
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ืข
12:23
to actually make a nuclear weapon.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
12:26
Well, there's a lot of know-how out there.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื“ืข ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
12:28
There's an unbelievable amount of know-how out there.
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ืœื ื™ืื•ืžืŸ ื›ืžื” ื™ื“ืข ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
12:31
There's detailed information on how to assemble
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘
12:33
a nuclear weapon from parts.
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ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื.
12:36
There's books about how to build a nuclear bomb.
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ื™ืฉ ืกืคืจื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืฆืฆื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช.
12:39
There are plans for how to create a terror farm
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ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื•ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ
12:42
where you could actually manufacture and develop
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉืžืžืฉ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืชื—
12:44
all the components and assemble it.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื”.
12:47
All of this information is relatively available.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™.
12:50
If you have an undergraduate degree in physics,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”;
12:52
I would suggest --
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื™ืข -
12:54
although I don't, so maybe it's not even true --
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ืŸ ืœื™, ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ -
12:56
but something close to that would allow you,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืš,
12:58
with the information that's currently available,
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ืขื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
13:00
to actually build a nuclear weapon.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
13:04
The third element of the nuclear terror threat
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ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
13:08
is that, who would actually do such a thing?
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ื”ื•ื, ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”?
13:11
Well, what we're seeing now is a level of terrorism
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ
13:14
that involves individuals who are highly organized.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื.
13:17
They are very dedicated and committed.
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื.
13:19
They are stateless.
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ื”ื ืœืœื ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
13:21
Somebody once said, Al Qaeda
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืคืขื ืืžืจ, ืœืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื”
13:23
does not have a return address,
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ืื™ืŸ "ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—",
13:25
so if they attack us with a nuclear weapon,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื ื™ืชืงืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
13:27
what's the response, and to whom is the response?
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ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืœืžื™ ื ื’ื™ื‘?
13:30
And they're retaliation-proof.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืชื’ืžื•ืœ
13:32
Since there is no real retribution possible
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
13:35
that would make any difference,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืœื›ืืŸ ืื• ืœื›ืืŸ,
13:37
since there are people willing to actually give up their lives
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
13:40
in order to do a lot of damage to us,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื–ืง,
13:42
it becomes apparent
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ
13:44
that the whole notion
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
13:46
of this mutually assured destruction would not work.
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ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—" ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
13:48
Here is Sulaiman Abu Ghaith,
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ื”ื ื” ืกืœื™ืžืืŸ ืื‘ื• ืข'ื™ืช',
13:50
and Sulaiman was a key lieutenant of Osama Bin Laden.
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ื•ืกืœื™ืžืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื’ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ.
13:53
He wrote many, many times statements to this effect:
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ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”:
13:55
"we have the right to kill four million Americans,
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"ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
13:58
two million of whom should be children."
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ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื."
14:00
And we don't have to go overseas
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื
14:02
to find people willing to do harm, for whatever their reasons.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืง, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
14:04
McVeigh and Nichols, and the Oklahoma City attack
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ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ื•ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ื•ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื‘ืื•ืงืœื”ื•ืžื” ืกื™ื˜ื™
14:07
in the 1990s
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90
14:09
was a good example of homegrown terrorists.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื›ืืŸ.
14:11
What if they had gotten their hands on a nuclear weapon?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™?
14:13
The fourth element
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ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™
14:15
is that the high-value U.S. targets
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™-ื”ืขืจืš
14:17
are accessible, soft and plentiful.
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ื”ืŸ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
14:20
This would be a talk for another day, but the level of the preparedness
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช
14:22
that the United States has achieved
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
14:24
since 9/11 of '01
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ืžืื– ื”- 11 ืœืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, 2001
14:26
is unbelievably inadequate.
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ืœืงื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื™ืื•ืžืŸ.
14:28
What you saw after Katrina
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ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืื—ืจื™ (ืกื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ) ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื”
14:30
is a very good indicator
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ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
14:32
of how little prepared the United States is
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ื›ืžื” ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื”
14:35
for any kind of major attack.
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ืœืžืชืงืคื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ื’.
14:37
Seven million ship cargo containers
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ืฉื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช
14:39
come into the United States every year.
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ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
14:41
Five to seven percent only are inspected --
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ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืจืง 5% ืขื“ 7%...
14:44
five to seven percent.
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5% ืขื“ 7%.
14:47
This is Alexander Lebed,
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ื–ื”ื• ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืœื‘ื“
14:50
who was a general that worked with Yeltsin,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืจืœ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื ื™ืœืฆื™ืŸ,
14:52
who talked about, and presented to Congress,
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ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก,
14:55
this idea that the Russians had developed --
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื•
14:58
these suitcase bombs. They were very low yield --
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ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืขื ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™:
15:00
0.1 to one kiloton,
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0.1 ืขื“ 1 ืงื™ืœื•ื˜ื•ืŸ -
15:03
Hiroshima was around 13 kilotons --
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ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘-13 ืงื™ืœื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš -
15:05
but enough to do an unbelievable amount of damage.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ืœื ื™ืื•ืžืŸ.
15:08
And Lebed came to the United States
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ื•ืœื‘ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
15:10
and told us that many, many --
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ื•ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื”...
15:13
more than 80 of the suitcase bombs
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80 ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”
15:15
were actually not accountable.
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ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“.
15:17
And they look like this. They're basically very simple arrangements.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ื›ื”. ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
15:19
You put the elements into a suitcase.
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ืืชื” ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”.
15:22
It becomes very portable.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื ื™ื™ื“.
15:24
The suitcase can be conveniently dropped
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”
15:26
in your trunk of your car.
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ื‘ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš.
15:28
You take it wherever you want to take it, and you can detonate it.
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ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื” ืœืืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืื•ืชื”.
15:30
You don't want to build a suitcase bomb,
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ืืชื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืฆืฆืช ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”,
15:33
and you happen to get one of those insecure
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ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืฉื™ื’ ืื—ื“ ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ื ืคืฅ
15:35
nuclear warheads that exist.
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ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื...
15:37
This is the size of
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ
15:39
the "Little Boy" bomb that was dropped at Hiroshima.
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ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆืช "ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ" ืฉื”ื•ืคืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”.
15:41
It was 9.8 feet long,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš 3 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
15:43
weighed 8,800 pounds. You go down to
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ืฉืงืœ 4000 ืง"ื’. ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš
15:45
your local rent-a-truck
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ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช
15:48
and for 50 bucks or so,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืขืจืš,
15:50
you rent a truck that's got the right capacity,
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ืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืžืฉืื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื ืคื— ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
15:52
and you take your bomb,
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ื•ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืฉืœืš,
15:54
you put it in the truck and you're ready to go.
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ื•ืืชื” ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืื™ืช ื•ืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชื–ื•ื–ื”.
15:57
It could happen. But what it would mean and who would survive?
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืจื“?
16:00
You can't get an exact number for that kind of probability,
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช,
16:03
but what I'm trying to say is that
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื
16:05
we have all the elements of that happening.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
16:07
Anybody who dismisses the thought
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ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”
16:09
of a nuclear weapon
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ืฉื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
16:11
being used by a terrorist is kidding themselves.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
16:13
I think there's a lot of people in the intelligence community --
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ืช,
16:16
a lot of people who deal with this work in general
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
16:19
think it's almost inevitable, unless we do certain things
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ืื ืœื ื ื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื
16:22
to really try to defuse the risk,
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
16:25
like better interdiction, better prevention,
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ื›ืžื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื ื™ืขื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:27
better fixing, you know, better screening
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ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘... ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
16:29
of cargo containers that are coming into the country and so forth.
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ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
16:32
There's a lot that can be done to make us a lot safer.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
16:35
At this particular moment,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”,
16:37
we actually could end up
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
16:39
seeing a nuclear detonation in one of our cities.
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ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
16:42
I don't think we would see an all-out nuclear war
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืจืื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช
16:45
any time soon, although even that is not completely off the table.
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื–ื• ืœื ื™ืจื“ื” ืžื”ืคืจืง ืœื’ืžืจื™.
16:48
There's still enough nuclear weapons
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ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืงื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
16:50
in the arsenals of the superpowers
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ื‘ืžื—ืกื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช
16:52
to destroy the Earth many, many times over.
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ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื.
16:55
There are flash points in India and Pakistan,
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
16:58
in the Middle East, in North Korea,
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”,
17:00
other places where the use of nuclear weapons,
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
17:03
while initially locally,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™,
17:05
could very rapidly
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
17:07
go into a situation
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘
17:09
where we'd be facing all-out nuclear war.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช.
17:12
It's very unsettling.
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ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืข.
17:15
Here we go. OK.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื‘ื ื ืจืื”.
17:17
I'm back in my truck, and we drove over the Brooklyn Bridge.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ื ืกืขื ื• ื‘ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ.
17:20
We're coming down,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื,
17:22
and we bring that truck
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช
17:24
that you just saw
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ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืจืื™ืชื
17:26
somewhere in here, in the Financial District.
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ืœืื ืฉื”ื•, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™.
17:40
This is a 10-kiloton bomb,
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ื–ื• ืคืฆืฆื” 10 ืงื™ืœื•ื˜ื•ืŸ,
17:43
slightly smaller than was used
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ืงืฆืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•
17:45
in Hiroshima. And I want to just conclude this
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ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”... ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ื
17:48
by just giving you some information. I think --
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ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืงืฆืช ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘...
17:50
"news you could use" kind of concept here.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช".
17:53
So, first of all, this would be horrific
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ืื–, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืจื
17:55
beyond anything we can possibly imagine.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
17:57
This is the ultimate.
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ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
17:59
And if you're in the half-mile radius
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 3/4 ืง"ืž
18:01
of where this bomb went off,
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ืžืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื”
18:03
you have a 90 percent chance of not making it.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 90% ืฉืœื ืชืฉืจื•ื“.
18:05
If you're right where the bomb went off,
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ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆืช,
18:07
you will be vaporized. And that's --
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืชืื“ื”. ื•ื–ื”...
18:09
I'm just telling you, this is not good.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื... ื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘...
18:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:13
You assume that.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืืช.
18:15
Two-mile radius, you have a 50 percent chance
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืง"ืž, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 50%
18:18
of being killed,
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ืœื”ื™ื”ืจื’,
18:20
and up to about eight miles away --
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ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขื“ 12 ืง"ืž -
18:22
now I'm talking about killed instantly --
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื”ื™ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื -
18:24
somewhere between a 10 and 20 percent
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 10 ืขื“ 20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
18:26
chance of getting killed.
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ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื”ืจื’.
18:28
The thing about this is that
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ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื
18:30
the experience of the nuclear detonation is --
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ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื...
18:34
first of all, tens of millions of degrees Fahrenheit
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœืกื™ื•ืก
18:37
at the core here, where it goes off,
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ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ื›ืืŸ, ืื™ืคื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ
18:39
and an extraordinary amount of energy
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ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
18:41
in the form of heat, acute radiation
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื•ื, ืงืจื™ื ื” ืืงื•ื˜ื™ืช
18:44
and blast effects.
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ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืขืฆืžื•.
18:46
An enormous hurricane-like wind,
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ืจื•ื— ื“ืžื•ื™ืช-ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืขื ืงื™ืช
18:48
and destruction of buildings almost totally,
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ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™
18:51
within this yellow circle here.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ.
18:53
And what I'm going to focus on, as I come to conclusion here,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืขืœื™ื•, ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ืžื™ ื›ืืŸ,
18:55
is that, what happens to you
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ื”ื•ื, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืš
18:58
if you're in here?
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ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
19:00
Well, if we're talking about the old days
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ืื–, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื
19:02
of an all-out nuclear attack,
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ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
19:04
you, up here,
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ืืชื”, ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”,
19:05
are as dead as the people here. So it was a moot point.
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ืžืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ. ืื– ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
19:08
My point now, though, is that there is a lot
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ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจื, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”
19:10
that we could do for you who are in here,
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ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจืš, ืœืืœื• ืฉื”ื ื›ืืŸ,
19:12
if you've survived the initial blast.
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ืื ืฉืจื“ืช ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™.
19:14
You have, when the blast goes off --
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš, ื›ืฉื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืงื•ืจื” -
19:16
and by the way, if it ever comes up, don't look at it.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืื ื–ื” ืคืขื ื™ืขืœื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ื•.
19:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
19:20
If you look at it, you're going to be blind,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื•, ืชืชืขื•ื•ืจ,
19:22
either temporarily or permanently.
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ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืื• ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช.
19:24
So if there's any way that you can avoid,
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ืื– ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื–ื”,
19:26
like, avert your eyes, that would be a good thing.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
19:29
If you find yourself alive, but
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ืื ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ
19:31
you're in the vicinity of a nuclear weapon,
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ืืชื ื‘ืงื™ืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
19:34
you have -- that's gone off --
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš... ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื”...
19:36
you have 10 to 20 minutes, depending on the size
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš 10 ืขื“ 20 ื“ืงื•ืช, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ
19:38
and exactly where it went off,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง,
19:40
to get out of the way before
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ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื“ืจื›ื• ืœืคื ื™
19:42
a lethal amount of radiation
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ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื”
19:44
comes straight down from the mushroom cloud that goes up.
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ื™ื•ืจื“ ื™ืฉืจ ืžืขื ืŸ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืœื”.
19:47
In that 10 to 15 minutes, all you have to do --
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ื‘-10 ืขื“ 15 ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื›ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช...
19:49
and I mean this seriously --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช...
19:51
is go about a mile
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ื›ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™
19:53
away from the blast.
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ืžื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ
19:55
And what happens is -- this is --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื... ื–ื”...
19:57
I'm going to show you now some fallout plumes. Within 20 minutes,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืขื ื ื™ ื ืฉื•ืจืช. ืชื•ืš 20 ื“ืงื•ืช,
19:59
it comes straight down. Within 24 hours,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ื™ืฉืจ; ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช.
20:01
lethal radiation is going out with prevailing winds,
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ืงืจื™ื ื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืขื ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช,
20:04
and it's mostly in this particular direction --
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”:
20:06
it's going northeast.
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ื–ื” ืžืชืงื“ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—.
20:08
And if you're in this vicinity, you've got to get away.
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืงื™ืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜.
20:11
So you're feeling the wind --
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ืื–... ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—...
20:13
and there's tremendous wind now
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
20:15
that you're going to be feeling -- and you want to go
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ืฉืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ, ื•ืืชื” ืชืจืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช
20:17
perpendicular to the wind
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ื‘ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—
20:19
[not upwind or downwind].
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ืื• ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—,
20:21
if you are in fact able to see where the blast was in front of you.
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ืื ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœืคื ื™ืš.
20:24
You've got to get out of there.
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ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉื.
20:26
If you don't get out of there, you're going to be exposed
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ืื ืœื ืชืฆื ืžืฉื, ืชื™ื—ืฉืฃ
20:28
to lethal radiation in very short order.
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ืœืงืจื™ื ื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
20:30
If you can't get out of there,
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ืื ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉื,
20:32
we want you to go into a shelter and stay there.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืงืœื˜ ื•ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื.
20:35
Now, in a shelter in an urban area means
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืœื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™
20:38
you have to be either in a basement as deep as possible,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืื• ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ืขืžื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ
20:41
or you have to be on a floor -- on a high floor --
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื” - ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
20:44
if it's a ground burst explosion, which it would be,
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ืื ื–ื• ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื”,
20:47
higher than the ninth floor. So you have to be tenth floor or higher,
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ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช. ืื– ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
20:49
or in the basement.
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ืื• ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ.
20:52
But basically, you've got to get out of town as quickly as possible.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื, ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ.
20:55
And if you do that,
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ื•ืื ืชืขืฉื” ื›ืš,
20:57
you actually can survive a nuclear blast.
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ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
21:01
Over the next few days to a week,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
21:03
there will be a radiation cloud,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืŸ ืงืจื™ื ื” -
21:05
again, going with the wind, and settling down
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื•ื ื•ื—ืช
21:07
for another 15 or 20 miles out --
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ืœืขื•ื“ 25 ืื• 30 ืง"ืž -
21:09
in this case, over Long Island.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืžืขืœ ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“.
21:11
And if you're in the direct fallout zone here,
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ,
21:14
you really have to either be sheltered or you have to get out of there,
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ืืชื” ืžืžืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืœื˜ ืื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉื,
21:16
and that's clear. But if you are sheltered,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืžืงืœื˜,
21:19
you can actually survive.
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ืืชื” ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
21:21
The difference between knowing information
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”
21:23
of what you're going to do personally,
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ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™,
21:25
and not knowing information, can save your life,
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืš,
21:27
and it could mean the difference between
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ
21:29
150,000 to 200,000 fatalities
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150,000 ืœ- 200,000 ื—ืœืœื™ื
21:31
from something like this
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ืžืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”
21:34
and half a million to 700,000 fatalities.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ 700,000 ื—ืœืœื™ื.
21:37
So, response planning in the twenty-first century
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ืื–, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21
21:40
is both possible and is essential.
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ื”ื™ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
21:42
But in 2008, there isn't one single American city
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘-2008, ืื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืื—ืช
21:46
that has done effective plans
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
21:48
to deal with a nuclear detonation disaster.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืืกื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
21:51
Part of the problem is that
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื•ื
21:53
the emergency planners themselves, personally,
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ืฉื”ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืขืฆืžื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™,
21:55
are overwhelmed psychologically by the thought
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ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
21:57
of nuclear catastrophe.
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ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ.
21:59
They are paralyzed.
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ื”ื ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื.
22:01
You say "nuclear" to them, and they're thinking,
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ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื "ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™", ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื,
22:03
"Oh my God, we're all gone. What's the point? It's futile."
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"ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื. ืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื? ื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช."
22:06
And we're trying to tell them, "It's not futile.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช:
22:08
We can change the survival rates
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช
22:10
by doing some commonsensical things."
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ.
22:13
So the goal here is to minimize fatalities.
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ืื– ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ื—ืœืœื™ื.
22:16
And I just want to leave you with the personal points
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช
22:18
that I think you might be interested in.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืืชื›ื.
22:20
The key to surviving a nuclear blast
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
22:22
is getting out,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜,
22:24
and not going into harm's way.
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ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”.
22:27
That's basically all we're going to be talking about here.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืืŸ.
22:29
And the farther you are away in distance,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืชืชืจื—ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
22:32
the longer it is in time
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ
22:34
from the initial blast;
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ืžื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™
22:36
and the more separation between you
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ื ืš
22:38
and the outside atmosphere, the better.
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ื•ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
22:40
So separation -- hopefully with dirt or concrete,
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ืื– ื”ืคืจื“ื” - ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืขื ืื“ืžื” ืื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ,
22:43
or being in a basement --
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ืื• ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ -
22:45
distance and time is what will save you.
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ืžืจื—ืง ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชืš.
22:47
So here's what you do. First of all,
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ,
22:49
as I said, don't stare at the light flash,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืืœ ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ื”ื‘ื–ืง ื”ืื•ืจ
22:51
if you can. I don't know you could possibly resist doing that.
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ - ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
22:53
But let's assume, theoretically, you want to do that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื ื ื™ื—, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™, ืฉืืคืฉืจ, ืืชื” ืชืจืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
22:55
You want to keep your mouth open, so your eardrums
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ืชืจืฆื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื” ืคืชื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ืคื™ ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื
22:57
don't burst from the pressures.
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ืœื ื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืžื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื.
23:00
If you're very close to what happened, you actually do have to duck and cover,
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ืื ืืชื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืงืจื”, ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ืคืฃ ื•ืœื”ืชื›ืกื•ืช
23:03
like Bert told you, Bert the Turtle.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืจื˜ ืืžืจ - ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ืฆื‘.
23:05
And you want to get under something so that you're not injured
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ื•ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื™ืคืฆืข
23:08
or killed by objects, if that's at all possible.
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ืื• ืชื™ื”ืจื’ ืžื—ืคืฆื™ื, ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
23:10
You want to get away from the initial fallout mushroom cloud,
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ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืขื ืŸ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช,
23:12
I said, in just a few minutes.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช,
23:14
And shelter and place. You want to move [only]
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžืงืœื˜ ื•ืžืจื—ืง. ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—
23:17
crosswind for 1.2 miles.
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ืื• ื‘ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืจื—ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
23:19
You know, if you're out there and you see buildings horribly destroyed
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื—ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื•ืžื”
23:22
and down in that direction,
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ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
23:24
less destroyed here,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื”ืจืกื• ืคื”,
23:26
then you know that it was over there, the blast, and you're going this way,
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ืื– ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื, ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ, ื•ืืชื” ืชืœืš ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
23:28
as long as you're going crosswise to the wind.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—.
23:32
Once you're out and evacuating,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืชืคื ื”,
23:34
you want to keep as much of your skin,
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ืชืจืฆื” ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืจืš,
23:36
your mouth and nose covered, as long as that covering
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ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื” ื•ื”ืืฃ, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืกื•ื™
23:38
doesn't impede you moving and getting out of there.
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ืœื ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืš ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื•ืœืขื•ืฃ ืžืฉื.
23:41
And finally, you want to get decontaminated as soon as possible.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ.
23:44
And if you're wearing clothing, you've taken off your clothing,
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืชืชืคืฉื˜,
23:46
you're going to get showered down some place
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ื™ืงืœื—ื• ืื•ืชืš ื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืžืงื•ื
23:48
and remove the radiation that would be --
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ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” -
23:50
the radioactive material that might be on you.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืขืœื™ืš.
23:53
And then you want to stay in shelter for 48 to 72 hours minimum,
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ื•ืืชื” ืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงืœื˜ ืœ-48 ืขื“ 72 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช,
23:57
but you're going to wait hopefully -- you'll have your little wind-up,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ื›ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” - ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืžื™ื›ื ื™
23:59
battery-less radio,
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ืœืœื ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš,
24:01
and you'll be waiting for people to tell you
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ื•ืชื—ื›ื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืš ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
24:03
when it's safe to go outside. That's what you need to do.
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ืžืชื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
24:05
In conclusion,
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ืœืกื™ื•ื,
24:07
nuclear war is less likely than before,
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ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืื™ ืคืขื,
24:09
but by no means out of the question, and it's not survivable.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ืจื“ื” ืžื”ืคืจืง ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืื•ืชื”.
24:12
Nuclear terrorism is possible -- it may be probable --
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ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
24:15
but is survivable.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืื•ืชื•.
24:17
And this is Jack Geiger, who's one of the heroes
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ื•ื–ื” ื’'ืง ื’ื™ื™ื’ืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื
24:19
of the U.S. public health community.
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ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
24:22
And Jack said the only way to deal
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ื•ื’'ืง ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
24:24
with nuclear anything,
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ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
24:26
whether it's war or terrorism,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื• ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
24:28
is abolition of nuclear weapons.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื ืฉืงื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
24:30
And you want something to work on once you've fixed global warming,
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ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
24:33
I urge you to think about the fact that
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ืื ื™ ืžืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
24:35
we have to do something about this
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ
24:37
unacceptable, inhumane
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ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
24:39
reality of nuclear weapons
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ืฉืœ ื ืฉืงื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
24:41
in our world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•.
24:43
Now, this is my favorite civil defense slide, and I --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™, ื•ืื ื™...
24:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
24:47
-- I don't want to be indelicate, but
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืก... ืื‘ืœ...
24:49
this --
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ื–ื”...
24:51
he's no longer in office. We don't really care, OK.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“... ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืื™ื›ืคืช ืœื ื•, ืื•ืงื™ื™.
24:54
This was sent to me by somebody
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืœื— ืืœื™ื™ ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื•
24:56
who is an aficionado of civil defense procedures,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื ื”ืœื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช,
24:59
but the fact of the matter is that
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื
25:01
America's gone through a very hard time.
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ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
25:03
We've not been focused, we've not done what we had to do,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื, ืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
25:06
and now we're facing the potential of
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
25:09
bad, hell on Earth.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช.
25:11
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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