An evolutionary perspective on human health and disease | Lara Durgavich

89,956 views ใƒป 2020-05-18

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:13
When I was approximately nine weeks pregnant with my first child,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
00:17
I found out I'm a carrier for a fatal genetic disorder
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื ืฉืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช
00:20
called Tay-Sachs disease.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืžื—ืœืช ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก.
00:23
What this means
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
00:24
is that one of the two copies of chromosome number 15
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ืžืก' 15
00:28
that I have in each of my cells
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื™
00:30
has a genetic mutation.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
00:32
Because I still have one normal copy of this gene,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื•ืชืง ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
00:35
the mutation doesn't affect me.
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ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœื™.
00:38
But if a baby inherits this mutation from both parents,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
00:41
if both copies of this particular gene don't function properly,
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ืื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™,
00:46
it results in Tay-Sachs,
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก,
00:48
an incurable disease
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ืžื—ืœื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ืช ืžืจืคื
00:49
that progressively shuts down the central nervous system
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ืฉืžืฉืชืงืช ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื‘,
00:52
and causes death by age five.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ.
00:56
For many pregnant women, this news might produce a full-on panic.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืคืื ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
01:01
But I knew something that helped keep me calm
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืจื’ื•ืขื”
01:03
when I heard this bombshell about my own biology.
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ืคื’ื–ื”.
01:06
I knew that my husband,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืœื‘ืขืœื™,
01:08
whose ancestry isn't Eastern European Jewish like mine,
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ืฉื”ืชื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืœื• ืื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื–ืจื—-ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
01:12
had a very low likelihood
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ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื”
01:13
of also being a carrier for the Tay-Sachs mutation.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก.
01:17
While the frequency of heterozygotes,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ื’ื•ื˜ื™ื,
01:19
individuals who have one normal copy of the gene
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื•ืชืง ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ
01:22
and one mutated copy,
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ื•ืขื•ืชืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
01:24
is about one out of 27 people among Jews of Ashkenazi descent, like me,
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœ-27 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™, ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
01:30
in most populations,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช,
01:32
only one in about 300 people carry the Tay-Sachs mutation.
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ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš 300 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก.
01:37
Thankfully, it turned out I was right not to worry too much.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืฆื“ืงืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื“ืื’ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
01:40
My husband isn't a carrier,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ื ืฉื,
01:42
and we now have two beautiful and healthy children.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
01:47
As I said,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™,
01:48
because of my Jewish background,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™,
01:50
I was aware of the unusually high rate of Tay-Sachs in the Ashkenazi population.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช.
01:55
But it wasn't until a few years after my daughter was born
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื”
01:59
when I created and taught a seminar in evolutionary medicine at Harvard,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื•ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“,
02:03
that I thought to ask,
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ืจืง ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ,
02:04
and discovered a possible answer to,
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช
02:07
the question "why?"
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ืœืฉืืœื” "ืœืžื”?"
02:09
The process of evolution by natural selection
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
02:11
typically eliminates harmful mutations.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช.
02:14
So how did this defective gene persist at all?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืœืงื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉืจื•ื“?
02:18
And why is it found at such a high frequency
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ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”
02:21
within this particular population?
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•?
02:25
The perspective of evolutionary medicine offers valuable insight,
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš,
02:29
because it examines how and why
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืื™ืš ื•ืœืžื”
02:31
humans' evolutionary past has left our bodies vulnerable
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ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืคื’ื™ืข
02:35
to diseases and other problems today.
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ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
02:38
In doing so,
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02:40
it demonstrates that natural selection doesn't always make our bodies better.
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ื‘ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:44
It can't necessarily.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื”.
02:46
But as I hope to illustrate with my own story,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
02:49
understanding the implications of your evolutionary past
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ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื›ื
02:52
can help enrich your personal health.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
02:57
When I started investigating Tay-Sachs using an evolutionary perspective,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
03:01
I came across an intriguing hypothesis.
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
03:04
The unusually high rate of the Tay-Sachs mutation
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉืื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก
03:07
in Ashkenazi Jews today
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
03:09
may relate to advantages the mutation gave this population
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:13
in the past.
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03:15
Now I'm sure some of you are thinking,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
03:17
"I'm sorry, did you just suggest that this disease-causing mutation
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"ืกืœื™ื—ื”, ื”ืื ืืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื›ืช ื”ืžืจืคื ื”ื–ื•
03:21
had beneficial effects?"
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช?"
03:23
Yeah, I did.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:25
Certainly not for individuals who inherited two copies of the mutation
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืจืฉื• ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”
03:28
and had Tay-Sachs.
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ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก.
03:30
But under certain circumstances,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
03:32
people like me,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
03:33
who had only one faulty gene copy,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืง ืขื•ืชืง ืœืงื•ื™ ืื—ื“,
03:37
may have been more likely to survive, reproduce
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ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
03:41
and pass on their genetic material,
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืœืื”,
03:43
including that mutated gene.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืœืงื•ื™.
03:46
This idea that there can be circumstances in which heterozygotes are better off
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ื’ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:52
might sound familiar to some of you.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื—ืœืงื›ื.
03:55
Evolutionary biologists call this phenomenon
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื•
03:57
heterozygote advantage.
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ื’ื•ื˜ื™.
04:00
And it explains, for example,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
04:02
why carriers of sickle cell anemia
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ืœืžื” ื ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช
04:04
are more common among some African and Asian populations
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื•ืืกื™ืืชื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
04:08
or those with ancestry from these tropical regions.
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ืื• ืืœื• ืžืžื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ ืฉื›ื–ื”.
04:12
In these geographic regions, malaria poses significant risks to health.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
04:18
The parasite that causes malaria, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืœืจื™ื”,
04:21
can only complete its life cycle in normal, round red blood cells.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžืขื’ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื.
04:27
By changing the shape of a person's red blood cells,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจืช ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื,
04:30
the sickle cell mutation confers protection against malaria.
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ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ืช ื”ื—ืจืžืฉ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”.
04:35
People with the mutation aren't less likely to get bitten
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืงื™ืฆื”
04:38
by the mosquitoes that transmit the disease,
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ืžื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
04:41
but they are less likely to get sick or die as a result.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ืื• ืœืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื ื”.
04:45
Being a carrier for sickle cell anemia
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ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ืœืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช
04:48
is therefore the best possible genetic option
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ื”ื™ื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช
04:51
in a malarial environment.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืžืœืจื™ื”.
04:53
Carriers are less susceptible to malaria,
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ื”ื ืฉืื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืœืจื™ื”,
04:55
because they make some sickled red blood cells,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื—ืจืžืฉื™ื™ื,
04:58
but they make enough normal red blood cells
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืชืื™ ื“ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื
05:01
that they aren't negatively affected by sickle cell anemia.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืœืจืขื” ืžื”ืื ืžื™ื” ื”ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช.
05:07
Now in my case,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื™,
05:08
the defective gene I carry won't protect me against malaria.
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ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืœืงื•ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืืช ืœื ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืžืœืจื™ื”.
05:13
But the unusual prevalence of the Tay-Sachs mutation
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก
05:16
in Ashkenazi populations
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื•ืช
05:18
may be another example of heterozygote advantage.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ื’ื•ื˜ื™.
05:22
In this case, increasing resistance to tuberculosis.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืฉื—ืคืช.
05:27
The first hint of a possible relationship between Tay-Sachs and tuberculosis
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ื”ืจืžื– ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืงืฉืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก ืœืฉื—ืคืช
05:32
came in the 1970s,
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ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70,
05:34
when researchers published data
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคืจืกืžื• ืžื™ื“ืข
05:35
showing that among the Eastern European-born grandparents
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ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ ืฉื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
05:39
of a sample of American Ashkenazi children born with Tay-Sachs,
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ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก,
05:43
tuberculosis was an exceedingly rare cause of death.
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ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื™ ื ื“ื™ืจื”.
05:47
In fact, only one out of these 306 grandparents
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ 306 ืื•ืชื ืกื‘ื™ื
05:51
had died of TB,
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ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืฉื—ืคืช,
05:53
despite the fact that in the early 20th century,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
05:56
TB caused up to 20 percent of deaths in large Eastern European cities.
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ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ื’ืจืžื” ืœืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
06:02
Now on the one hand, these results weren't surprising.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช.
06:05
People had already recognized
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•
06:06
that while Jews and non-Jews in Europe
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
06:09
had been equally likely to contract TB during this time,
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื” ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื—ืคืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•,
06:13
the death rate among non-Jews was twice as high.
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
06:17
But the hypothesis that these Ashkenazi grandparents
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœืื•ืชื ืกื‘ื™ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื™ื
06:20
had been less likely to die of TB
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืคืช
06:23
specifically because at least some of them were Tay-Sachs carriers
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ืœืงื ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืื™ ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก
06:28
was novel and compelling.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
06:30
The data hinted
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ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจืžื–ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš
06:31
that the persistence of the Tay-Sachs mutation
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ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก
06:33
among Ashkenazi Jews
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื
06:35
might be explained by the benefits of being a carrier
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ืฉื
06:39
in an environment where tuberculosis was prevalent.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
06:44
You'll notice, though,
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ืืš ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘,
06:45
that this explanation only fills in part of the puzzle.
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ืฉื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืฉืœื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืคืื–ืœ.
06:49
Even if the Tay-Sachs mutation persisted
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก ืฉืจื“ื”
06:53
because carriers were more likely to survive,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ืฉืื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืจื•ื“,
06:55
reproduce and pass on their genetic material,
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ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
06:58
why did this resistance mechanism proliferate
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื”
07:01
among the Ashkenazi population in particular?
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“?
07:05
One possibility is that the genes and health of Eastern European Jews
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื
07:10
were affected not simply by geography
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ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืœื ืจืง ืžื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
07:13
but also by historical and cultural factors.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
07:17
At various points in history
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
07:19
this population was forced to live in crowded urban ghettos
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื•ืœืฆื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื˜ืื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื
07:22
with poor sanitation.
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ืœืœื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
07:24
Ideal conditions for the tuberculosis bacterium to thrive.
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ืชื ืื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ื”ืฉื—ืคืช.
07:29
In these environments, where TB posed an especially high threat,
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื•, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
07:33
those individuals who were not carriers of any genetic protection
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ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
07:38
would have been more likely to die.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื•ืช.
07:41
This winnowing effect
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ืืคืงื˜ ื ื™ืคื•ื™ ื–ื•
07:43
together with a strong cultural predilection
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ื˜ื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
07:46
for marrying and reproducing only within the Ashkenazi community,
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ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช,
07:50
would have amplified the relative frequency of carriers,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืฆื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉืื™ื,
07:54
boosting TB resistance
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืคืช
07:56
but increasing the incidence of Tay-Sachs as an unfortunate side effect.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก ื›ืชื•ืคืขืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžืฆืขืจืช.
08:02
Studies from the 1980s support this idea.
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
08:05
The segment of the American Jewish population
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ืคืœื— ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
08:08
that had the highest frequency of Tay-Sachs carriers
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ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืื™ ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก
08:11
traced their descent
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืฆืื
08:13
to those European countries where the incidence of TB was highest.
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ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:17
The benefits of being a Tay-Sachs carrier were highest
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉืื•ืช ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื
08:21
in those places where the risk of death due to TB was greatest.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืคืช ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:25
And while it was unclear in the 1970s or '80s
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื•ื”-80 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ
08:28
how exactly the Tay-Sachs mutation offered protection against TB,
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ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื—ืคืช,
08:33
recent work has identified
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•
08:35
how the mutation increases cellular defenses against the bacterium.
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ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
08:41
So heterozygote advantage can help explain
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ืื– ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ื’ื•ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
08:44
why problematic versions of genes persist at high frequencies
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ืœืžื” ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
08:48
in certain populations.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
08:50
But this is only one of the contributions evolutionary medicine can make
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืจืง ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
08:53
in helping us understand human health.
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ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
08:56
As I mentioned earlier,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื,
08:58
this field challenges the notion
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ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื”
09:00
that our bodies should have gotten better over time.
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ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
09:03
An idea that often stems from a misconception
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”
09:06
of how evolution works.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
09:09
In a nutshell,
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ื‘ืงืฆืจื”,
09:10
there are three basic reasons why human bodies,
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื,
09:13
including yours and mine,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืœื›ื,
09:15
remain vulnerable to diseases and other health problems today.
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ื ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ืคื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
09:19
Natural selection acts slowly,
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืื˜,
09:21
there are limitations to the changes it can make
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœืœ
09:24
and it optimizes for reproductive success,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืืคืช ืœืžืงืกื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช,
09:27
not health.
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ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
09:30
The way the pace of natural selection affects human health
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
09:33
is probably most obvious
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:35
in people's relationship with infectious pathogens.
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืงื™ื.
09:38
We're in a constant arms race with bacteria and viruses.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืžื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
09:43
Our immune system is continuously evolving to limit their ability to infect,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง,
09:48
and they are continuously developing ways to outmaneuver our defenses.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:52
And our species is at a distinct disadvantage
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ื•ืœืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
09:55
due to our long lives and slow reproduction.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:59
In the time it takes us to evolve one mechanism of resistance,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืื—ื“
10:04
a pathogenic species will go through millions of generations,
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ื–ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,
10:08
giving it ample time to evolve,
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—,
10:10
so it can continue using our bodies as a host.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžืืจื—.
10:14
Now what does it mean that there are limitations
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
10:16
to the changes natural selection can make?
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœืœ?
10:19
Again, my examples of heterozygote advantage
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ื’ื•ื˜ื™
10:21
offer a useful illustration.
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ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
10:24
In terms of resisting TB and malaria,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืคืช ื•ืžืœืจื™ื”,
10:27
the physiological effects of the Tay-Sachs and sickle cell anemia mutations
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก ื•ืื ืžื™ื” ื—ืจืžืฉื™ืช
10:32
are good.
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
10:33
Taken to their extremes, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืžืงืกื ืื•ืชื,
10:35
they cause significant problems.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
10:38
This delicate balance highlights the constraints
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
10:41
inherent in the human body,
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ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื,
10:43
and the fact that the evolutionary process
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ื•ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™
10:46
must work with the materials already available.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
10:49
In many instances,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
10:50
a change that improves survival or reproduction
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
10:52
in one sense
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“
10:54
may have cascading effects that carry their own risk.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืื™ืชื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
10:57
Evolution isn't an engineer that starts from scratch
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืืคืก
11:01
to create optimal solutions to individual problems.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืช.
11:05
Evolution is all about compromise.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืคืฉืจื•ืช.
11:09
It's also important to remember,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
11:10
when considering our bodies' vulnerabilities,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
11:13
that from an evolutionary perspective,
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ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
11:15
health isn't the most important currency.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:17
Reproduction is.
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ืืœื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
11:19
Success is measured not by how healthy an individual is,
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืœื ื ืžื“ื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื/ื”,
11:23
or by how long she lives,
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ืื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื”,
11:25
but by how many copies of her genes she passes to the next generation.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
11:30
This explains why a mutation
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ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”
11:31
like the one that causes Huntington's disease,
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
11:34
another degenerative neurological disorder,
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ืขื•ื“ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื›ืช ืžืจืคื,
11:37
hasn't been eliminated by natural selection.
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ืœื ื ื›ื—ื“ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
11:40
The mutation's detrimental effects
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”
11:42
usually don't appear until after the typical age of reproduction,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ,
11:46
when affected individuals have already passed on their genes.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉืื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
11:50
As a whole,
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ื›ื›ืœืœ,
11:52
the biomedical community focuses on proximate explanations
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื
11:55
and uses them to shape treatment approaches.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
11:58
Proximate explanations for health conditions
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ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื
12:01
consider the immediate factors:
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ืžืฉืงืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื:
12:03
What's going on inside someone's body right now
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ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืจื’ืข
12:06
that caused a particular problem.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช.
12:09
Nearsightedness, for example,
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ืงื•ืฆืจ ืจืื™ื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
12:10
is usually the result of changes to the shape of the eye
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ
12:14
and can be easily corrected with glasses.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื.
12:18
But as with the genetic conditions I've discussed,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื•,
12:21
a proximate explanation only provides part of the bigger picture.
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ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช.
12:25
Adopting an evolutionary perspective
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ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
12:28
to consider the broader question of why do we have this problem
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ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
12:32
to begin with --
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ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” --
12:34
what evolutionary medicine calls the ultimate perspective --
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื• ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช --
12:38
can give us insight into nonimmediate factors
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืœื ื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
12:41
that affect our health.
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:43
This is crucial,
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™,
12:44
because it can suggest ways by which you can mitigate your own risk
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
12:48
or that of friends and family.
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ืื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื›ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื›ื.
12:51
In the case of nearsightedness,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฆืจ ืจืื™ื”,
12:53
some research suggests
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื
12:55
that one reason it's becoming more common in some populations
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ืฉืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
12:58
is that many people today,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื,
13:00
including most of us in this room,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ,
13:02
spend far more time reading, writing
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ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”, ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”
13:05
and engaging with various types of screen
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ื•ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื
13:08
than we do outside, interacting with the world on a bigger scale.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:13
In evolutionary terms, this is a recent change.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ.
13:17
For most of human evolutionary history,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
13:19
people used their vision across a broader landscape,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:22
spending more time in activities like hunting and gathering.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื•ืœื™ืงื•ื˜.
13:26
The increase in recent years in what's termed "near work,"
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ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘",
13:31
focusing intensely on objects directly in front of us
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ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืœื ื•
13:34
for long periods of time,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื,
13:36
strains our eyes differently
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
13:38
and affects the physical shape of the eye.
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ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ.
13:41
When we put all these pieces together,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“,
13:44
this ultimate explanation for nearsightedness --
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ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœืงื•ืฆืจ ืจืื™ื” --
13:47
that environmental and behavioral change impact the way we use our eyes --
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ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• --
13:52
helps us better understand the proximate cause.
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ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช.
13:55
And an inescapable conclusion emerges --
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ื•ืžืกืงื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช ืขื•ืœื” --
13:59
my mother was right,
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ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ืฆื“ืงื”.
14:00
I probably should have spent a little less time with my nose in a book.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืฉืืคื™ ืชื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ.
14:05
This is just one of many possible examples.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืžื ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช.
14:08
So the next time you or a loved one are faced with a health challenge,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ืช,
14:12
whether it's obesity or diabetes,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื• ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืื• ืกื•ื›ืจืช,
14:14
an autoimmune disorder,
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ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ืช,
14:16
or a knee or back injury,
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ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ื‘ืจืš ืื• ื‘ื’ื‘,
14:17
I encourage you to think
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืืชื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
14:19
about what an ultimate perspective can contribute.
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ืžื” ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืจื•ื.
14:22
Understanding that your health
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
14:24
is affected not just by what's going on in your body right now,
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ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืœื ืจืง ืžืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื ื›ืจื’ืข,
14:28
but also by your genetic inheritance, culture and history,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
14:33
can help you make more informed decisions
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช
14:35
about predispositions, risks and treatments.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื.
14:40
As for me,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™,
14:41
I won't claim that an evolutionary medicine perspective
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
14:44
has always directly influenced my decisions,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
14:47
such as my choice of spouse.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื™.
14:49
It turned out, though,
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ืืš ืžืกืชื‘ืจ,
14:51
that not following the traditional practice
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ืฉื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™
14:53
of marrying within the Jewish community
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ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช
14:55
ultimately worked in my favor genetically,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืขืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
14:58
reducing the odds of me having a baby with Tay-Sachs.
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ื•ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืืœื“ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขื ื˜ื™ื™-ื–ืงืก.
15:02
It's a great example of why not every set of Ashkenazi parents
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ื–ืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื” ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื™ื
15:06
should hope that their daughter marries "a nice Jewish boy."
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ื™ืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืชืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื "ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ื—ืžื“".
15:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:10
(Audience) Woo-hoo!
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(ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืขื™ื“ื•ื“)
15:11
More importantly, though,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš,
15:13
the experience of learning about my own genes
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™
15:16
taught me to think differently about health in the long run,
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ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
15:19
and I hope sharing my story inspires you to do the same.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™ ื™ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืชื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš ื’ื.
15:23
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:25
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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