An evolutionary perspective on human health and disease | Lara Durgavich

89,956 views

2020-05-18 ใƒป TED


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An evolutionary perspective on human health and disease | Lara Durgavich

89,956 views ใƒป 2020-05-18

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jungmin Roh ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:13
When I was approximately nine weeks pregnant with my first child,
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์ฒซ ์•„์ด ์ž„์‹  9์ฃผ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
00:17
I found out I'm a carrier for a fatal genetic disorder
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์œ ์ „์งˆํ™˜์ธ
00:20
called Tay-Sachs disease.
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ณด๊ท ์ž๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•˜์–ด์š”.
00:23
What this means
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด๋ƒ๋ฉด
00:24
is that one of the two copies of chromosome number 15
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์„ธํฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
00:28
that I have in each of my cells
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15๋ฒˆ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ๋ณต์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž 2๊ฐœ ์ค‘ 1๊ฐœ๊ฐ€
00:30
has a genetic mutation.
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์œ ์ „์  ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:32
Because I still have one normal copy of this gene,
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๋ณต์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž 1๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ •์ƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
00:35
the mutation doesn't affect me.
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๊ทธ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜์ง„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
00:38
But if a baby inherits this mutation from both parents,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–‘์ชฝ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ „๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:41
if both copies of this particular gene don't function properly,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ณต์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
00:46
it results in Tay-Sachs,
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค๋ณ‘์ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
an incurable disease
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๋ถˆ์น˜๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ธฐ์ฐจ์ธฐ ๋งˆ๋น„์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ
00:49
that progressively shuts down the central nervous system
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00:52
and causes death by age five.
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5์„ธ ์ •๋„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
For many pregnant women, this news might produce a full-on panic.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์†Œ์‹์€ ๊ทนํ•œ์˜ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:01
But I knew something that helped keep me calm
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋„
01:03
when I heard this bombshell about my own biology.
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์ด ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์•Œ์•˜์–ด์š”.
01:06
I knew that my husband,
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๋‚จํŽธ์€
01:08
whose ancestry isn't Eastern European Jewish like mine,
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์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ„ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ์—
01:12
had a very low likelihood
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋ณด๊ท ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ 
01:13
of also being a carrier for the Tay-Sachs mutation.
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ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์—์š”.
01:17
While the frequency of heterozygotes,
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์ดํ˜•์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋นˆ๋„ ์ฆ‰
01:19
individuals who have one normal copy of the gene
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ณต์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž 1๊ฐœ์™€
01:22
and one mutated copy,
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๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋ณต์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž 1๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€
01:24
is about one out of 27 people among Jews of Ashkenazi descent, like me,
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์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•„์Šˆ์ผ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ 27๋ช… ์ค‘ 1๋ช…์ด์—์š”.
01:30
in most populations,
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์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ์—์„ 
01:32
only one in about 300 people carry the Tay-Sachs mutation.
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋ณด๊ท ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ์•ฝ 300๋ช… ์ค‘ 1๋ช…๊ผด์ด์—์š”.
01:37
Thankfully, it turned out I was right not to worry too much.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:40
My husband isn't a carrier,
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๋‚จํŽธ์€ ๋ณด๊ท ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:42
and we now have two beautiful and healthy children.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ œ ๊ณ์—” ์˜ˆ์˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‘ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:47
As I said,
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ์ด
01:48
because of my Jewish background,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ณ„ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:50
I was aware of the unusually high rate of Tay-Sachs in the Ashkenazi population.
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์•„์Šˆ์ผ€๋‚˜์ง€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ๋†’๋‹จ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:55
But it wasn't until a few years after my daughter was born
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋”ธ์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ํ›„์—
01:59
when I created and taught a seminar in evolutionary medicine at Harvard,
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ง„ํ™” ์˜ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—… ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ฃ .
02:03
that I thought to ask,
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02:04
and discovered a possible answer to,
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"์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ‘์ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€?" ๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—
02:07
the question "why?"
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์–ด์š”.
02:09
The process of evolution by natural selection
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์ž์—ฐ๋„ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
02:11
typically eliminates harmful mutations.
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๋ณดํ†ต ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ์—†์–ด์ ธ์š”.
02:14
So how did this defective gene persist at all?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒฐํ•จ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
02:18
And why is it found at such a high frequency
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋†’์€ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์™œ
02:21
within this particular population?
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ํŠน์ • ์ธ์ข…์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
02:25
The perspective of evolutionary medicine offers valuable insight,
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์ง„ํ™”์˜ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:29
because it examines how and why
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์ด ์˜ํ•™์€
02:31
humans' evolutionary past has left our bodies vulnerable
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™œ
02:35
to diseases and other problems today.
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ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:38
In doing so,
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
02:40
it demonstrates that natural selection doesn't always make our bodies better.
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์ž์—ฐ์„ ํƒ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค์ง„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋„ ์•Œ์•˜์ฃ .
02:44
It can't necessarily.
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๊ผญ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์ฃ .
02:46
But as I hope to illustrate with my own story,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:49
understanding the implications of your evolutionary past
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ง„ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด
02:52
can help enrich your personal health.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:57
When I started investigating Tay-Sachs using an evolutionary perspective,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค๋ณ‘์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
03:01
I came across an intriguing hypothesis.
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์„ค ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:04
The unusually high rate of the Tay-Sachs mutation
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด
03:07
in Ashkenazi Jews today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์•„์Šˆ์ผ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ๋†’์€ ๊ฑด
03:09
may relate to advantages the mutation gave this population
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ด ์ธ์ข…์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นœ
03:13
in the past.
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๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ์žฅ์ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:15
Now I'm sure some of you are thinking,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:17
"I'm sorry, did you just suggest that this disease-causing mutation
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"์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ์ด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€
03:21
had beneficial effects?"
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์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:23
Yeah, I did.
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๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:25
Certainly not for individuals who inherited two copies of the mutation
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฑด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์œ ์ „์ž 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•„ ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
03:28
and had Tay-Sachs.
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03:30
But under certain circumstances,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŠน์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
03:32
people like me,
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์ €์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
03:33
who had only one faulty gene copy,
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1๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒฐํ•จ๋งŒ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
03:37
may have been more likely to survive, reproduce
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์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•„ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•ด์„œ
03:41
and pass on their genetic material,
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๋ฌผ๋ ค์ค„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:43
including that mutated gene.
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๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ˆ์š”.
03:46
This idea that there can be circumstances in which heterozygotes are better off
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์ดํ˜•์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€
03:52
might sound familiar to some of you.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•  ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
03:55
Evolutionary biologists call this phenomenon
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์ง„ํ™” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„
03:57
heterozygote advantage.
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์ดํ˜•์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ด์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”.
04:00
And it explains, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด
04:02
why carriers of sickle cell anemia
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๊ฒธ์ƒ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ๋นˆํ˜ˆ ๋ณด๊ท ์ž๊ฐ€
04:04
are more common among some African and Asian populations
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์™€ ์•„์‹œ์•„๊ณ„ ์ธ์ข… ๋˜๋Š”
04:08
or those with ancestry from these tropical regions.
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์—ด๋Œ€์ง€์—ญ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์œ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:12
In these geographic regions, malaria poses significant risks to health.
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด์ž–์•„์š”.
04:18
The parasite that causes malaria, though,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ์€
04:21
can only complete its life cycle in normal, round red blood cells.
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์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๋‘ฅ๊ธ€๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์—๋งŒ ์ƒ์กดํ•ด์š”.
04:27
By changing the shape of a person's red blood cells,
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์ •์ƒ ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”
04:30
the sickle cell mutation confers protection against malaria.
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๊ฒธ์ƒ์„ธํฌ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ง‰์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด์š”.
04:35
People with the mutation aren't less likely to get bitten
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์ด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์—
04:38
by the mosquitoes that transmit the disease,
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๋ฌผ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ 
04:41
but they are less likely to get sick or die as a result.
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์•„ํ”„๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃฝ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์ ์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:45
Being a carrier for sickle cell anemia
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฒธ์ƒ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ๋นˆํ˜ˆ ๋ณด๊ท ์ž๋Š”
04:48
is therefore the best possible genetic option
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
04:51
in a malarial environment.
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์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ์„ ํƒ์ง€์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:53
Carriers are less susceptible to malaria,
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๋ณด๊ท ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
04:55
because they make some sickled red blood cells,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฒธ์ƒ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ
04:58
but they make enough normal red blood cells
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๊ฒธ์ƒ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ๋นˆํ˜ˆ์— ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
05:01
that they aren't negatively affected by sickle cell anemia.
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์ •์ƒ ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
05:07
Now in my case,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ € ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”
05:08
the defective gene I carry won't protect me against malaria.
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์ด ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒฐํ•จ์ด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ง‰์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด์ฃผ์ง„ ๋ชปํ•ด์š”.
05:13
But the unusual prevalence of the Tay-Sachs mutation
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์Šˆ์ผ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์ธ์ข…์—์„œ
05:16
in Ashkenazi populations
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค๋ณ‘์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์œ ํ–‰์€
05:18
may be another example of heterozygote advantage.
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์ดํ˜•์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ด์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
05:22
In this case, increasing resistance to tuberculosis.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ต ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์•„์ ธ์š”.
05:27
The first hint of a possible relationship between Tay-Sachs and tuberculosis
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ต ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด
05:32
came in the 1970s,
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1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‚˜์™”์–ด์š”.
05:34
when researchers published data
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
05:35
showing that among the Eastern European-born grandparents
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๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ ํƒœ์ƒ์˜ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
05:39
of a sample of American Ashkenazi children born with Tay-Sachs,
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์„ ์ฒœ์  ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณ„ ์•„์Šˆ์ผ€๋‚˜์ง€์ธ ์•„๋™ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์—์„œ
05:43
tuberculosis was an exceedingly rare cause of death.
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๊ฒฐํ•ต์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง์›์ธ์ธ ๊ฑด ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌผ์–ด์š”.
05:47
In fact, only one out of these 306 grandparents
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 306๋ช…์˜ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์ค‘ ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์•„๋™์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ต์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์ฃ .
05:51
had died of TB,
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05:53
despite the fact that in the early 20th century,
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์—
05:56
TB caused up to 20 percent of deaths in large Eastern European cities.
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๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด 20%๊นŒ์ง€ ์น˜์†Ÿ์•˜์–ด์š”.
06:02
Now on the one hand, these results weren't surprising.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋†€๋ž์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
06:05
People had already recognized
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:06
that while Jews and non-Jews in Europe
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ๊ณผ ๋น„์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์ด
06:09
had been equally likely to contract TB during this time,
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์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ต์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:13
the death rate among non-Jews was twice as high.
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๋น„์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋†’์•˜์–ด์š”.
06:17
But the hypothesis that these Ashkenazi grandparents
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๊ฐ€์„ค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„์Šˆ์ผ€๋‚˜์ง€์ธ ์กฐ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด
06:20
had been less likely to die of TB
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๊ฒฐํ•ต์œผ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์–ด์š”.
06:23
specifically because at least some of them were Tay-Sachs carriers
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์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค ๋ณด๊ท ์ž์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:28
was novel and compelling.
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์ƒ์†Œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:30
The data hinted
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ
06:31
that the persistence of the Tay-Sachs mutation
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์•„์Šˆ์ผ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
06:33
among Ashkenazi Jews
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์ƒ์กด์ด
06:35
might be explained by the benefits of being a carrier
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๋ณด๊ท ์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด์ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•˜์–ด์š”.
06:39
in an environment where tuberculosis was prevalent.
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๊ฒฐํ•ต์ด ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
06:44
You'll notice, though,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ
06:45
that this explanation only fills in part of the puzzle.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€ ํผ์ฆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž„์„ ์•Œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:49
Even if the Tay-Sachs mutation persisted
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๋ณด๊ท ์ž์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„์„œ
06:53
because carriers were more likely to survive,
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๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ „๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:55
reproduce and pass on their genetic material,
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์กดํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„
06:58
why did this resistance mechanism proliferate
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์™œ ์œ ๋… ์•„์Šˆ์ผ€๋‚˜์ง€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋ฒˆ์‹๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
07:01
among the Ashkenazi population in particular?
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07:05
One possibility is that the genes and health of Eastern European Jews
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค๋กœ๋Š” ๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณ„ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์€
07:10
were affected not simply by geography
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์—๋งŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:13
but also by historical and cultural factors.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์š”์†Œ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹จ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
07:17
At various points in history
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์—ญ์‚ฌ ์† ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด
07:19
this population was forced to live in crowded urban ghettos
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์ด ์ธ์ข…์€ ์œ„์ƒ์ด ์—ด์•…ํ•œ
07:22
with poor sanitation.
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๋„์‹œ ๋นˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:24
Ideal conditions for the tuberculosis bacterium to thrive.
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๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์ด ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด์ฃ .
07:29
In these environments, where TB posed an especially high threat,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์€ ํŠนํžˆ ํฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:33
those individuals who were not carriers of any genetic protection
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์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ง‰์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ท ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋ฉด
07:38
would have been more likely to die.
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์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ๋” ๋†’์•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:41
This winnowing effect
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์•„์Šˆ์ผ€๋‚˜์ง€์ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋งŒ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”
07:43
together with a strong cultural predilection
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๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด
07:46
for marrying and reproducing only within the Ashkenazi community,
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ํ’์„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ด์„œ
07:50
would have amplified the relative frequency of carriers,
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ท ์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
07:54
boosting TB resistance
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๊ฒฐํ•ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์€ ํ‚ค์› ์ง€๋งŒ
07:56
but increasing the incidence of Tay-Sachs as an unfortunate side effect.
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๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:02
Studies from the 1980s support this idea.
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1980๋…„๋Œ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ด์ค˜์š”.
08:05
The segment of the American Jewish population
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค ๋ณด๊ท ์ž ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€
08:08
that had the highest frequency of Tay-Sachs carriers
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณ„ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ํ˜ˆํ†ต์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:11
traced their descent
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08:13
to those European countries where the incidence of TB was highest.
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๊ฒฐํ•ต ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:17
The benefits of being a Tay-Sachs carrier were highest
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค ๋ณด๊ท ์ž๋Š”
08:21
in those places where the risk of death due to TB was greatest.
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๊ฒฐํ•ต์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ํฐ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ด์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
08:25
And while it was unclear in the 1970s or '80s
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1970~80๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š”
08:28
how exactly the Tay-Sachs mutation offered protection against TB,
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ต์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰์•„์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:33
recent work has identified
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
08:35
how the mutation increases cellular defenses against the bacterium.
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์ด ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์ฃ .
08:41
So heterozygote advantage can help explain
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์ดํ˜•์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ด์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
08:44
why problematic versions of genes persist at high frequencies
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์ด ๊ณจ์นซ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€
08:48
in certain populations.
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ํŠน์ • ์ธ์ข…์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋ผ์š”.
08:50
But this is only one of the contributions evolutionary medicine can make
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์ด๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์›์ธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
08:53
in helping us understand human health.
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์ง„ํ™”์˜ํ•™์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค˜์š”.
08:56
As I mentioned earlier,
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์•„๊นŒ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
08:58
this field challenges the notion
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์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๋Š”
09:00
that our bodies should have gotten better over time.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•ด์š”.
09:03
An idea that often stems from a misconception
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ํ”ํžˆ ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ดํ•ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์ฃ .
09:06
of how evolution works.
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09:09
In a nutshell,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
09:10
there are three basic reasons why human bodies,
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:13
including yours and mine,
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์ €๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชธ์€
09:15
remain vulnerable to diseases and other health problems today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์งˆํ™˜์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ด์š”.
09:19
Natural selection acts slowly,
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์ž์—ฐ๋„ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:21
there are limitations to the changes it can make
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๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
09:24
and it optimizes for reproductive success,
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๋ฒˆ์‹์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋ผ์š”.
09:27
not health.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:30
The way the pace of natural selection affects human health
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์ž์—ฐ์ด ๋„ํƒœ๋˜๋Š” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€
09:33
is probably most obvious
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ท ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ
09:35
in people's relationship with infectious pathogens.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:38
We're in a constant arms race with bacteria and viruses.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:43
Our immune system is continuously evolving to limit their ability to infect,
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๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ 
09:48
and they are continuously developing ways to outmaneuver our defenses.
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์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ ฅ์„ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์š”.
09:52
And our species is at a distinct disadvantage
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:55
due to our long lives and slow reproduction.
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์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ ๊ธธ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฒˆ์‹๋ ฅ์ด ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:59
In the time it takes us to evolve one mechanism of resistance,
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ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—
10:04
a pathogenic species will go through millions of generations,
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๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ
10:08
giving it ample time to evolve,
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
10:10
so it can continue using our bodies as a host.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์„ ๊ณ„์† ์ˆ™์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์š”.
10:14
Now what does it mean that there are limitations
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์ž์—ฐ๋„ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:16
to the changes natural selection can make?
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๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹จ ๋ง์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:19
Again, my examples of heterozygote advantage
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ์ดํ˜•์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด ์ด์ ์ด
10:21
offer a useful illustration.
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์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
10:24
In terms of resisting TB and malaria,
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๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ณผ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑด
10:27
the physiological effects of the Tay-Sachs and sickle cell anemia mutations
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ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ฒธ์ƒ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ๋นˆํ˜ˆ์—
10:32
are good.
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์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
10:33
Taken to their extremes, though,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณ‘์ด ์ค‘์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด
10:35
they cause significant problems.
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ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ์š”.
10:38
This delicate balance highlights the constraints
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์ด ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑด
10:41
inherent in the human body,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€
10:43
and the fact that the evolutionary process
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€
10:46
must work with the materials already available.
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๊ฐ™์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์—์š”.
10:49
In many instances,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
10:50
a change that improves survival or reproduction
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์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ด์ง€๋งŒ
10:52
in one sense
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์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„ 
10:54
may have cascading effects that carry their own risk.
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๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๋‹จ์‹ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:57
Evolution isn't an engineer that starts from scratch
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๋งจ๋•…์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด
11:01
to create optimal solutions to individual problems.
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๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
11:05
Evolution is all about compromise.
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒ€ํ˜‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
11:09
It's also important to remember,
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฑด
11:10
when considering our bodies' vulnerabilities,
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์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด
11:13
that from an evolutionary perspective,
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์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ
11:15
health isn't the most important currency.
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฒˆ์‹์ด์—์š”.
11:17
Reproduction is.
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11:19
Success is measured not by how healthy an individual is,
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์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ์ฒ™๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:23
or by how long she lives,
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11:25
but by how many copies of her genes she passes to the next generation.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ „๋˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
11:30
This explains why a mutation
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์ด๋Š” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์ฆ‰
11:31
like the one that causes Huntington's disease,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์งˆํ™˜์ธ
11:34
another degenerative neurological disorder,
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ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ„ด๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์›์ธ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค˜์š”.
11:37
hasn't been eliminated by natural selection.
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์ž์—ฐ๋„ํƒœ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์งˆํ™˜ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
11:40
The mutation's detrimental effects
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๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š”
11:42
usually don't appear until after the typical age of reproduction,
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ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜์ง„ ์•Š์•„์š”.
11:46
when affected individuals have already passed on their genes.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ ค๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
11:50
As a whole,
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์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ
11:52
the biomedical community focuses on proximate explanations
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์ƒ์ฒด์˜ํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ทผ์‹œ์•ˆ์  ์„ค๋ช… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ 
11:55
and uses them to shape treatment approaches.
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:58
Proximate explanations for health conditions
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๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทผ์‹œ์•ˆ์  ์„ค๋ช…๋ฒ•์€
12:01
consider the immediate factors:
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์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด์š”.
12:03
What's going on inside someone's body right now
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ชธ์†์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด
12:06
that caused a particular problem.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:09
Nearsightedness, for example,
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๊ฐ€๋ น, ๊ทผ์‹œ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์•ˆ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ๋ณ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
12:10
is usually the result of changes to the shape of the eye
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12:14
and can be easily corrected with glasses.
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์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ •์ด ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•˜์ฃ .
12:18
But as with the genetic conditions I've discussed,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ์œ ์ „๋ณ‘์„
12:21
a proximate explanation only provides part of the bigger picture.
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๊ทผ์‹œ์•ˆ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ์˜ค์ง ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ์ด ์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
12:25
Adopting an evolutionary perspective
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์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
12:28
to consider the broader question of why do we have this problem
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์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”
12:32
to begin with --
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์ด์œ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํญ๋„“์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด
12:34
what evolutionary medicine calls the ultimate perspective --
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์ง„ํ™” ์˜ํ•™์ด ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ 
12:38
can give us insight into nonimmediate factors
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
12:41
that affect our health.
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์ง€์‹๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹จ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
12:43
This is crucial,
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์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์š”.
12:44
because it can suggest ways by which you can mitigate your own risk
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์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:48
or that of friends and family.
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๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ˆ์š”.
12:51
In the case of nearsightedness,
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๊ทผ์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
12:53
some research suggests
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12:55
that one reason it's becoming more common in some populations
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์ธ์ข…์—์„œ ๊ทผ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ”ํ•œ ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
12:58
is that many people today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
13:00
including most of us in this room,
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์ €์™€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
13:02
spend far more time reading, writing
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๋…์„œ๋‚˜ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ
13:05
and engaging with various types of screen
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™”๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
13:08
than we do outside, interacting with the world on a bigger scale.
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์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
13:13
In evolutionary terms, this is a recent change.
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์ง„ํ™”๋ก ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด๊ฑด ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์š”.
13:17
For most of human evolutionary history,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ง„ํ™” ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
13:19
people used their vision across a broader landscape,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋„“์€ ๊ด‘๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ˆˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
13:22
spending more time in activities like hunting and gathering.
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์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ž„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™œ๋™์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋” ํˆฌ์žํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:26
The increase in recent years in what's termed "near work,"
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— '๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์—…'์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
13:31
focusing intensely on objects directly in front of us
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๋ˆˆ์•ž ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ 
13:34
for long periods of time,
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13:36
strains our eyes differently
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๋ˆˆ์— ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด
13:38
and affects the physical shape of the eye.
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์•ˆ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:41
When we put all these pieces together,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ
13:44
this ultimate explanation for nearsightedness --
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๊ทผ์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
13:47
that environmental and behavioral change impact the way we use our eyes --
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
13:52
helps us better understand the proximate cause.
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์ฆ‰ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:55
And an inescapable conclusion emerges --
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๋”์šฑ์ด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ง€๋‚˜์น  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:59
my mother was right,
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์ œ ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ์•˜์–ด์š”.
14:00
I probably should have spent a little less time with my nose in a book.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ €๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
14:05
This is just one of many possible examples.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
14:08
So the next time you or a loved one are faced with a health challenge,
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ํ›—๋‚  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:12
whether it's obesity or diabetes,
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๋น„๋งŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹น๋‡จ,
14:14
an autoimmune disorder,
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๋ฉด์—ญ ์งˆํ™˜,
14:16
or a knee or back injury,
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๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์ด๋‚˜ ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:17
I encourage you to think
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑด
14:19
about what an ultimate perspective can contribute.
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ด์ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ž€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
14:22
Understanding that your health
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ฉด
14:24
is affected not just by what's going on in your body right now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋‚˜
14:28
but also by your genetic inheritance, culture and history,
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์œ ์ „์  ํ˜•์งˆ, ๋ฌธํ™”, ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
14:33
can help you make more informed decisions
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ
14:35
about predispositions, risks and treatments.
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์œ ์ „์  ์†Œ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์†Œ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:40
As for me,
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์ €๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์˜ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์ด
14:41
I won't claim that an evolutionary medicine perspective
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14:44
has always directly influenced my decisions,
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์ œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
14:47
such as my choice of spouse.
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
14:49
It turned out, though,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
14:51
that not following the traditional practice
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์œ ๋Œ€์ธ๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๋Š”
14:53
of marrying within the Jewish community
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์ „ํ†ต์  ๊ด€์Šต์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด
14:55
ultimately worked in my favor genetically,
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์ €์—๊ฒ ์œ ์ „์  ์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ด์„œ
14:58
reducing the odds of me having a baby with Tay-Sachs.
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์ œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํ…Œ์ด-์‚ญ์Šค๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ํ™•๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
15:02
It's a great example of why not every set of Ashkenazi parents
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์ด๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ์„œ ์•„์Šˆ์ผ€๋‚˜์ง€์ธ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
15:06
should hope that their daughter marries "a nice Jewish boy."
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๋”ธ์ด ์™œ '๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ๋‚จ์ž'์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค˜์š”.
15:09
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:10
(Audience) Woo-hoo!
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(์ฒญ์ค‘) ์šฐํ›„!
15:11
More importantly, though,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑด
15:13
the experience of learning about my own genes
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
15:16
taught me to think differently about health in the long run,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
15:19
and I hope sharing my story inspires you to do the same.
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ €์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž˜์š”.
15:23
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:25
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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