The world doesn't need more nuclear weapons | Erika Gregory

84,227 views ใƒป 2017-01-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille Martรญnez
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Jenny Rublevsky ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Let me ask you all a question.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืชื›ื ืฉืืœื”.
ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืจืžืช ื ืฉืง ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš
00:16
How much weapons-grade nuclear material do you think it would take
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•?
00:20
to level a city the size of San Francisco?
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00:23
How many of you think it would be an amount
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ืช
00:25
about the size of this suitcase?
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•?
00:29
OK. And how about this minibus?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื–ื”?
ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
00:34
All right.
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00:35
Well actually, under the right circumstances,
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ื”ืืžืช, ืชื—ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
00:38
an amount of highly enriched uranium about the size of your morning latte
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื”
00:43
would be enough to kill 100,000 people
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ืชืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ 100,000 ืื™ืฉ
00:46
instantly.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข.
00:48
Hundreds of thousands of others would become horribly ill,
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ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“
00:52
and parts of the city would be uninhabitable for years,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื,
00:55
if not for decades.
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ืื ืœื ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
00:57
But you can forget that nuclear latte,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืฉื›ื—ื• ืžื”ืงืคื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื–ื”,
01:00
because today's nuclear weapons are hundreds of times more powerful
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื—ื–ืง ืคื™ ืžืื•ืช
01:06
even than those we dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืืœื” ืฉื”ืคืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื ื’ืกืงื™.
01:10
And even a limited nuclear war involving, say, tens of nuclear weapons,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช, ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืฆืฆื•ืช,
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:16
could lead to the end of all life on the planet.
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01:21
So it's really important that you know
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืชื“ืขื•
01:24
that right now we have over 15,000 nuclear weapons
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ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืขืœ 15,000 ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช
01:30
in the hands of nine nations.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ 9 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
ื•ืื ืืชื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื• ืœื™ื“ ืžืชืงืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™,
01:32
And if you live in a city or near a military facility,
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01:36
one is likely pointed right at you.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื›ื.
01:40
In fact, if you live in any of the rural areas
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ืืชื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื
01:43
where nuclear weapons are stored globally,
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ื‘ื”ื ื ืฉืงื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:45
one is likely pointed at you.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื›ื.
ื‘ืขืจืš 1,800 ืžื”ื ืฉืงื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
01:48
About 1,800 of these weapons are on high alert,
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01:52
which means they can be launched within 15 minutes
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืจื™ื ืชื•ืš 15 ื“ืง'
01:56
of a presidential command.
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ืžืคืงื•ื“ื” ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ืช.
02:00
So I know this is a bummer of an issue,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื‘ืืกืช,
02:03
and maybe you have that -- what was it? -- psychic fatigue
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ... ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”? ... ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช
02:06
that we heard about a little bit earlier.
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ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื” ืžืžืงื•ื“ื.
02:08
So I'm going to switch gears for just a second,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืื—ืœื™ืฃ ื ื•ืฉื ืœืจื’ืข,
ื•ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™,
02:11
and I'm going to talk about my imaginary friend,
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02:13
who I like to think of as Jasmine,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื” ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ,
02:16
just for a moment.
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ืจืง ืœืจื’ืข.
02:17
Jasmine, at the age of 25,
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ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 25,
ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื“ื•ืจ ืคืขื™ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
02:20
is part of a generation that is more politically and socially engaged
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02:24
than anything we've seen in 50 years.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
ื”ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืฆืžื
02:27
She and her friends think of themselves
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02:28
as change agents and leaders and activists.
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ื›ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
02:32
I think of them as Generation Possible.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ื› "ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจ".
ื”ื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื,
02:36
They regularly protest about the issues they care about,
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02:39
but nuclear weapons are not one of them, which makes sense,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
02:42
because Jasmine was born in 1991, at the end of the Cold War.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘1991, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”.
02:47
So she didn't grow up hearing a lot about nuclear weapons.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉืžืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
02:50
She never had to duck and cover under her desk at school.
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02:53
For Jasmine, a fallout shelter is an app in the Android store.
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ืœื™ืกืžื™ืŸ, ืžืงืœื˜ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื–ื” ืจืง ืฉื ืฉืœ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”.
ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
02:58
Nuclear weapons help win games.
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03:00
And that is really a shame,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ื‘ืœ,
03:03
because right now, we need Generation Possible
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ื›ื™ ื›ืจื’ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœ"ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจ"
03:06
to help us make some really important decisions about nuclear weapons.
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ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
03:11
For instance, will we further reduce our nuclear arsenals globally,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืื ื ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
ืื• ื ื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™,
03:18
or will we spend billions,
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03:20
maybe a trillion dollars,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืฉืจื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21,
03:23
to modernize them so they last throughout the 21st century,
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03:26
so that by the time Jasmine is my age, she's talking to her children
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™, ื”ื™ื ืชืกืคืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”
03:29
and maybe even her grandchildren
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื”
03:31
about the threat of nuclear holocaust?
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ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช?
03:35
And if you're paying any attention at all to cyberthreats,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
ืื• ืื ืงืจืืชื ืขืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืกื˜ื•ืงืกื ื˜
03:38
or, for instance, if you've read about the Stuxnet virus
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ืื•, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉื, ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื• "ื™ืื”ื•"
03:42
or, for God's sake, if you've ever had an email account or a Yahoo account
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03:45
or a phone hacked,
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ืื• ืื ืคืจืฆื• ืœื›ื ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ,
03:47
you can imagine the whole new world of hurt that could be triggered
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ืžื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
03:52
by modernization in a period of cyberwarfare.
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03:55
Now, if you're paying attention to the money,
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ืื ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื›ืกืฃ,
03:58
a trillion dollars could go a long way
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ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”
04:01
to feeding and educating and employing people,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ, ืœื—ื ืš ื•ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:04
all of which could reduce the threat of nuclear war to begin with.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:08
So --
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ืื–..
04:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:12
This is really crucial right now,
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
04:15
because nuclear weapons -- they're vulnerable.
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ื›ื™ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื’ื™ืฉ.
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื”
04:19
We have solid evidence
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04:20
that terrorists are trying to get ahold of them.
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ืฉืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื.
04:24
Just this last spring,
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ืจืง ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
04:25
when four retirees and two taxi drivers were arrested
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ื›ืฉืืจื‘ืขื” ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ื ื”ื’ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื ืขืฆืจื•
04:30
in the Republic of Georgia
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ื‘ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ื™ื”
04:32
for trying to sell nuclear materials for 200 million dollars,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘-200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
04:35
they demonstrated that the black market for this stuff is alive and well.
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ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ ื•ืงื™ื™ื.
ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
04:40
And it's really important,
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04:41
because there have been dozens of accidents
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช
04:45
involving nuclear weapons,
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ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
04:46
and I bet most of us have never heard anything about them.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื.
04:49
Just here in the United States,
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ืจืง ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
ื”ืคืœื ื• ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ื ืขืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”,ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
04:51
we've dropped nuclear weapons on the Carolinas twice.
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04:55
In one case, one of the bombs,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืื—ืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช,
04:57
which fell out of an Air Force plane,
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ืฉื ืคืœื” ืžืžื˜ื•ืก ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
04:59
didn't detonate
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ืœื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื”
05:00
because the nuclear core was stored somewhere else on the plane.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก.
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ืจ, ื”ื ืฉืง ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืฉ ื›ืฉืคื’ืข ื‘ืื“ืžื”,
05:04
In another case, the weapon did arm when it hit the ground,
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ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืžืชื’ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืžืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื›ืฉืœื•.
05:08
and five of the switches designed to keep it from detonating failed.
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05:12
Luckily, the sixth one didn't.
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื“.
ื•ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื›ื,
05:15
But if that's not enough to get your attention,
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05:18
there was the 1995 Black Brant incident.
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ื‘1995 ืงืจืชื” ืชืงืจื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™.
05:22
That's when Russian radar technicians saw
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ื›ืฉื˜ื›ื ืื™ ืžื›"ืž ืจื•ืกื™ื ืจืื•
05:24
what they thought was a US nuclear missile
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
05:27
streaking towards Russian airspace.
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ื˜ืก ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™.
ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื˜ื™ืœ ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™
05:30
It later turned out to be a Norwegian rocket
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05:32
collecting data about the northern lights.
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ืฉืื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™.
05:35
But at that time,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
05:36
Russian President Boris Yeltsin came within five minutes
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื™ืœืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” 5 ื“ืง'
05:40
of launching a full-scale retaliatory nuclear attack
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ืžืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคืช ื ื’ื“ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช
ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
05:44
against the United States.
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05:48
So, most of the world's nuclear nations
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ืื–, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช
05:52
have committed to getting rid of these weapons of mass destruction.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื ืฉืง ืœื”ืจืก ื”ืžื•ื ื™.
ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”:
05:57
But consider this:
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05:59
the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,
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ื”ืืžื ื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืคืฆืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
06:03
which is the most widely adopted arms control treaty in history
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืงืจืช ื ืฉืง ืื™ ืคืขื
06:06
with 190 signatories,
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ืขื 190 ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช,
ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืชืืจื™ืš ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืฉื•ืช
06:09
sets no specific date by which the world's nuclear-armed nations
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06:14
will get rid of their nuclear weapons.
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ื™ื™ืคื˜ืจื• ืžื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
06:17
Now, when John F. Kennedy sent a man to the moon
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ื›ืฉื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื ื“ื™ ืฉืœื— ืื“ื ืœื™ืจื—
ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•, ืื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
06:20
and decided to bring him back, or decided to do both those things,
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06:23
he didn't say, "Hey, whenever you guys get to it."
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืืžืจ, "ื›ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”".
06:26
He gave us a deadline.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื“ื“ืœื™ื™ืŸ.
06:28
He gave us a challenge
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืชื’ืจ
06:30
that would have been incredible just a few years earlier.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
ื•ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:34
And with that challenge,
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06:35
he inspired scientists and marketers,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื,
06:38
astronauts and schoolteachers.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื.
ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื—ื–ื•ืŸ.
06:41
He gave us a vision.
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06:43
But along with that vision,
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ื•ืขื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
06:45
he also tried to give us -- and most people don't know this, either --
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืช ืœื ื•, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
06:49
he tried to give us a partner
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืฉื•ืชืฃ.
06:51
in the form of our fiercest Cold War rival, the Soviet Union.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”, ื‘ืจื”"ืž ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
06:56
Because part of Kennedy's vision for the Apollo program
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื—ื–ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ืืคื•ืœื•
07:00
was that it be a cooperation, not a competition, with the Soviets.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืœื ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ืขื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื.
07:03
And apparently, Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet Premier, agreed.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื ื™ืงื™ื˜ื™ื” ื—ืจื•ืฉืฆ'ื•ื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™, ื”ืกื›ื™ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
07:08
But before that cooperation could be realized,
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07:11
Kennedy was assassinated,
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ืงื ื“ื™ ื ืจืฆื—.
ื•ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื ื“ื—ื”.
07:13
and that part of the vision was deferred.
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07:16
But the promise of joint innovation between these two nuclear superpowers
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœ
07:21
wasn't totally extinguished.
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ืœื ื ืขืœืžื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
07:24
Because in 1991, which is the year that Jasmine was born
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1991, ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื”
07:28
and the Soviet Union fell,
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื ืคืœื”,
07:30
these two nations engaged in a project
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜
07:33
that genuinely does seem incredible today
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ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•
07:36
in the truest sense of that word,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื›ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”,
07:38
which is that the US sent cash to the Russians when they needed it most,
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ื‘ื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื—ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืœืจื•ืกื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœื›ืš,
07:43
to secure loose nuclear materials
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉ
07:46
and to employ out-of-work nuclear scientists.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืžื“ืขื ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื.
07:49
They worked alongside American scientists to convert weapons-grade uranium
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ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ
07:56
into the type of fuel that can be used for nuclear power instead.
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ืœืกื•ื’ ื“ืœืง ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช.
08:00
They called it, "Megatons to Megawatts."
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื–ื”, "ืžื’ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ื".
08:04
So the result is that for over 20 years,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขืœ 20 ืฉื ื”,
ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
08:07
our two nations had a program
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ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš 10 ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
08:10
that meant that one in 10 lightbulbs in the United States
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ืชื•ื“ืœืงื” ืข"ื™ ืจืืฉื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื.
08:14
was essentially fueled by former Russian warheads.
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08:19
So, together these two nations did something truly audacious.
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ื›ืš ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ืขืฉื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืขื– ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
08:23
But the good news is, the global community has the chance
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ืฉืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
08:27
to do something just as audacious today.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืขื– ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
08:32
To get rid of nuclear weapons
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
08:35
and to end the supply of the materials required to produce them,
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื,
ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ืงื— 30 ืฉื ื”.
08:40
some experts tell me would take 30 years.
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงื— ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจื ืกื ืก,
08:43
It would take a renaissance of sorts,
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08:45
the kinds of innovation that, for better or worse,
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ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืœืจืขื”,
ืžื—ื–ืงืช ื’ื ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ, ืฉืชืžืš ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
08:48
underpinned both the Manhattan Project, which gave rise to nuclear weapons,
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ื•ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช "ืžื’ืื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืžื’ืื•ื•ื˜".
08:52
and the Megatons to Megawatts program.
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ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
08:55
It would take design constraints.
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08:57
These are fundamental to creativity,
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื "ืœ:
09:00
things like a platform for international collaboration;
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ืชืืจื™ืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ื–ื ืžืืœืฅ
09:04
a date certain, which is a forcing mechanism;
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09:08
and a positive vision that inspires action.
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ื•ื—ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
09:12
It would take us to 2045.
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื ืช 2045.
09:16
Now, 2045 happens to be the 100th anniversary
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื ืช 2045 ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”100
09:20
of the birth of nuclear weapons in the New Mexico desert.
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ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืชืืจื™ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช.
09:25
But it's also an important date for another reason.
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09:28
It's predicted to be the advent of the singularity,
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ืžื ื‘ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื ื’ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช,
ืจื’ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
09:33
a new moment in human development,
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09:35
where the lines between artificial intelligence and human intelligence blur,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ,
ื›ืฉืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืชื•ื’ืขื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ื ื”
09:41
where computing and consciousness become almost indistinguishable
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09:45
and advanced technologies help us solve the 21st century's greatest problems:
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21:
ืจืขื‘, ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืขื•ื ื™,
09:51
hunger, energy, poverty,
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09:54
ushering in an era of abundance.
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ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืคืข.
ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืœืœ
09:58
And we all get to go to space
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09:59
on our way to becoming a multi-planetary species.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื–ืŸ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ
10:04
Now, the people who really believe this vision are the first to say
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10:07
they don't yet know precisely how we're going to get there.
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ื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
10:11
But the values behind their vision
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื
ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช?"
10:14
and the willingness to ask "How might we?"
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10:17
have inspired a generation of innovators.
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ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื.
10:20
They're working backward from the outcomes they want,
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
10:24
using the creative problem-solving methods of collaborative design.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™.
10:28
They're busting through obstacles.
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ื”ื ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ื.
10:30
They're redefining what we all consider possible.
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ื”ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืืคืฉืจื™.
10:35
But here's the thing:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ:
10:37
that vision of abundance isn't compatible
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ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืข ืœื ืžื•ืชืื
10:41
with a world that still relies on a 20th-century nuclear doctrine
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ืขื ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืื™ - ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-20
ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช".
10:48
called "mutually assured destruction."
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10:52
It has to be about building the foundations for the 22nd century.
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืื” ื”22.
10:58
It has to be about strategies for mutually assured prosperity
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—
ืื•,ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช.
11:04
or, at the very least, mutually assured survival.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื
11:09
Now, every day, I get to meet people who are real pioneers
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11:14
in the field of nuclear threats.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช.
11:16
As you can see, many of them are young women,
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11:19
and they're doing fiercely interesting stuff,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜,
11:22
like Mareena Robinson Snowden here, who is developing new ways,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืจื™ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ืกื ื•ื•ื“ืŸ ื›ืืŸ, ืฉืžืชื›ื ื ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ ื ืคืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
11:27
better ways, to detect nuclear warheads,
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11:29
which will help us overcome a critical hurdle
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื•ื›ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
11:31
to international disarmament.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ืžื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
11:33
Or Melissa Hanham, who is using satellite imaging
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ืื• ืžืœื™ืกื” ื”ืื ื, ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ
11:36
to make sense of what's going on around far-flung nuclear sites.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืื• ื‘ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืก ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
11:41
Or we have Beatrice Fihn in Europe,
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ืฉืžื ื”ืœืช ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง
11:44
who has been campaigning to make nuclear weapons illegal
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11:48
in international courts of law,
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
ื•ืจืง ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•"ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
11:50
and just won a big victory at the UN last week.
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11:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:56
And yet,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
11:57
and yet,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ,
11:59
with all of our talk in this culture about moon shots,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœื™ืจื—,
12:03
too few members of Generation Possible and those of us who mentor them
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ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืž"ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจ" ื•ืืœื• ืฉืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื
12:07
are taking on nuclear weapons.
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ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
12:10
It's as if there's a taboo.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ืื‘ื•.
12:13
But I remember something Kennedy said that has really stuck with me,
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื ื“ื™ ืืžืจ ืฉืžืžืฉ ื ืฉืืจ ืื™ืชื™,
ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ
12:18
and that is something to the effect
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
12:20
that humans can be as big as the solutions
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ืจืžื ื•.
12:22
to all the problems we've created.
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ืืฃ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ,
12:24
No problem of human destiny, he said,
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12:27
is beyond human beings.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
12:31
I believe that.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
12:33
And I bet a lot of you here believe that, too.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื’ื.
12:36
And I know Generation Possible believes it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉ"ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจ" ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”.
12:40
So it's time to commit to a date.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชืืจื™ืš.
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืคืจืง ื”ื ืฉืงื™ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
12:45
Let's end the nuclear weapons chapter
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12:48
on the 100th anniversary of its inception.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืžืื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื.
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืขื“ 2045 , ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื”
12:53
After all, by 2045, we will have held billions of people hostage
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12:57
to the threat of nuclear annihilation.
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ืœืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช.
ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, 100 ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง.
13:00
Surely, 100 years will have been enough.
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13:03
Surely, a century of economic development
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืžืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
13:07
and the development of military strategy
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ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช
ืชื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
13:10
will have given us better ways to manage global conflict.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”,
13:14
Surely, if ever there was a global moon shot worth supporting,
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ื–ื• ื–ืืช.
13:19
this is it.
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13:21
Now, in the face of real threats --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
13:24
for instance, North Korea's recent nuclear weapons tests,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
13:27
which fly in the face of sanctions --
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ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช
13:29
reasonable people disagree
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืก' ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
13:32
about whether we should maintain some number of nuclear weapons
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจืขื”.
13:36
to deter aggression.
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13:38
But the question is: What's the magic number?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงืกื?
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืœืฃ?
13:42
Is it a thousand?
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13:44
Is it a hundred? Ten?
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ืžืื”? ืขืฉืจ?
ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ:
13:47
And then we have to ask:
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ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื?
13:49
Who should be responsible for them?
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13:52
I think we can agree, however,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื,
13:53
that having 15,000 of them represents a greater global threat
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ืฉืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ 15 ืืœืฃ ืžื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื™ื•ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:57
to Jasmine's generation than a promise.
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ืœื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”.
14:01
So it's time we make a promise
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”
ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืžืื•ื™ื
14:04
of a world in which we've broken the stranglehold
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14:07
that nuclear weapons have on our imaginations;
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™;
14:10
in which we invest in the creative solutions
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ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื
14:13
that come from working backward from the future we desperately want,
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ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื” ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื”ื•ื•ื”
14:17
rather than plodding forward from a present
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ.
14:19
that brings all of the mental models and biases of the past with it.
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14:24
It's time we pledge our resources as leaders across the spectrum
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ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
14:29
to work on this old problem in new ways,
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14:33
to ask, "How might we?"
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ "ืื™ืš ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช?"
ืื™ืš ื ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”
14:36
How might we make good on a promise
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14:38
of greater security for Jasmine's generation
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ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ
14:41
in a world beyond nuclear weapons?
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™?
ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื ื•.
14:46
I truly hope you will join us.
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14:49
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:50
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:54
Thank you.
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14:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื).
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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