Juan Enriquez: Using biology to rethink the energy challenge

59,322 views ใƒป 2007-11-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Gad Amit ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:25
What is bioenergy? Bioenergy is not ethanol.
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื”? ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืืชื ื•ืœ.
00:31
Bioenergy isn't global warming. Bioenergy is
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ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื”
00:37
something which seems counterintuitive. Bioenergy
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ื—ืกืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
00:39
is oil. It's gas. It's coal. And part of building
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ื–ื” ื ืคื˜. ื–ื” ื’ื–. ื–ื” ืคื—ื. ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ืช
00:44
that bridge to the future, to the point where we
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ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“, ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
00:46
can actually see the oceans in a rational way, or
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ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ื›ื—, ืื•
00:49
put up these geo-spatial orbits that will twirl or
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ืœืฉื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืœืกื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื• ืื•
00:54
do microwaves or stuff, is going to depend on how
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ืœืฉื“ืจ ื‘ื’ืœื™-ืžื™ืงืจื• ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™
00:57
we understand bioenergy and manage it. And to do
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ื‘ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
01:00
that, you really have to look first at agriculture.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
01:03
So we've been planting stuff for 11,000 years. And
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ 11,000 ืฉื ื”.
01:07
in the measure that we plant stuff, what we learn
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื
01:10
from agriculture is you've got to deal with pests,
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ืžื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื.
01:13
you've got to deal with all types of awful things,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื,
01:16
you've got to cultivate stuff. In the measure
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ
01:17
that you learn how to use water to cultivate, then
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ืฉืžืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื–
01:21
you're going to be able to spread beyond the Nile.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืจืก ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™) "ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืœื•ืก".
01:24
You're going to be able to power stuff, so irrigation
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ืชื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืคืœื”
01:27
makes a difference.
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ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
01:29
Irrigation starts to make you be allowed to plant
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ื”ืชืคืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ
01:31
stuff where you want it, as opposed to where the
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ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื™, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
01:34
rivers flood. You start getting this organic
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ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืคื”. ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
01:36
agriculture; you start putting machinery onto this
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช, ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
01:40
stuff. Machinery, with a whole bunch of water,
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ืžื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืขื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื™ื,
01:43
leads to very large-scale agriculture.
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื ืง.
01:46
You put together machines and water, and you get
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ืชืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืชืงื‘ืœ
01:50
landscapes that look like this. And then you get
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ื ื•ืฃ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืš. ื•ืื– ืชืงื‘ืœ
01:54
sales that look like this. It's brute force. So
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ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืš. ื–ื• ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ืื–
01:58
what you've been doing in agriculture is you start
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ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ืœืช
02:00
out with something that's a reasonably natural
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ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
02:02
system. You start taming that natural system. You
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ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช. ืืชื”
02:04
put a lot of force behind that natural system. You
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ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื— ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืืชื”
02:07
put a whole bunch of pesticides and herbicides --
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ืžื›ื ื™ืก ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืกืœื™ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื—ืกืœื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
02:11
(Laughter) -- behind that natural system, and you
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) - ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื•ืืชื”
02:19
end up with systems that look like this.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืš.
02:23
And it's all brute force. And that's the way we've
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•
02:26
been approaching energy. So the lesson in
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ
02:29
agriculture is that you can actually change the
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ืžื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืฉื ื•ืช
02:32
system that's based on brute force as you start
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ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ืžื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”
02:35
merging that system and learning that system and
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ืžืื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
02:37
actually applying biology. And you move from a
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื•ืื– ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื
02:40
discipline of engineering, you move from a
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ืžืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื
02:42
discipline of chemistry, into a discipline of
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ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžืื™ื, ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ
02:44
biology. And probably one of the most important
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
02:48
human beings on the planet is this guy behind me.
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ืฉื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™.
02:51
This is a guy called Norman Borlaug. He won the
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžื• ื ื•ืจืžืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืœื’, ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื”
02:53
Nobel Prize. He's got the Congressional Medal of
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ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ืœื™ื” - ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ
02:55
Honor. He deserves all of this stuff. And he
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ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก. ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•
02:59
deserves this stuff because he probably has fed
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืื›ื™ืœ
03:01
more people than any other human being alive
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื ื—ื™ ืื—ืจ
03:04
because he researched how to put biology behind
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:07
seeds. He did this in Mexico. The reason why India
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ืœื–ืจืขื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ื•
03:12
and China no longer have these massive famines is
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ื•ืกื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจืขื‘ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื
03:15
because Norman Borlaug taught them how to grow
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ื•ืจืžืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืœื’ ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ืื™ืš ืœื’ื“ืœ
03:17
grains in a more efficient way and launched the
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ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช
03:20
Green Revolution. That is something that a lot of
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”. ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
03:23
people have criticized. But of course, those are
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ื”ื•ืงื™ืขื•, ื›ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื
03:24
people who don't realize that China and India,
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ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•,
03:27
instead of having huge amounts of starving people,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื•ื•ืขื™ื,
03:30
are exporting grains.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืื™ื ืชื‘ื•ืื”.
03:32
And the irony of this particular system is the
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ื•ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื
03:34
place where he did the research, which was Mexico,
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
03:37
didn't adopt this technology, ignored this
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ืœื ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืชืขืœื
03:39
technology, talked about why this technology
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ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
03:42
should be thought about, but not really applied.
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ืืžืจื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื™ื™ืฉื.
03:44
And Mexico remains one of the largest grain
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ื•ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื ืฉืืจื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช
03:47
importers on the planet because it doesn't apply
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ื”ืžื™ื™ื‘ืื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืฉืžื”
03:50
technology that was discovered in Mexico. And in
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ื•ื‘ืขืฆื
03:53
fact, hasn't recognized this man, to the point
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ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”
03:55
where there aren't statues of this man all over
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
03:58
Mexico. There are in China and India. And the
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ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•. ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
04:01
Institute that this guy ran has now moved to
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื›ืขืช ืขื‘ืจื•
04:03
India. That is the difference between adopting
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ืœื”ื•ื“ื•. ื–ื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ
04:07
technologies and discussing technologies.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
04:10
Now, it's not just that this guy fed a huge amount
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ื›ืขืช, ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื
04:14
of people in the world. It's that this is the net
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื ื˜ื•
04:17
effect in terms of what technology does, if you
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื”, ืื ืืชื”
04:20
understand biology.
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ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
04:23
What happened in agriculture? Well, if you take
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื ืชื™ืงื—
04:24
agriculture over a century, agriculture in about
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ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
04:27
1900 would have been recognizable to somebody
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1900 ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•
04:30
planting a thousand years earlier. Yeah, the plows look
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ืฉื–ืจืข 1000 ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื. ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื ืจืืชื”
04:33
different. The machines were tractors or stuff
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ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื“'
04:37
instead of mules, but the farmer would have
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ
04:40
understood: this is what the guy's doing, this is
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ื”ื‘ื ื”, ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืฉื–ื”
04:42
why he's doing it, this is where he's going. What
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ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš. ืžื”
04:45
really started to change in agriculture is when
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื–ื” ืžืชื™
04:47
you started moving from this brute force
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ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช
04:49
engineering and chemistry into biology, and that's
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ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืœ-ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื•ื–ื”
04:51
where you get your productivity increases. And as
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ
04:54
you do that stuff, here's what happens to
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ืืชื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
04:57
productivity.
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ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
04:58
Basically, you go from 250 hours to produce 100
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืž250 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ 3.5 ืžื˜ืจ ืงื•ื‘
05:01
bushels, to 40, to 15, to five. Agricultural labor
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ืœ40 ืฉืขื•ืช, ืœ15, ืœ5. ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช
05:06
productivity increased seven times, 1950 to 2000,
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ืขืœืชื” ืคื™ 7, ืž1950 ืœืฉื ืช 2000,
05:11
whereas the rest of the economy increased about
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืขืจืš
05:13
2.5 times. This is an absolutely massive increase
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ืคื™ 2.5. ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœื™ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
05:14
in how much is produced per person.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื.
05:20
The effect of this, of course, is it's not just
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
05:22
amber waves of grain, it is mountains of stuff.
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ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืชื ืคื ืคืช ื‘ืจื•ื—, ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:26
And 50 percent of the EU budget is going to subsidize
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ื•50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื
05:28
agriculture from mountains of stuff that people
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ืœืกื•ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื
05:31
have overproduced.
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ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
05:34
This would be a good outcome for energy. And of
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ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:37
course, by now, you're probably saying to
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืขืช, ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืื•ืžืจ
05:39
yourself, "Self, I thought I came to a talk about
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ืœืขืฆืžืš, "ื‘ืืชื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื”ืจืฆืื” ืขืœ
05:44
energy and here's this guy talking about biology."
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”."
05:49
So where's the link between these two things?
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ืื– ืื™ืคื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
05:52
One of the ironies of this whole system is we're
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืืŸ
05:54
discussing what to do about a system that we don't
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ื–ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช
05:56
understand. We don't even know what oil is. We
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ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” ื ืคื˜. ืื ื—ื ื•
06:01
don't know where oil comes from. I mean,
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืื™ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื ืคื˜. ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ,
06:03
literally, it's still a source of debate what
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืžื”ื•
06:05
this black river of stuff is and where it comes
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ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข
06:08
from. The best assumption, and one of the best
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ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื
06:11
guesses in this stuff, is that this stuff comes
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ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืกืง ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข
06:14
out of this stuff, that these things absorb
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ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”. ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืงื•ืœื˜
06:18
sunlight, rot under pressure for millions of
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ืงืจื ื™ ืฉืžืฉ, ื ืจืงื‘ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืœืžืœื™ื•ื ื™
06:21
years, and you get these black rivers.
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ืฉื ื”, ื•ืื– ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื”
06:26
Now, the interesting thing about that thesis -- if
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช -- ืื
06:28
that thesis turns out to be true -- is that oil,
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ื ื›ื•ื ื” -- ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜,
06:32
and all hydrocarbons, turned out to be
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ื™ื. ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื›
06:34
concentrated sunlight. And if you think of
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ืฉืžืฉ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช. ื•ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ
06:38
bioenergy, bioenergy isn't ethanol. Bioenergy is
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ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืืชื ื•ืœ. ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื”
06:41
taking the sun, concentrating it in amoebas,
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ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืืžื‘ื•ืช
06:44
concentrating it in plants, and maybe that's why
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ืฉืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”
06:47
you get these rainbows.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืช.
06:50
And as you're looking at this system, if
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
06:53
hydrocarbons are concentrated sunlight, then
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ืื ืคื—ืžื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจื ื™ ืฉืžืฉ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื•ืช,
06:57
bioenergy works in a different way. And we've got
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ืื– ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช. ื•ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื
07:01
to start thinking of oil and other hydrocarbons as
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื ืคื˜ ื•ืคื—ืžื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•
07:05
part of these solar panels.
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ื›ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื.
07:09
Maybe that's one of the reasons why if you fly
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ืืชื” ื˜ืก
07:11
over west Texas, the types of wells that you're
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ืžืขืœ ื˜ืงืกืก, ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื”
07:15
beginning to see don't look unlike those pictures
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ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”
07:19
of Kansas and those irrigated plots.
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ืฉืœ ืงื ื–ืก ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืคืœื”.
07:23
This is how you farm oil. And as you think of
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ื–ื• ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜. ื•ื›ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ
07:25
farming oil and how oil has evolved, we started
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ื—ื•ื•ืช ื ืคื˜ ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื
07:29
with this brute force approach. And then what did
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช. ื•ืื– ืžื” ืœืžื“ื ื•?
07:33
we learn? Then we learned we had to go bigger. And
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
07:36
then what'd we learn? Then we have to go even
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ื•ืžื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืื–? ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:39
bigger. And we are getting really destructive as
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ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ
07:43
we're going out and farming this bioenergy.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
07:47
These are the Athabasca tar sands, and there's an
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ืคืช, ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช
07:49
enormous amount -- first of mining, the largest
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ืขื ืง -- ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช
07:52
trucks in the world are working here, and then
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ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื, ื•ืื–
07:55
you've got to pull out this black sludge, which is
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ื”ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช,
07:57
basically oil that doesn't flow. It's tied to the
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ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื–ื” ื ืคื˜ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆืฃ. ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ
08:00
sand. And then you've got to use a lot of steam to
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ืœื—ื•ืœ. ื•ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื—ืฅ
08:02
separate it, which only works at today's oil
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ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื”, ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืจืง ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืคื˜
08:05
prices.
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ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:07
Coal. Coal turns out to be virtually the same
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ืคื—ื. ืคื—ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘.
08:11
stuff. It is probably plants, except that these
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
08:15
have been burned and crushed under pressure.
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ืฉื”ืคื—ื ื ืฉืจืฃ ื•ื ื“ื—ืก ื‘ืœื—ืฅ.
08:19
So you take something like this, you burn it, you
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”, ืžื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
08:21
put it under pressure, and likely as not, you get
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ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื—ืฅ, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื• ืœื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
08:23
this. Although, again, I stress: we don't know.
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ืืช ื–ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช, ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ: ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
08:26
Which is curious as we debate all this stuff. But
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ืžื” ืฉืžืกืงืจืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
08:29
as you think of coal, this is what burned wheat
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืคื—ื. ื›ืš ื ืจืืช ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืฉืจื•ืคื”
08:32
kernels look like. Not entirely unlike coal.
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืคื—ื.
08:37
And of course, coalmines are very dangerous
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืคื—ื ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
08:40
places because in some of these coalmines, you
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ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื,
08:43
get gas. When that gas blows up, people die. So
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื–. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื– ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื. ืื–
08:50
you're producing a biogas out of coal in some
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ืืชื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ื’ื– ืžืคื—ื ื‘ื›ืžื”
08:52
mines, but not in others.
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ืžื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:55
Any place you see a differential, there're some
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ,
08:57
interesting questions. There's some questions as
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ืฆืฆื” ืฉืืœื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื”
09:00
to what you should be doing with this stuff. But
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื–ื”.
09:02
again, coal. Maybe the same stuff, maybe the same
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ืคื—ื. ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื•ืœื™
09:06
system, maybe bioenergy, and you're applying
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ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ื•ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื
09:08
exactly the same technology.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
09:10
Here's your brute force approach. Once you get
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื”
09:13
through your brute force approach, then you just
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ืืชื”
09:14
rip off whole mountaintops. And you end up with
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ืžื›ืกื— ืคืกื’ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื. ื•ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ
09:18
the single largest source of carbon emissions,
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ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืคื—ืžื ื™,
09:21
which are coal-fired gas plants. That is probably
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ืฉื”ื ืžืคืขืœื™ ื’ื– ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ืคื—ื. ื–ื• ื›ื ืจืื”
09:25
not the best use of bioenergy.
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ืœื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
09:29
As you think of what are the alternatives to this
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”
09:31
system -- it's important to find alternatives
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืืช - ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
09:34
because it turns out that the U.S. is dwindling in
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ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื”
09:37
its petroleum reserves, but it is not dwindling in
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ืืช ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื”
09:39
its coal reserves, nor is China. There are huge
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ื‘ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ืช
09:44
coal reserves that are sitting out there, and
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ืฉืœ ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื—ื ืฉืžื—ื›ื•ืช,
09:47
we've got to start thinking of them as biological
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
09:49
energy, because if we keep treating them as
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื
09:51
chemical energy, or engineering energy, we're
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ื›ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช, ืื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกืช, ืื ื—ื ื•
09:54
going to be in deep doo-doo.
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืจื ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
09:59
Gas is a similar issue. Gas is also a biological
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ื’ื– ื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ื’ื– ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
10:04
product. And as you think of gas, well, you're
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื–, ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืืชื”
10:09
familiar with gas. And here's a different way of
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ืžื›ื™ืจ ืžื” ื–ื” ื’ื–. ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื”
10:14
mining coal.
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ืœื›ืจื™ื™ืช ืคื—ื.
10:17
This is called coal bed methane. Why is this
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžื™ื˜ืช ืžื˜ืืŸ. ืœืžื”
10:20
picture interesting? Because if coal turns out to
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช? ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืคื—ื ืžืชื‘ืจืจ
10:23
be concentrated plant life, the reason why you may
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ื›ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ
10:27
get a differential in gas output between one mine
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ื‘ืชืคื•ืงืช ื’ื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืจื” ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™
10:31
and another -- the reason why one mine may blow up
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื” ืžื›ืจื” ืื—ื“ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ
10:33
and another one may not blow up -- may be because
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ืœื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
10:36
there's stuff eating that stuff and producing gas.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” (ืคื—ื) ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื–.
10:42
This is a well-known phenomenon. (Laughter) You
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ื–ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:47
eat certain things, you produce a lot of gas. It
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ืืชื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ืืชื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื–.
10:52
may turn out that biological processes in coalmines
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช
10:55
have the same process. If that is true, then
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ืคื—ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืžื”. ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื–
10:58
one of the ways of getting the energy out of coal
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืคื—ื
11:00
may not be to rip whole mountaintops off, and it
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืกื— ืคืกื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช,
11:04
may not be to burn coal. It may be to have stuff
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืคื—ื. ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ
11:08
process that coal in a biological fashion as you
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ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื—ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
11:11
did in agriculture.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
11:14
That is what bioenergy is. It is not ethanol. It
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ื–ื” ืœื ืืชื ื•ืœ.
11:18
is not subsidies to a few companies. It is not
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ื–ื” ืœื ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื–ื” ืœื
11:21
importing corn into Iowa because you've built so
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ื™ื‘ื•ื ืชื™ืจืก ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื™ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื ื™ืช
11:24
many of these ethanol plants. It is beginning to
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืชื ื•ืœ. ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ
11:27
understand the transition that occurred in
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ
11:29
agriculture, from brute force into biological
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ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืžื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
11:32
force. And in the measure that you can do that,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื,
11:34
you can clean some stuff, and you can clean it
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื•ืช
11:35
pretty quickly.
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ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ.
11:37
We already have some indicators of productivity on
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
11:40
this stuff. OK, if you put steam into coal fields
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”. ืื ืชื™ืงื— ืื“ื™-ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื“ื” ืคื—ื
11:44
or petroleum fields that have been running for
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ืื• ืœืฉื“ื” ื“ืœืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืขืœ
11:47
decades, you can get a really substantial
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœื”
11:49
increase, like an eight-fold increase, in your
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื”,
11:52
output. This is just the beginning stages of this
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ื‘ืชืคื•ืงื”. ื–ื” ืจืง ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ
11:56
stuff.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
11:57
And as you think of biomaterials, this guy -- who
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:59
did part of the sequencing of the human genome,
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ืฉืคืขื ื— ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
12:02
who just doubled the databases of genes and
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ืฉืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื
12:04
proteins known on earth by sailing around the
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:06
world -- has been thinking about how you structure
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื - ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”
12:10
this. And there's a series of smart people
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ื”ื–ื”. ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื
12:11
thinking about this. And they've been putting
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื•ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•
12:14
together companies like Synthetic Genomics, like,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ืง ื’ื ื•ืžื™ืงืก, ื›ืžื•,
12:16
a Cambria, like Codon, and what those companies are
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ืงืžื‘ืจื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
12:20
trying to do is to think of, how do you apply
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ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ื™ืฉื
12:23
biological principles to avoid brute force?
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ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช?
12:27
Think of it in the following terms. Think of it as
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
12:30
beginning to program stuff for specific purposes.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
12:34
Think of the cell as a hardware. Think of the
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืชื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืจื”, ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•
12:37
genes as a software. And in the measure that you
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ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื•ื›ื ื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืชื”
12:40
begin to think of life as code that is
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื“
12:43
interchangeable, that can become energy, that can
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ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
12:46
become food, that can become fiber, that can
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœ, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื,
12:48
become human beings, that can become a whole
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš
12:50
series of things, then you've got to shift your
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื•ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช
12:53
approach as to how you're going to structure and
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืกืก,
12:55
deal and think about energy in a very different
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ืœืขืกื•ืง ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
12:59
way.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
13:01
What are the first principles of this stuff and
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ืžื”ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื”
13:03
where are we heading? This is one of the gentle
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ื•ืœืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื? ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช
13:06
giants on the planet. He's one of the nicest human
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ื•ื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื
13:09
beings you've ever met. His name is Hamilton
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ืฉืื™ื™ ืคืขื ืคื’ืฉืช. ืฉืžื• ื”ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ
13:12
Smith. He won the Nobel for figuring out how to
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ืกืžื™ื˜. ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืฆื ืื™ืš
13:15
cut genes -- something called restriction enzymes.
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ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื’ื ื™ื - ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื "ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื".
13:20
He was at Hopkins when he did this, and he's such
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก
13:22
a modest guy that the day he won, his mother
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื–ื›ื”, ืืžื•
13:25
called him and said, "I didn't realize there was
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ื”ืชืงืฉืจื” ืืœื™ื• ื•ืืžืจื”, "ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ
13:28
another Ham Smith at Hopkins. Do you know he just
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ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื ืกืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก. ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข
13:30
won the Nobel?" (Laughter) I mean, that was Mom,
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ?" (ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืžื.
13:38
but anyway, this guy is just a class act. You find
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ. ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืŸ. ืชืžืฆื
13:41
him at the bench every single day, working on a
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ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกืคืกืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื
13:44
pipette and building stuff. And one of the things
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ืžื–ืœืฃ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
13:48
this guy just built are these things.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
13:50
What is this? This is the first transplant of
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ืžื” ื–ื”? ื–ื• ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ
13:52
naked DNA, where you take an entire DNA operating
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DNA ืขืจื•ื, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช DNA ืฉืœืžื”
13:55
system out of one cell, insert it into a different
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ืžืชื, ื•ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื ืฉื•ื ื”,
13:58
cell, and have that cell boot up as a separate
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื–ืŸ
14:01
species. That's one month old. You will see stuff
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ืฉื•ื ื”. ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื
14:07
in the next month that will be just as important
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”
14:09
as this stuff.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื•.
14:11
And as you think about this stuff and what the
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ
14:13
implications of this are, we're going to start not
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื
14:16
just converting ethanol from corn with very high
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ืจืง ื”ืžืจืช ืืชื ื•ืœ ืžืชื™ืจืก ืขื ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช
14:21
subsidies. We're going to start thinking about
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ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ
14:23
biology entering energy. It is very expensive to
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ื–ื” ื™ืงืจ ืžืื“
14:28
process this stuff, both in economic terms and in
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ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื–ื”, ื’ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื’ื
14:32
energy terms.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
14:34
This is what accumulates in the tar sands of
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืคืช ืฉืœ
14:36
Alberta. These are sulfur blocks. Because as you
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ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื”. ืืœื• ื”ื ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืคืจื™ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
14:40
separate that petroleum from the sand, and use an
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ืฉื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืœ, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
14:43
enormous amount of energy inside that vapor --
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ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื–ืจื ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ
14:47
steam to separate this stuff -- you also have to
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืชื” ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš
14:49
separate out the sulfur. The difference between
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ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ืคืจื™ืช. ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ
14:51
light crude and heavy crude -- well, it's about 14
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ื“ืœืง ืงืœ ืœื“ืœืง ื›ื‘ื“ - ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš 14
14:54
bucks a barrel. That's why you're building these
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ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืช. ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช
14:57
pyramids of sulfur blocks. And by the way, the
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ืคืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืžื’ืคืจื™ืช. ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
14:59
scale on these things is pretty large.
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ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
15:03
Now, if you can take part of the energy content
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื ื™ืงื— ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
15:05
out of doing this, you reduce the system, and you
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ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืืช ื–ื”. ืืชื ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื•ืืชื
15:09
really do start applying biological principles to
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
15:11
energy. This has to be a bridge to the point where
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ืขืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืฉืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”
15:16
you can get to wind, to the point where you can
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ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื—, ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ
15:18
get to solar, to the point where you can get to
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืœืืจื™, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ
15:20
nuclear -- and hopefully you won't build the next
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื˜ื•ืžื™ - ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื ืชื‘ื ื”
15:23
nuclear plant on a beautiful seashore next to an
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ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ืคื”ืคื” ืœื™ื“
15:26
earthquake fault. (Laughter) Just a thought.
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ืฉื‘ืจ-ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ (ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืจืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
15:35
But in the meantime, for the next decade at least,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
15:39
the name of the game is hydrocarbons. And be that
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ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืคื—ืžืžื ื™ื. ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื”
15:42
oil, be that gas, be that coal, this is what we're
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ื ืคื˜, ืื• ื’ื– ืื• ืคื—ื, ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
15:46
dealing with. And before I make this talk too
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”
15:50
long, here's what's happening in the current
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ืœืืจื•ื›ื” ืžื“ื™, ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
15:55
energy system.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
15:57
86 percent of the energy we consume are
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86 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื•ืชื” ืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื
15:59
hydrocarbons. That means 86 percent of the stuff we're
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ืคื—ืžืžื ื™ื. ื–"ื 86 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืฆืจืš
16:02
consuming are probably processed plants and
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•
16:05
amoebas and the rest of the stuff. And there's a
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ื•ืืžื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ
16:08
role in here for conservation. There's a role in
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ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืกื›ื ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืงื•ื
16:10
here for alternative stuff, but we've also got to
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื
16:12
get that other portion right.
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ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืœืง ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
16:15
How we deal with that other portion is our bridge
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ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื’ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•
16:17
to the future. And as we think of this bridge to
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ืœืขืชื™ื“. ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”
16:20
the future, one of the things you should ponder
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ืœืขืชื™ื“, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ
16:23
is: we are leaving about two-thirds of the oil today
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ื”ื•ื: ืื ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื™ื•ื
16:26
inside those wells. So we're spending an enormous
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืืจื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื”
16:29
amount of money and leaving most of the energy
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ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
16:32
down there. Which, of course, requires more energy
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ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
16:35
to go out and get energy. The ratios become
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื•ืคืš
16:38
idiotic by the time you get to ethanol. It may
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ืœื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืชื ื•ืœ,
16:40
even be a one-to-one ratio on the energy input and
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ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
16:43
the energy output. That is a stupid way of
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ืœืชืคื•ืงื”, ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื˜ืคืฉื™ืช
16:46
managing this system.
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ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช.
16:49
Last point, last graph. One of the things that
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
16:53
we've got to do is to stabilize oil prices. This
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜. ื›ืš
16:57
is what oil prices look like, OK?
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ื ืจืื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜. ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
16:59
This is a very bad system because what happens is
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ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื”
17:02
your hurdle rate gets set very low. People come up
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ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ื›ื” ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืงื‘ืขืช ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื
17:05
with really smart ideas for solar panels, or for
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ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืœืคื ืœ ืกื•ืœืืจื™, ืื•
17:08
wind, or for something else, and then guess what?
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ืจื•ื—, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ื•ืื– ืชื ื—ืฉื• ืžื”?
17:10
The oil price goes through the floor. That company
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืจืฆืคื”. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช
17:12
goes out of business, and then you can bring the
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ืคื•ืฉื˜ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ, ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืœื•ืช
17:14
oil price back up.
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ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื—ื–ืจื”.
17:16
So if I had one closing and modest suggestion,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขื” ืฆื ื•ืขื”,
17:20
let's set a stable oil price in Europe and the
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงื‘ืข ืžื—ื™ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื ืคื˜ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
17:22
United States. How do you do that? Well, let's put
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ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืงื‘ืข
17:27
a tax on oil that is a non-revenue tax, and it
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ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืก-ื”ื›ื ืกื”, ื•ื–ื”
17:29
basically says for the next 20 years, the price of
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘-20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜
17:33
oil will be -- whatever you want, 35 bucks, 40
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ื™ื”ื™ื” --ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื, 35 ื“ื•ืœืจ, 40
17:36
bucks. If the OPEC price falls below that, we tax
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ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ OPEC ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื "ืœ, ื”ืžืก
17:40
it. If the OPEC price goes above that, the tax
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ืชืงืฃ. ืื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ OPEC ืขื•ืœื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื "ืœ, ื”ืžืก
17:43
goes away.
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ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ
17:46
What does that do for entrepreneurs? What does it
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื™ื–ืžื•ืช? ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื”
17:47
do for companies? It tells people, if you can
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช? ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื•
17:50
produce energy for less than 35 bucks a barrel, or
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ 35 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืช. ืื•
17:53
less than 40 bucks a barrel, or less than 50 bucks
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœ40 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืช, ืื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœ50 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืช
17:55
a barrel -- let's debate it -- you will have a
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ื‘ื• ื ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขืœ ื–ื” - ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืขืกืง.
17:59
business. But let's not put people through this
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื• ืœื ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืชื•ืš
18:01
cycle where it doesn't pay to research because
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ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉืชืœื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
18:04
your company will go out of business as OPEC
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ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืš ืชืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ OPEC
18:06
drives alternatives and keeps bioenergy from
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ื™ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื’ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
18:09
happening. Thank you.
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ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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