Juan Enriquez: Using biology to rethink the energy challenge

59,322 views ใƒป 2007-11-15

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hannah Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:25
What is bioenergy? Bioenergy is not ethanol.
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
Bioenergy isn't global warming. Bioenergy is
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
00:37
something which seems counterintuitive. Bioenergy
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
is oil. It's gas. It's coal. And part of building
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์„์œ , ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค, ์„ํƒ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
that bridge to the future, to the point where we
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
00:46
can actually see the oceans in a rational way, or
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ด์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:49
put up these geo-spatial orbits that will twirl or
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ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
00:54
do microwaves or stuff, is going to depend on how
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
00:57
we understand bioenergy and manage it. And to do
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ• ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
that, you really have to look first at agriculture.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋ ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ์„  ๋†์—…๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
So we've been planting stuff for 11,000 years. And
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๋†์—…์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” 11,000๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
in the measure that we plant stuff, what we learn
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๋†์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šด๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:10
from agriculture is you've got to deal with pests,
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ํ•ด์ถฉ์„ ์—†์• ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
01:13
you've got to deal with all types of awful things,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ
01:16
you've got to cultivate stuff. In the measure
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๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:17
that you learn how to use water to cultivate, then
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๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์„œ
01:21
you're going to be able to spread beyond the Nile.
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๋‚˜์ผ๊ฐ• ์ €๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๋†์—…์„ ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:24
You're going to be able to power stuff, so irrigation
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์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€๊ฐœ์‹œ์„ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:27
makes a difference.
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๊ด€๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:29
Irrigation starts to make you be allowed to plant
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๊ด€๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ž‘๋ฌผ์„
01:31
stuff where you want it, as opposed to where the
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์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด
01:34
rivers flood. You start getting this organic
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๊ฐ•๋ฌผ์ด ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํ”ผํ–ˆ๊ตฌ์š”. ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์œ ๊ธฐ๋†๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
01:36
agriculture; you start putting machinery onto this
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์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๋†์—…์— ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:40
stuff. Machinery, with a whole bunch of water,
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
01:43
leads to very large-scale agriculture.
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๋†์—…์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:46
You put together machines and water, and you get
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๋†์—…์— ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ด€๊ฐœ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•˜๋ฉด
01:50
landscapes that look like this. And then you get
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๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€ํ˜•์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:54
sales that look like this. It's brute force. So
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํŒ๋งค๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ตฌ์š” ๊ฐ€ํžˆ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:58
what you've been doing in agriculture is you start
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋†์—…์€
02:00
out with something that's a reasonably natural
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์ž์—ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ
02:02
system. You start taming that natural system. You
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์ž์—ฐ์„ ๊ธธ๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:04
put a lot of force behind that natural system. You
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์ž์—ฐ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:07
put a whole bunch of pesticides and herbicides --
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์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์™€ ์ œ์ดˆ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ
02:11
(Laughter) -- behind that natural system, and you
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์ž์—ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:19
end up with systems that look like this.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:23
And it's all brute force. And that's the way we've
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์— ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
02:26
been approaching energy. So the lesson in
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:29
agriculture is that you can actually change the
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๋†์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ตํ›ˆ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
02:32
system that's based on brute force as you start
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ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:35
merging that system and learning that system and
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์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ฉฐ
02:37
actually applying biology. And you move from a
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉ์‹œํ‚ฌ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ
02:40
discipline of engineering, you move from a
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๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ํ™”ํ•™์˜ ์›์น™์„ ์ง€์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:42
discipline of chemistry, into a discipline of
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์›์น™์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:44
biology. And probably one of the most important
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘์˜
02:48
human beings on the planet is this guy behind me.
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ํ•œ๋ช…์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ ๋’ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ถ„์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:51
This is a guy called Norman Borlaug. He won the
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๋…ธ๋จผ ๋ณด๋ž˜๊ทธ์”จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž์ด์‹œ๊ณ ,
02:53
Nobel Prize. He's got the Congressional Medal of
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๋ช…์˜ˆํ›ˆ์žฅ๋„ ๋ฐ›์œผ์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:55
Honor. He deserves all of this stuff. And he
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์ •๋ง ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„์ด์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:59
deserves this stuff because he probably has fed
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์™œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜์‹œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
03:01
more people than any other human being alive
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์‹๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ํฐ ๊ณตํ—Œ์„ ํ•˜์…จ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:04
because he researched how to put biology behind
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์ด ๋ถ„์€ ๋†์—…๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:07
seeds. He did this in Mexico. The reason why India
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์—์„œ ์ด ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์ธ๋„์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด
03:12
and China no longer have these massive famines is
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๋”์ด์ƒ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
03:15
because Norman Borlaug taught them how to grow
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๋…ธ๋จผ ๋ณด๋ž˜์Šค์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—
03:17
grains in a more efficient way and launched the
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ํšจ์œจ์  ๋†์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ์–ด
03:20
Green Revolution. That is something that a lot of
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๋†์—…ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„ 
03:23
people have criticized. But of course, those are
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
03:24
people who don't realize that China and India,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ธ๋„์—
03:27
instead of having huge amounts of starving people,
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๊ธฐ๊ทผ์— ํ—ˆ๋•์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„๊ณ 
03:30
are exporting grains.
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๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:32
And the irony of this particular system is the
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์€
03:34
place where he did the research, which was Mexico,
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์ •์ž‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ณณ์€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์ธ๋ฐ,
03:37
didn't adopt this technology, ignored this
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
03:39
technology, talked about why this technology
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๋ฌด์‹œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ด๋ค„์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:42
should be thought about, but not really applied.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
And Mexico remains one of the largest grain
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ตญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:47
importers on the planet because it doesn't apply
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„
03:50
technology that was discovered in Mexico. And in
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์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
fact, hasn't recognized this man, to the point
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ, ๋ณด๋ž˜๊ทธ์”จ๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹คํ…๋ฐ
03:55
where there aren't statues of this man all over
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๋ณด๋ž˜๊ทธ์˜ ๋™์ƒ์ด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
Mexico. There are in China and India. And the
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์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ธ๋„์—๋Š” ๋ณด๋ž˜๊ทธ ๋™์ƒ์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
Institute that this guy ran has now moved to
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๋ณด๋ž˜๊ทธ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ด„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ธ๋„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:03
India. That is the difference between adopting
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
04:07
technologies and discussing technologies.
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ† ๋ก ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
Now, it's not just that this guy fed a huge amount
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณด๋ž˜๊ทธ์”จ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
04:14
of people in the world. It's that this is the net
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๊ธฐ์•„์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
04:17
effect in terms of what technology does, if you
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์—์„œ ์ˆœํšจ๊ณผ(Net Effect)๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
understand biology.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์ž˜ ์•„์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ ๋ง์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
What happened in agriculture? Well, if you take
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋†์—…์—๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
04:24
agriculture over a century, agriculture in about
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100๋…„ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:27
1900 would have been recognizable to somebody
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1900์—ฌ๋…„์ฏค ๋†์—…์€ 900์—ฌ๋…„ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„
04:30
planting a thousand years earlier. Yeah, the plows look
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์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋„๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Ÿ๊ธฐ๋ชจ์–‘์€ ์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋„ค์š”.
04:33
different. The machines were tractors or stuff
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ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ์ƒˆ๋Œ€์‹  ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
instead of mules, but the farmer would have
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
understood: this is what the guy's doing, this is
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†์‚ฌ์ผ์ด๊ณ ,
04:42
why he's doing it, this is where he's going. What
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์™œ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ์–ด๋””๊ฐ€์„œ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•˜์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
really started to change in agriculture is when
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๋†์—…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š”
04:47
you started moving from this brute force
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๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋˜
04:49
engineering and chemistry into biology, and that's
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๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ํ™”ํ•™์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
where you get your productivity increases. And as
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๊ทธ๋กœ์ธํ•ด ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
you do that stuff, here's what happens to
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
04:57
productivity.
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์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
Basically, you go from 250 hours to produce 100
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250์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ค์„œ 100๋ถ€์…ธ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด(๋ถ€์…ธ:๊ณก๋ฌผ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์•ฝ 36๋ฆฌํ„ฐ)
05:01
bushels, to 40, to 15, to five. Agricultural labor
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์ ์ฐจ 40์‹œ๊ฐ„, 15์‹œ๊ฐ„, 5์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
productivity increased seven times, 1950 to 2000,
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๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด 1950๋…„์—์„œ 2000๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— 7๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
whereas the rest of the economy increased about
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ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 2.5๋ฐฐ์ •๋„๋งŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
2.5 times. This is an absolutely massive increase
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1์ธ๋‹น ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€ํžˆ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ
05:14
in how much is produced per person.
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์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
The effect of this, of course, is it's not just
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š”
05:22
amber waves of grain, it is mountains of stuff.
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ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๊ณก์‹๊ณผ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๋†์‚ฐํ’ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
And 50 percent of the EU budget is going to subsidize
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ 50%๊ฐ€ ๋†์—… ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ
05:28
agriculture from mountains of stuff that people
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜
05:31
have overproduced.
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๊ณก๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
This would be a good outcome for energy. And of
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์ด๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
course, by now, you're probably saying to
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์ง€๊ธˆ์ฏค์ด๋ฉด, ๋ช‡๋ช‡๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”
05:39
yourself, "Self, I thought I came to a talk about
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"์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ์„ค์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋Ÿฌ ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:44
energy and here's this guy talking about biology."
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋„ค."
05:49
So where's the link between these two things?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:52
One of the ironies of this whole system is we're
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•จ์€
05:54
discussing what to do about a system that we don't
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
05:56
understand. We don't even know what oil is. We
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ์„์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์š”.
06:01
don't know where oil comes from. I mean,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„์œ ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
literally, it's still a source of debate what
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ, ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ทœ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด
06:05
this black river of stuff is and where it comes
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์ด ๊ฒ€์€ ์•ก์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
from. The best assumption, and one of the best
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•œ ์ถ”์ธก์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
06:11
guesses in this stuff, is that this stuff comes
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์„์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:14
out of this stuff, that these things absorb
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๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ํ–‡๋น›์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ,
06:18
sunlight, rot under pressure for millions of
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฉ๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด,
06:21
years, and you get these black rivers.
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
Now, the interesting thing about that thesis -- if
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์œ„์— ๋งํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์—์„œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์€
06:28
that thesis turns out to be true -- is that oil,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
06:32
and all hydrocarbons, turned out to be
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์„์œ ์™€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ
06:34
concentrated sunlight. And if you think of
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์••์ถ•๋œ ํ–‡๋น›์ž„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
bioenergy, bioenergy isn't ethanol. Bioenergy is
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
taking the sun, concentrating it in amoebas,
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ํ–‡๋น›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ”์†์—์„œ ์••์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ,
06:44
concentrating it in plants, and maybe that's why
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์‹๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์••์ถ•๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
you get these rainbows.
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์„์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐœ์ƒ‰์„ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:50
And as you're looking at this system, if
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
06:53
hydrocarbons are concentrated sunlight, then
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๋งŒ์ผ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์••์ถ•๋œ ํ–‡๋น›์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
06:57
bioenergy works in a different way. And we've got
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
to start thinking of oil and other hydrocarbons as
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„์œ ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ
07:05
part of these solar panels.
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ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€ํŒ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
Maybe that's one of the reasons why if you fly
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ์„œ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด,
07:11
over west Texas, the types of wells that you're
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ฐœ์šฉ ์šฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€
07:15
beginning to see don't look unlike those pictures
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์บ”์ž์Šค์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€๊ฐœ์ง€ํ˜•์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ณผ
07:19
of Kansas and those irrigated plots.
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๋น„์Šทํ•ด๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์•„์‹œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
This is how you farm oil. And as you think of
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์„์œ ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
farming oil and how oil has evolved, we started
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์„์œ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์™€ ์„์œ ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
07:29
with this brute force approach. And then what did
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๋‹ค์‹œ๊ธˆ ์••๋ ฅ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
we learn? Then we learned we had to go bigger. And
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์•ž์—์„œ ๋ญ˜ ๋ฐฐ์› ์ฃ ? ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
then what'd we learn? Then we have to go even
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ ? ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋” ํ‚ค์›Œ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:39
bigger. And we are getting really destructive as
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ ์ฐจ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
07:43
we're going out and farming this bioenergy.
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
These are the Athabasca tar sands, and there's an
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์ด๋Š” ์• ์„œ๋ฐฐ์Šค์นด์˜ ํƒ€๋ฅด์ƒŒ๋“œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
enormous amount -- first of mining, the largest
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์ด์ฃ . ์ฒ˜์Œ์—” ์ฑ„๊ตด์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
trucks in the world are working here, and then
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์ตœ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํŠธ๋Ÿญ๋“ค์„ ๋™์›ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
07:55
you've got to pull out this black sludge, which is
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ฒ€์€ ์ง„ํ™๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
basically oil that doesn't flow. It's tied to the
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฒด์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์„์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ž˜์— ์—‰๊ฒจ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:00
sand. And then you've got to use a lot of steam to
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ŠคํŒ€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
08:02
separate it, which only works at today's oil
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์„์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ผœ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
prices.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ด์ฃ .
08:07
Coal. Coal turns out to be virtually the same
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์„ํƒ„์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ์„ํƒ„๋„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
stuff. It is probably plants, except that these
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์ด์ „์— ์‹๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์„์œ ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:15
have been burned and crushed under pressure.
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๊ณ ์••๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆํƒ€๊ณ  ์••์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:19
So you take something like this, you burn it, you
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ํƒœ์šด๋‹ค์Œ์—,
08:21
put it under pressure, and likely as not, you get
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์••๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋งˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ํƒ„์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
this. Although, again, I stress: we don't know.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
08:26
Which is curious as we debate all this stuff. But
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์ด ์ ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
as you think of coal, this is what burned wheat
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๋ฐ€์•Œ์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ํƒ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
kernels look like. Not entirely unlike coal.
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์„ํƒ„๊ณผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:37
And of course, coalmines are very dangerous
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ํƒ„๊ด‘์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
places because in some of these coalmines, you
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ผ๋ถ€ ํƒ„๊ด‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:43
get gas. When that gas blows up, people die. So
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๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ„ฐ์ง€๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
you're producing a biogas out of coal in some
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํƒ„๊ด‘์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์ฃ .
08:52
mines, but not in others.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ํƒ„๊ด‘์„ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
Any place you see a differential, there're some
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ํƒ„๊ด‘์—๋„ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:57
interesting questions. There's some questions as
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์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
09:00
to what you should be doing with this stuff. But
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์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
again, coal. Maybe the same stuff, maybe the same
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์„ํƒ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๊ณ ,
09:06
system, maybe bioenergy, and you're applying
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๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ฃ , ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
09:08
exactly the same technology.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
Here's your brute force approach. Once you get
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์••๋ ฅ์  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
through your brute force approach, then you just
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์••๋ ฅ์  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด,
09:14
rip off whole mountaintops. And you end up with
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊นŽ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ ,
09:18
the single largest source of carbon emissions,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
which are coal-fired gas plants. That is probably
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์„ํƒ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ์—์„œ์š”.
09:25
not the best use of bioenergy.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์•„๋‹๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
As you think of what are the alternatives to this
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ฑ…์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:31
system -- it's important to find alternatives
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๋Œ€์•ˆ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
because it turns out that the U.S. is dwindling in
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ
09:37
its petroleum reserves, but it is not dwindling in
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์„์œ ๋น„์ถ•๋ถ„์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
its coal reserves, nor is China. There are huge
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ํƒ„๋น„์ถ•๋ถ„์€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
09:44
coal reserves that are sitting out there, and
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ์„ํƒ„๋น„์ถ•๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ์—
09:47
we've got to start thinking of them as biological
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์„ํƒ„์„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
energy, because if we keep treating them as
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๋งŒ์ผ ์„ํƒ„์„ ๊ณ„์† ํ™”ํ•™์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋‚˜
09:51
chemical energy, or engineering energy, we're
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๊ณตํ•™์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:54
going to be in deep doo-doo.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
Gas is a similar issue. Gas is also a biological
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๊ฐ€์Šค๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์Šค๋„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
product. And as you think of gas, well, you're
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๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด,
10:09
familiar with gas. And here's a different way of
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๋ญ”์ง€ ์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ์ฃ ?
10:14
mining coal.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์„ํƒ„ ์ฑ„๊ตด๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
This is called coal bed methane. Why is this
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒ„์ธต๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
picture interesting? Because if coal turns out to
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์™œ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šธ๊นŒ์š”? ๋งŒ์ผ ์„ํƒ„์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ
10:23
be concentrated plant life, the reason why you may
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์••์ถ•๋œ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์–ด๋–ค ํƒ„๊ด‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€
10:27
get a differential in gas output between one mine
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒ„๊ด‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€,
10:31
and another -- the reason why one mine may blow up
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์ฆ‰, ์–ด๋–ค ํƒ„๊ด‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šคํญ๋ฐœ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
10:33
and another one may not blow up -- may be because
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒ„๊ด‘์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šคํญ๋ฐœ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€
10:36
there's stuff eating that stuff and producing gas.
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์••์ถ•๋œ ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
This is a well-known phenomenon. (Laughter) You
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ญ”์ง€ ์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ์ฃ ?
10:47
eat certain things, you produce a lot of gas. It
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ํŠน์ • ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค์ฃ .
10:52
may turn out that biological processes in coalmines
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ํƒ„๊ด‘์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ณผ์ •์ด
10:55
have the same process. If that is true, then
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
10:58
one of the ways of getting the energy out of coal
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์„ํƒ„์—์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—
11:00
may not be to rip whole mountaintops off, and it
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์‚ฐ๊ผญ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊นŽ์•„๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„,
11:04
may not be to burn coal. It may be to have stuff
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์„ํƒ„์„ ํƒœ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
process that coal in a biological fashion as you
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ํƒ„์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
did in agriculture.
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๋†์—…์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
11:14
That is what bioenergy is. It is not ethanol. It
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
11:18
is not subsidies to a few companies. It is not
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์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ๋œปํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
importing corn into Iowa because you've built so
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์•„์ด์˜ค์™€์ฃผ์— ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ž…ํ•ด์„œ
11:24
many of these ethanol plants. It is beginning to
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์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
understand the transition that occurred in
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋†์—…์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณผ๋„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
agriculture, from brute force into biological
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์••๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ํž˜์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
force. And in the measure that you can do that,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋ผ๋ฉด
11:34
you can clean some stuff, and you can clean it
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
11:35
pretty quickly.
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๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:37
We already have some indicators of productivity on
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ด์— ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
this stuff. OK, if you put steam into coal fields
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์šด์˜๋œ ํƒ„์ „์ด๋‚˜
11:44
or petroleum fields that have been running for
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์œ ์ „์— ๋ถ„์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:47
decades, you can get a really substantial
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์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
increase, like an eight-fold increase, in your
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8๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
output. This is just the beginning stages of this
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์ด๋Š” ์‹œ์ž‘์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ 
11:56
stuff.
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๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
And as you think of biomaterials, this guy -- who
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
11:59
did part of the sequencing of the human genome,
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์ด ๋ถ„์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œ ์ „์ž์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•˜์‹  ๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
12:02
who just doubled the databases of genes and
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์˜ ์–‘์„
12:04
proteins known on earth by sailing around the
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‘๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ์‹  ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
world -- has been thinking about how you structure
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์ด ๋ถ„์€ ์œ ์ „์ž์ง€๋„์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ ์‹ฌํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
this. And there's a series of smart people
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ์žฌ๋“ค์ด
12:11
thinking about this. And they've been putting
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์ด ์„ธ์šด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ๋Š”
12:14
together companies like Synthetic Genomics, like,
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์‹ ํ…Œํ‹ฑ ๊ฒŒ๋…ธ๋ฏน์Šค,
12:16
a Cambria, like Codon, and what those companies are
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์บ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์ฝ”๋ˆ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
12:20
trying to do is to think of, how do you apply
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์›์น™์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
12:23
biological principles to avoid brute force?
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์••๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ํž˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
Think of it in the following terms. Think of it as
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:30
beginning to program stuff for specific purposes.
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:34
Think of the cell as a hardware. Think of the
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์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
12:37
genes as a software. And in the measure that you
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์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:40
begin to think of life as code that is
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ต์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
12:43
interchangeable, that can become energy, that can
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:46
become food, that can become fiber, that can
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์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์„ฌ์œ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:48
become human beings, that can become a whole
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:50
series of things, then you've got to shift your
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ
12:53
approach as to how you're going to structure and
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ 
12:55
deal and think about energy in a very different
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๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ
12:59
way.
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๋‹ค๋ค„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
What are the first principles of this stuff and
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์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์›์น™์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ
13:03
where are we heading? This is one of the gentle
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
13:06
giants on the planet. He's one of the nicest human
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์ด ๋ถ„์€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ณ 
13:09
beings you've ever met. His name is Hamilton
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์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑํ•จ์€ ํ•ด๋ฐ€ํŠผ ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
Smith. He won the Nobel for figuring out how to
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์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ ˆ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
cut genes -- something called restriction enzymes.
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์ œํ•œํšจ์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
He was at Hopkins when he did this, and he's such
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์‹ค ๋‹น์‹œ ํ™‰ํ‚จ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์žฌ์ง์ค‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
a modest guy that the day he won, his mother
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฒธ์†ํ•œ ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ, ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ํƒ€๋˜ ๋‚ ์—,
13:25
called him and said, "I didn't realize there was
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๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด "ํ™‰ํ‚จ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™์—
13:28
another Ham Smith at Hopkins. Do you know he just
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๋„ˆ์™€ ๋™๋ช…์ด์ธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ค„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
13:30
won the Nobel?" (Laughter) I mean, that was Mom,
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๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ˆ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์ฃ ?
13:38
but anyway, this guy is just a class act. You find
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์–ด์จ‹๋“ , ์ด ๋ถ„์€ ์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
him at the bench every single day, working on a
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์ด ๋ถ„์ด ๋งค์ผ ๋ฒค์น˜์— ์•‰์•„์„œ ํ”ผํŽซ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„
13:44
pipette and building stuff. And one of the things
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“œ์‹  ๊ฒƒ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
13:48
this guy just built are these things.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
What is this? This is the first transplant of
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๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”? ๋„ค์ดํ‚ค๋“œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
naked DNA, where you take an entire DNA operating
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์œ ์ „์ž ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๊บผ๋‚ด์„œ
13:55
system out of one cell, insert it into a different
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ์— ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
13:58
cell, and have that cell boot up as a separate
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๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
species. That's one month old. You will see stuff
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์น˜ํ™˜ํ•œ์ง€ ํ•œ๋‹ฌ๋œ ์„ธํฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
in the next month that will be just as important
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์น˜ํ™˜ํ•œ์ง€ ๋‘๋‹ฌ๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
14:09
as this stuff.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
And as you think about this stuff and what the
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์•ž์„œ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
14:13
implications of this are, we're going to start not
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋†’์€ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์„œ
14:16
just converting ethanol from corn with very high
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์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
14:21
subsidies. We're going to start thinking about
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
14:23
biology entering energy. It is very expensive to
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ
14:28
process this stuff, both in economic terms and in
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์‹ธ์ง€๋งŒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„
14:32
energy terms.
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๊ณ ๋น„์šฉ ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
This is what accumulates in the tar sands of
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์•จ๋ฒ„ํƒ€์ฃผ์˜ ํƒ€๋ฅด์ƒŒ๋“œ์•ˆ์— ์ถ•์ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
Alberta. These are sulfur blocks. Because as you
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๋ฒฝ๋Œํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
separate that petroleum from the sand, and use an
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ํƒ€๋ฅด์ƒŒ๋“œ์—์„œ ์„์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋‚ด๊ณ 
14:43
enormous amount of energy inside that vapor --
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๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
14:47
steam to separate this stuff -- you also have to
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์ฆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด๋‚ด๋ฉด
14:49
separate out the sulfur. The difference between
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ํ™ฉ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:51
light crude and heavy crude -- well, it's about 14
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๊ฒฝ์œ ์™€ ์ค‘์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ฐฐ๋Ÿด๋‹น 14๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„
14:54
bucks a barrel. That's why you're building these
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์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฒฝ๋Œํ˜• ํ™ฉ์„
14:57
pyramids of sulfur blocks. And by the way, the
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ํ”ผ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋“œํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์Œ“์•„๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
scale on these things is pretty large.
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์–ด์จ‹๋“ , ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:03
Now, if you can take part of the energy content
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
15:05
out of doing this, you reduce the system, and you
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์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ ,
15:09
really do start applying biological principles to
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์›์น™๋“ค์„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
energy. This has to be a bridge to the point where
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
15:16
you can get to wind, to the point where you can
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ํ’๋ ฅ,
15:18
get to solar, to the point where you can get to
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ํƒœ์–‘๋ ฅ,
15:20
nuclear -- and hopefully you won't build the next
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์›์ž๋ ฅ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
nuclear plant on a beautiful seashore next to an
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๋‹ค์Œ ์›์ž๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋Š” ์ง€์ง„ ๋‹จ์ธต์„ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์—
15:26
earthquake fault. (Laughter) Just a thought.
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์ง“์ง„ ์•Š๊ฒ ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—†๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
15:35
But in the meantime, for the next decade at least,
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์–ด์จ‹๋“ , ์ ์–ด๋„ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์‹ญ๋…„๋™์•ˆ
15:39
the name of the game is hydrocarbons. And be that
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ํ™”๋‘๋Š” ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
oil, be that gas, be that coal, this is what we're
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์„์œ , ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค, ์„ํƒ„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋“ ์ง€ ๊ฐ„์—
15:46
dealing with. And before I make this talk too
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ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์—,
15:50
long, here's what's happening in the current
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
15:55
energy system.
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์‚ดํŽด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
15:57
86 percent of the energy we consume are
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ 86ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€
15:59
hydrocarbons. That means 86 percent of the stuff we're
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ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, 86ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€
16:02
consuming are probably processed plants and
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๊ฐ€๊ณต ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜
16:05
amoebas and the rest of the stuff. And there's a
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์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
role in here for conservation. There's a role in
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
16:10
here for alternative stuff, but we've also got to
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๋Œ€์ฒด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
16:12
get that other portion right.
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์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
How we deal with that other portion is our bridge
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๋Œ€์ฒด์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ƒ๊ฐ€
16:17
to the future. And as we think of this bridge to
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ๋•Œ,
16:20
the future, one of the things you should ponder
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๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ ์€
16:23
is: we are leaving about two-thirds of the oil today
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์œ ์ „์— 3๋ถ„์˜ 2์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
inside those wells. So we're spending an enormous
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
16:29
amount of money and leaving most of the energy
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ € ๋ฐ‘์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ
16:32
down there. Which, of course, requires more energy
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:35
to go out and get energy. The ratios become
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์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์„ ์–ป๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ด ๋น„์œจ์€ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:38
idiotic by the time you get to ethanol. It may
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ 1์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
16:40
even be a one-to-one ratio on the energy input and
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1์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐˆ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
the energy output. That is a stupid way of
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„๊ฒŒ
16:46
managing this system.
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
Last point, last graph. One of the things that
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ํ•œ๋ง์”€๋งŒ ๋” ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ . ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
we've got to do is to stabilize oil prices. This
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์œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:57
is what oil prices look like, OK?
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์œ ๊ฐ€๋ณ€๋™ํญ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
16:59
This is a very bad system because what happens is
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์•ˆ์ข‹์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:02
your hurdle rate gets set very low. People come up
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์ค€์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
with really smart ideas for solar panels, or for
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ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€ํŒ์ด๋‚˜ ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข‹์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด
17:08
wind, or for something else, and then guess what?
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
17:10
The oil price goes through the floor. That company
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์œ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ฒด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
17:12
goes out of business, and then you can bring the
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๋„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
17:14
oil price back up.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์œ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:16
So if I had one closing and modest suggestion,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
17:20
let's set a stable oil price in Europe and the
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค์ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:22
United States. How do you do that? Well, let's put
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
17:27
a tax on oil that is a non-revenue tax, and it
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๋น„์ˆ˜์ต ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:29
basically says for the next 20 years, the price of
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ํ–ฅํ›„ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ,
17:33
oil will be -- whatever you want, 35 bucks, 40
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์œ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ 35~40๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:36
bucks. If the OPEC price falls below that, we tax
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์„์œ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๊ตญ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์œ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด, ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ ,
17:40
it. If the OPEC price goes above that, the tax
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๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋ฉด,
17:43
goes away.
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์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ํ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:46
What does that do for entrepreneurs? What does it
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„๊นŒ์š”?
17:47
do for companies? It tells people, if you can
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๊ธฐ์—…์—๋Š”์š”? ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด,
17:50
produce energy for less than 35 bucks a barrel, or
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ฐฐ๋Ÿด๋‹น 35๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜
17:53
less than 40 bucks a barrel, or less than 50 bucks
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40๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 50๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด,
17:55
a barrel -- let's debate it -- you will have a
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๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:59
business. But let's not put people through this
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:01
cycle where it doesn't pay to research because
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ,
18:04
your company will go out of business as OPEC
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:06
drives alternatives and keeps bioenergy from
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์„์œ ์ˆ˜์ถœ๊ตญ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์™€ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„
18:09
happening. Thank you.
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๋ง‰๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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