Samantha Power: Shaking hands with the devil

155,877 views ใƒป 2008-11-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:18
I spent the better part of a decade
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ื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ
00:21
looking at American responses to mass atrocity and genocide.
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ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื/
00:27
And I'd like to start by sharing with you one moment
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ื›ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื—ื“
00:33
that to me sums up what there is to know
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ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™' ืžืกื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช
00:36
about American and democratic responses to mass atrocity.
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
00:39
And that moment came on April 21, 1994.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ืืจืข ื‘-21 ืœืืคืจื™ืœ 1994.
00:45
So 14 years ago, almost, in the middle of the Rwandan genocide,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ 14 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”,
00:49
in which 800,000 people would be systematically exterminated
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ 800,000 ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
00:54
by the Rwandan government and some extremist militia.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
00:59
On April 21, in the New York Times,
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ื‘-12 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ื‘"ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก",
01:03
the paper reported that somewhere between 200,000 and 300,000 people
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ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ 200,000 ืœ-300,000 ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
01:06
had already been killed in the genocide.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ื”ื–ื”.
01:09
It was in the paper -- not on the front page.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ. ืœื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:12
It was a lot like the Holocaust coverage,
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ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื•ืงืจื” ื”ืฉื•ืื”,
01:14
it was buried in the paper.
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ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ.
01:16
Rwanda itself was not seen as newsworthy,
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ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง,
01:18
and amazingly, genocide itself was not seen as newsworthy.
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ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื—.
01:22
But on April 21, a wonderfully honest moment occurred.
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ืืš ื‘-21 ืœืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ืžื•ืคืœื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื ื•ืช
01:26
And that was that an American congresswoman
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
01:29
named Patricia Schroeder from Colorado
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ื‘ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื™ืฉื™ื” ืฉืจื•ื“ืจ, ืžืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื•,
01:31
met with a group of journalists.
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ื ืคื’ืฉื” ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื,
01:33
And one of the journalists said to her, what's up?
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื”, "ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
01:37
What's going on in the U.S. government?
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"ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘?
01:39
Two to 300,000 people have just been exterminated
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"ื‘ื™ืŸ 200,000 ืœ-300,000 ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ื–ื” ืขืชื”
01:41
in the last couple of weeks in Rwanda.
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"ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”."
01:43
It's two weeks into the genocide at that time,
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ืขื‘ืจื• ืื– ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื,
01:45
but of course, at that time you don't know how long it's going to last.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืขืช ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืžืฉืš.
01:48
And the journalist said, why is there so little response out of Washington?
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ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืฉืืœ, "ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื” ืขืœื•ื‘ื”?
01:53
Why no hearings, no denunciations,
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"ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืขื™ื, ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
01:56
no people getting arrested in front of the Rwandan embassy
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"ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืจื•ืื ื“ื”
01:59
or in front of the White House? What's the deal?
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"ืื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ? ืžื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ?"
02:03
And she said -- she was so honest -- she said, "It's a great question.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” - ืžืื“ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช - "ืฉืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช.
02:08
All I can tell you is that in my congressional office in Colorado
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"ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืจืง ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื•
02:12
and my office in Washington,
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"ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
02:14
we're getting hundreds and hundreds of calls
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"ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื
02:17
about the endangered ape and gorilla population in Rwanda,
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"ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืื ื“ื”,
02:22
but nobody is calling about the people.
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"ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืœื ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
02:25
The phones just aren't ringing about the people."
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"ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื."
02:28
And the reason I give you this moment is there's a deep truth in it.
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ื•ื›ืจื’ืข, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืืžืช ืขืžื•ืงื”.
02:33
And that truth is, or was, in the 20th century,
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ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื, ืื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ื•, ืฉื‘ืžืื” ื”-20
02:37
that while we were beginning to develop endangered species movements,
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืงืžื ื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื,
02:42
we didn't have an endangered people's movement.
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ืœื ื”ืงืžื ื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืžื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื.
02:44
We had Holocaust education in the schools.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ืื”.
02:48
Most of us were groomed not only on images of nuclear catastrophe,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื’ื“ืœื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
02:52
but also on images and knowledge of the Holocaust.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ืื”.
02:57
There's a museum, of course, on the Mall in Washington,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
03:00
right next to Lincoln and Jefferson.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื•ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ.
03:02
I mean, we have owned Never Again culturally,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื™ื›ืกื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขื•ื“"
03:06
appropriately, interestingly.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื,
03:10
And yet the politicization of Never Again,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ "ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขื•ื“"
03:14
the operationalization of Never Again,
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ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”"ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขื•ื“"
03:16
had never occurred in the 20th century.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20.
03:19
And that's what that moment with Patricia Schroeder I think shows:
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืขื ืคื˜ืจื™ืฉื™ื” ืฉืจื•ื“ืจ:
03:22
that if we are to bring about an end to the world's worst atrocities,
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
03:29
we have to make it such.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
03:31
There has to be a role --
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“--
03:33
there has to be the creation of political noise and political costs
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืขืฉ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
03:36
in response to massive crimes against humanity, and so forth.
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
03:39
So that was the 20th century.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
03:41
Now here -- and this will be a relief to you at this point in the afternoon --
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•-- ื•ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ื”ืงืœื”, ื”ืขืจื‘ --
03:45
there is good news, amazing news, in the 21st century,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืžืื” ื”21,
03:49
and that is that, almost out of nowhere, there has come into being
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ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ืฉ-ืžืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข
03:56
an anti-genocide movement, an anti-genocide constituency,
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ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืจืฆื—-ืขื,
03:59
and one that looks destined, in fact, to be permanent.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจ-ื—ืœื•ืฃ.
04:03
It grew up in response to the atrocities in Darfur.
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืคื•ืจ.
04:06
It is comprised of students. There are something like 300 anti-genocide chapters
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื›-300 ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื—-ืขื
04:12
on college campuses around the country.
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ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
04:15
It's bigger than the anti-apartheid movement.
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ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืคื˜ืจื”ื™ื™ื“.
04:17
There are something like 500 high school chapters
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ื™ืฉ ื›-500 ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื
04:21
devoted to stopping the genocide in Darfur.
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ืฉื”ืชืžืกืจื• ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ื‘ื“ืจืคื•ืจ.
04:24
Evangelicals have joined it. Jewish groups have joined it.
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
04:28
"Hotel Rwanda" watchers have joined it. It is a cacophonous movement.
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ืฆื•ืคื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืžืœื•ืŸ ืจื•ืื ื“ื”" ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืงืงื•ืคื•ื ื™ืช.
04:32
To call it a movement, as with all movements, perhaps, is a little misleading.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืงืฆืช ืžื˜ืขื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื›ืš "ืชื ื•ืขื”".
04:35
It's diverse. It's got a lot of different approaches.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
04:38
It's got all the ups and the downs of movements.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช.
04:40
But it has been amazingly successful in one regard,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“:
04:44
in that it has become,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื”
04:46
it has congealed into this endangered people's movement
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ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”
04:49
that was missing in the 20th century.
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ืฉื—ืกืจื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20.
04:51
It sees itself, such as it is, the it,
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ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื›ื–ื•, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
04:54
as something that will create the impression that there will be political cost,
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™,
04:59
there will be a political price to be paid,
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™,
05:02
for allowing genocide, for not having an heroic imagination,
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืจืฆื—-ืขื ื•ื—ืกืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืจื•ืื™,
05:06
for not being an upstander but for being, in fact, a bystander.
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื ื’ื“ ืืœื ืขืžื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“.
05:10
Now because it's student-driven,
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ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
05:14
there's some amazing things that the movement has done.
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
05:16
They have launched a divestment campaign
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ื”ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช
05:18
that has now convinced, I think, 55 universities in 22 states
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ื” ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืœื“ืขืชื™ 55 ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘-22 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
05:22
to divest their holdings of stocks
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ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืฉืงืขื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื ื™ื•ืช
05:24
with regard to companies doing business in Sudan.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ.
05:28
They have a 1-800-GENOCIDE number --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ: 800-1-ืจืฆื—-ืขื-
05:30
this is going to sound very kitsch,
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฉืžืข ืžืื•ื“ ืงื™ื˜ืฉื™,
05:32
but for those of you who may not be, I mean, may be apolitical,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืืœื” ื‘ื›ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
05:36
but interested in doing something about genocide,
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ืืš ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื’ืข ืœืจืฆื— ื”ืขื,
05:38
you dial 1-800-GENOCIDE and you type in your zip code,
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ื—ื™ื™ื’ื• 800-1-ืจืฆื—-ืขื ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื›ื,
05:41
and you don't even have to know who your congressperson is.
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ื•ืื™ื ื›ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื”ื• ื ืฆื™ื’ื›ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก.
05:43
It will refer you directly to your congressperson, to your U.S. senator,
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ืืชื ืชื•ืคื ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฆื™ื’ื›ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืื• ืœืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
05:47
to your governor where divestment legislation is pending.
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ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืฉืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช.
05:50
They've lowered the transaction costs of stopping genocide.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืช ืจืฆื—-ืขื.
05:54
I think the most innovative thing they've introduced recently
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
05:57
are genocide grades.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืจืฆื— ื”ืขื,
06:00
And it takes students to introduce genocide grades.
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ื•ืžื™ ืื ืœื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ืชื ื• ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืจืฆื—-ืขื.
06:03
So what you now have when a Congress is in session
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”
06:06
is members of Congress calling up these 19-year-olds or 24-year-olds
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”-19 ื•ื”-24 ื”ืืœื”
06:11
and saying, I'm just told I have a D minus on genocide;
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฆื—-ืขื
06:14
what do I do to get a C? I just want to get a C. Help me.
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"ืžื” ืขืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ 'ื˜ื•ื‘', ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœ 'ื˜ื•ื‘', ืขื™ื–ืจื• ืœื™."
06:18
And the students and the others
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ
06:20
who are part of this incredibly energized base
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ืฉืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžืจืฅ ื•ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”
06:22
are there to answer that, and there's always something to do.
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ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
06:26
Now, what this movement has done is it has extracted from the Bush administration
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ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ
06:31
from the United States,
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ื•ืžืืจื”"ื‘,
06:33
at a time of massive over-stretch -- military, financial, diplomatic --
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืก-ื™ืชืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ - ืฆื‘ืื™, ื›ืกืคื™, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ --
06:38
a whole series of commitments to Darfur
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ืกื™ื“ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื“ืจืคื•ืจ
06:40
that no other country in the world is making.
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ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืžืฆื“ ืฉื•ื ืืจืฅ ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:43
For instance, the referral of the crimes in Darfur
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืคื•ืจ
06:45
to the International Criminal Court,
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ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ืœืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
06:47
which the Bush administration doesn't like.
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ืžื•ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ.
06:49
The expenditure of 3 billion dollars in refugee camps to try to keep,
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ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื
06:53
basically, the people who've been displaced from their homes
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืขืงืจื• ืžื‘ืชื™ื”ื
06:55
by the Sudanese government, by the so-called Janjaweed, the militia,
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื“ื ื™, ืข"ื™ ื”"ื’'ืื ื’'ืื•ื•ื™ื“", ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื”,
06:58
to keep those people alive
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืงื™ื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
07:00
until something more durable can be achieved.
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ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:04
And recently, or now not that recently,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืื• ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
07:06
about six months ago, the authorization of a peacekeeping force
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ื•ื— ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื
07:09
of 26,000 that will go.
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ืฉืœ 26,000 ืื™ืฉ.
07:11
And that's all the Bush administration's leadership,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ,
07:13
and it's all because of this bottom-up pressure
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžืœืžื˜ื”
07:15
and the fact that the phones haven't stopped ringing
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื—ื“ืœื• ืœืฆืœืฆืœ
07:18
from the beginning of this crisis.
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ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
07:20
The bad news, however, to this question of will evil prevail,
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ืืš ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ืจื•ืข ื™ื ืฆื—,
07:23
is that evil lives on.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื•ืข ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
07:25
The people in those camps are surrounded on all sides
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ
07:29
by so-called Janjaweed, these men on horseback
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ืข"ื™ ื”"ื’'ื ื’'ืื•ื•ื™ื“", ืื•ืชื ืคืจืฉื™ื
07:31
with spears and Kalashnikovs.
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ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืงืœืฆ'ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ื™ื.
07:33
Women who go to get firewood in order to heat the humanitarian aid
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ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืกืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืžื ืืช ืžืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข
07:37
in order to feed their families -- humanitarian aid,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ - ืžืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™,
07:40
the dirty secret of it is it has to be heated, really, to be edible --
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ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืžืžื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ --
07:43
are themselves subjected to rape,
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ื ืก,
07:45
which is a tool of the genocide that is being used.
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ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ืœื™-ื ืฉืง ื‘ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื.
07:47
And the peacekeepers I've mentioned, the force has been authorized,
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ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™, ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืคืจื™ืกืชื• ืื•ืฉืจื”,
07:50
but almost no country on Earth has stepped forward since the authorization
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ืืš ืฉื•ื ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื– ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ
07:55
to actually put its troops or its police in harm's way.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื”.
07:58
So we have achieved an awful lot relative to the 20th century,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืื” ื”-20,
08:03
and yet far too little relative to the gravity of the crime that is unfolding
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื™ื
08:07
as we sit here, as we speak.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:09
Why the limits to the movement?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื”?
08:12
Why is what has been achieved, or what the movement has done,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’, ืื• ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื•ืœืœื”,
08:16
been necessary but not sufficient to the crime?
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืคืฉืข?
08:18
I think there are a couple -- there are many reasons --
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™-- ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช--
08:20
but a couple just to focus on briefly.
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ืืš ืื‘ื™ื ืจืง ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ืืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืฆืจื”.
08:22
The first is that the movement, such as it is,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
08:26
stops at America's borders. It is not a global movement.
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ืขื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
08:30
It does not have too many compatriots abroad who themselves
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืฆื™ื“ื
08:34
are asking their governments to do more to stop genocide.
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ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืจืฆื—-ืขื.
08:38
And the Holocaust culture that we have in this country
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ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื ื›ื ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื ื•
08:40
makes Americans, sort of, more prone to, I think,
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
08:43
want to bring Never Again to life.
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ืœื”ืคื™ื— ืจื•ื—-ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”"ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขื•ื“".
08:46
The guilt that the Clinton administration expressed,
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ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื ืžืžืฉืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ,
08:50
that Bill Clinton expressed over Rwanda,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืจื•ืื ื“ื”,
08:52
created a space in our society for a consensus
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ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืขื™ื
08:54
that Rwanda was bad and wrong
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข ื•ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™
08:56
and we wish we had done more, and that is something
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ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
08:58
that the movement has taken advantage of.
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ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื ืฆืœืช.
09:00
European governments, for the most part,
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ืžืžืฉืœื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื,
09:01
haven't acknowledged responsibility, and there's nothing to kind of
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ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื›ืœื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ
09:04
to push back and up against.
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ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื• ื•ืœื”ืชืงื•ืžื ื ื’ื“ื•.
09:08
So this movement, if it's to be durable and global,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
09:12
will have to cross borders, and you will have to see
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ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช
09:15
other citizens in democracies, not simply resting on the assumption
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ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
09:19
that their government would do something in the face of genocide,
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ืฉืžืžืฉืœืชื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื,
09:22
but actually making it such.
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ืืœื ืžืืœืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
09:24
Governments will never gravitate towards crimes of this magnitude
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืœืคืฉืขื™ื ืžืกื“ืจื™-ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืืœื”,
09:27
naturally or eagerly.
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ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”.
09:29
As we saw, they haven't even gravitated towards protecting our ports
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ื•
09:31
or reigning in loose nukes.
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ืื• ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ.
09:33
Why would we expect in a bureaucracy that it would orient itself
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ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉืชืžืงื“ ืขืฆืžื”
09:37
towards distant suffering?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื‘ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืจื—ื•ืงื”?
09:39
So one reason is it hasn't gone global.
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ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
09:41
The second is, of course, that at this time in particular in America's history,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
09:45
we have a credibility problem,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืช,
09:47
a legitimacy problem in international institutions.
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
09:49
It is structurally really, really hard to do,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
09:52
as the Bush administration rightly does,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ ื ื•ื”ื’, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง,
09:54
which is to denounce genocide on a Monday
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ื‘ื’ื ื•ืชื• ืจืฆื—-ืขื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“
09:58
and then describe water boarding on a Tuesday as a no-brainer
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ื‘ืชืืจื• ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืงืœื”, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
10:01
and then turn up on Wednesday and look for troop commitments.
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ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœื•ื— ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช.
10:05
Now, other countries have their own reasons for not wanting to get involved.
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘.
10:08
Let me be clear.
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ืื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™:
10:10
They're in some ways using the Bush administration as an alibi.
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ื›ืš ืื• ืื—ืจืช ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืœื™ื‘ื™.
10:13
But it is essential for us to be a leader in this sphere,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
10:17
of course to restore our standing and our leadership in the world.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
10:21
The recovery's going to take some time.
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ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื™ืืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
10:23
We have to ask ourselves, what now? What do we do going forward
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•, ืžื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื
10:26
as a country and as citizens in relationship to the world's worst places,
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ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
10:30
the world's worst suffering, killers, and the kinds of killers
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ืœืกื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœืื•ืชื ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื
10:35
that could come home to roost sometime in the future?
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ืฉืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”?
10:40
The place that I turned to answer that question was to a man
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืœืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“,
10:46
that many of you may not have ever heard of,
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ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืืฃ ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื™ื•,
10:49
and that is a Brazilian named Sergio Vieira de Mello who,
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ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™ ื‘ืฉื ืกืจื’'ื™ื• ื•ื™ื™ืจื” ื“ื” ืžืœื•, ืืฉืจ,
10:54
as Chris said, was blown up in Iraq in 2003.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืจื™ืก ืืžืจ, ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ืขื™ืจืง ื‘-2003.
11:00
He was the victim of the first-ever suicide bomb in Iraq.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืžื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชืื‘ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจืง.
11:03
It's hard to remember, but there was actually a time in the summer of 2003,
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ืงืฉื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ืืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 2003,
11:06
even after the U.S. invasion, where,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื•,
11:09
apart from looting, civilians were relatively safe in Iraq.
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ืคืจื˜ ืœืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื”, ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืขื™ืจืง ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™.
11:13
Now, who was Sergio? Sergio Vieira de Mello was his name.
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ืื– ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืกืจื’'ื™ื•? ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื’'ื™ื• ื•ื™ื™ืจื” ื“ื” ืžืœื•,
11:16
In addition to being Brazilian, he was described to me
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ื•ืคืจื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™, ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืคื ื™
11:19
before I met him in 1994 as someone who was a cross between
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘-1994, ื›ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ
11:22
James Bond on the one hand and Bobby Kennedy on the other.
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ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ื•ื ื“ ื•ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืงื ื“ื™.
11:26
And in the U.N., you don't get that many people
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ื•ื‘ืื•"ื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
11:29
who actually manage to merge those qualities.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžื–ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
11:32
He was James Bond-like in that he was ingenious.
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ื”ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก-ื‘ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืืชื•.
11:36
He was drawn to the flames, he chased the flames,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ืืœ ื”ืืฉ, ื”ื•ื ืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช,
11:39
he was like a moth to the flames. Something of an adrenalin junkie.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ืืœ ื”ืืฉ ื›ืžื• ืขืฉ. ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืžื-ืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ.
11:42
He was successful with women.
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ื”ืœืš ืœื• ืขื ื ืฉื™ื.
11:47
He was Bobby Kennedy-like because in some ways one could never tell
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ื”ื‘ื•ื‘-ืงื ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืขืช
11:51
if he was a realist masquerading as an idealist
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืฉืžืชื—ืคืฉ ืœืื™ื“ืืœื™ืกื˜
11:53
or an idealist masquerading as a realist, as people always wondered
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ืื• ืื™ื“ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืฉืžืชื—ืคืฉ ืœืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืชื”ื• ืชืžื™ื“
11:57
about Bobby Kennedy and John Kennedy in that way.
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืงื ื“ื™ ื•ืœื’'ื•ืŸ ืงื ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ.
12:00
What he was was a decathlete of nation-building, of problem-solving,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘-ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
12:04
of troubleshooting in the world's worst places
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ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืชืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
12:07
and in the world's most broken places.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:10
In failing states, genocidal states, under-governed states,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืงืจืกื•, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆื—-ืขื, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืœื ืžืžืฉืœ,
12:14
precisely the kinds of places that threats to this country exist
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื•
12:19
on the horizon, and precisely the kinds of places
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ืื™ื•ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
12:22
where most of the world's suffering tends to get concentrated.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
12:26
These are the places he was drawn to.
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ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš.
12:28
He moved with the headlines.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืœืคื™ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื.
12:30
He was in the U.N. for 34 years. He joined at the age of 21.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืื•"ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 34 ืฉื ื”. ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 21.
12:35
Started off when the causes in the wars du jour in the '70s
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ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ "ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช" ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70
12:38
were wars of independence and decolonization.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช.
12:40
He was there in Bangladesh
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ
12:42
dealing with the outflow of millions of refugees --
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ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ืจื ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื--
12:44
the largest refugee flow in history up to that point.
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ื–ืจื ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขื“ ืื–.
12:47
He was in Sudan when the civil war broke out there.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ ื›ืฉืคืจืฆื” ืฉื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
12:50
He was in Cyprus right after the Turkish invasion.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืคืœื™ืฉืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื.
12:53
He was in Mozambique for the War of Independence.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ืžื‘ื™ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
12:55
He was in Lebanon. Amazingly, he was in Lebanon -- the U.N. base was used --
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ-- ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืื•"ื ืฉื ืฉื™ืžืฉ--
12:58
Palestinians staged attacks out from behind the U.N. base.
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ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืื•"ื.
13:02
Israel then invaded and overran the U.N. base.
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ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืœืฉื” ืœืฉื ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืื•"ื.
13:05
Sergio was in Beirut when the U.S. Embassy was hit
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ืกืจื’'ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื”"ื‘
13:07
by the first-ever suicide attack against the United States.
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ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ืืจื”"ื‘.
13:10
People date the beginning of this new era to 9/11, but surely 1983,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘-11.9, ืืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉ-1983,
13:15
with the attack on the US Embassy and the Marine barracks --
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ืขื ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆื™--
13:17
which Sergio witnessed -- those are, in fact, in some ways,
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ืฉืกืจื’'ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœื”ื-- ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
13:20
the dawning of the era that we find ourselves in today.
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ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
13:24
From Lebanon he went to Bosnia in the '90s.
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ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90.
13:27
The issues were, of course, ethnic sectarian violence.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื.
13:31
He was the first person to negotiate with the Khmer Rouge.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื ื•ื ืชืŸ ืขื ื”ื—ืžืจ-ืจื•ื’'.
13:34
Talk about evil prevailing. I mean, here he was in the room
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ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืข: ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื“ืจ
13:37
with the embodiment of evil in Cambodia.
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ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืข ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.
13:39
He negotiates with the Serbs.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ื•ื ืชืŸ ืขื ื”ืกืจื‘ื™ื.
13:41
He actually crosses so far into this realm of talking to evil
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ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ื›ื” ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืจื•ืข
13:45
and trying to convince evil that it doesn't need to prevail
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ื•ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš,
13:48
that he earns the nickname -- not Sergio but Serbio
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืงื ื” ืœื• ืืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• - ืœื ืกืจื’'ื™ื• ืืœื ืกืจื‘ื™ื•,
13:51
while he's living in the Balkans and conducting these kinds of negotiations.
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ื›ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœืงืŸ ื•ื ื™ื”ืœ ืžื’ืขื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
13:56
He then goes to Rwanda and to Congo in the aftermath of the genocide,
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ื•ืื– ื ืกืข ืœืจื•ืื ื“ื” ื•ืœืงื•ื ื’ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื,
13:59
and he's the guy who has to decide -- huh, OK, the genocide is over;
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข-- ืื”, ื›ืŸ, ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื;
14:02
800,000 people have been killed; the people responsible are fleeing
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800,000 ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•; ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื
14:06
into neighboring countries -- into Congo, into Tanzania.
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ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช: ืœืงื•ื ื’ื•, ืœื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”,
14:09
I'm Sergio, I'm a humanitarian, and I want to feed those --
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ืื ื™ ืกืจื’'ื™ื• ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜, ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช--
14:12
well, I don't want to feed the killers
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ื ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื
14:14
but I want to feed the two million people who are with them, so we're going to go,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืชื,
14:17
we're going to set up camps,
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ืื– ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื—ื ื•ืช,
14:19
and we're going to supply humanitarian aid.
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ื•ื ืกืคืง ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™.
14:21
But, uh-oh, the killers are within the camps.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื’ืข, ื’ื ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช.
14:24
Well, I'd like to separate the sheep from the wolves.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ืฉื™ื.
14:26
Let me go door-to-door to the international community
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ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ืœืช ืœื“ืœืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืืฉืืœ
14:28
and see if anybody will give me police or troops to do the separation.
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ืžื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืื• ืฆื‘ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื”
14:31
And their response, of course, was no more than we wanted
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ื•ื”ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื• ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•
14:34
to stop the genocide and put our troops in harm's way to do that,
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ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืจืฆื— ื”ืขื ื•ืœืกื›ืŸ ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื•,
14:37
nor do we now want to get in the way and pluck genocidaires from camps.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื•ืœืชืœื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช.
14:42
So then you have to make the decision.
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ื•ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”:
14:44
Do you turn off the international spigot of life support
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ื”ืื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื– ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืชื•ืžืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
14:46
and risk two million civilian lives?
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ื•ืœืกื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื?
14:50
Or do you continue feeding the civilians, knowing that the genocidaires
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ืื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื
14:53
are in the camps, literally sharpening their knives for future battle?
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื—ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ืกื›ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœืงืจื‘ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™
14:57
What do you do?
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
14:58
It's all lesser-evil terrain in these broken places.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื–ื• ืฉืืœืช ื”ืจืข ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื•.
15:01
Late '90s: nation-building is the cause du jour.
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ืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90: ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ.
15:04
He's the guy put in charge. He's the Paul Bremer or the Jerry Bremer
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืžื•ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืžืจ ืื• ื”ื’'ืจื™ ื‘ืจืžืจ
15:08
of first Kosovo and then East Timor. He governs the places.
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ืกื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืื—ืจ ืžื–ืจื— ื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ืฉื.
15:11
He's the viceroy. He has to decide on tax policy, on currency,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžืœืš. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืก ืื• ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข,
15:15
on border patrol, on policing. He has to make all these judgments.
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
15:19
He's a Brazilian in these places. He speaks seven languages.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœืื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจ 7 ืฉืคื•ืช.
15:22
He's been up to that point in 14 war zones
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ืขื“ ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘-14 ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”
15:24
so he's positioned to make better judgments, perhaps,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:27
than people who have never done that kind of work.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขืกืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื›ื–ื•.
15:29
But nonetheless, he is the cutting edge of our experimentation
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ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
15:33
with doing good with very few resources being brought to bear in,
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ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
15:36
again, the world's worst places.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
15:38
And then after Timor, 9/11 has happened,
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ื•ืื–, ืื—ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ, ืืจืข ื”-11.9.
15:41
he's named U.N. Human Rights Commissioner,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœื ืฆื™ื‘ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื,
15:43
and he has to balance liberty and security and figure out,
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ื•ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื
15:46
what do you do when the most powerful country in the United Nations
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืื•"ื
15:49
is bowing out of the Geneva Conventions,
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ืคื•ืจืฉืช ืžืืžื ืช ื–'ื ื‘ื”,
15:52
bowing out of international law? Do you denounce?
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ืคื•ืจืฉืช ืžื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ืื ืœื’ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”?
15:54
Well, if you denounce,
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ืื ืชื’ื ื” ืื•ืชื”
15:55
you're probably never going to get back in the room.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืชื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช.
15:57
Maybe you stay reticent. Maybe you try to charm President Bush --
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื‘ืœื™ื’. ืื•ืœื™ ืชื ืกื” ืœื”ืงืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืฉ--
16:02
and that's what he did. And in so doing he earned himself,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื”,
16:05
unfortunately, his final and tragic appointment to Iraq --
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืจืง--
16:08
the one that resulted in his death.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืชื•.
16:10
One note on his death, which is so devastating,
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ื”ืขืจื” ืื—ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืžืขืฆื™ื‘ื”:
16:13
is that despite predicating the war on Iraq
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืง ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื”
16:15
on a link between Saddam Hussein and terrorism in 9/11,
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ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”-11.9,
16:20
believe it or not, the Bush administration or the invaders
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื• ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื
16:23
did no planning, no pre-war planning, to respond to terrorism.
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ืœื ืชื›ื ื ื• ื›ืœื•ื. ืฉื•ื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืงื“ื™ื ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
16:27
So Sergio -- this receptacle of all of this learning on how to deal with evil
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ื•ืกืจื’'ื™ื•-- ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจื•ืข
16:31
and how to deal with brokenness,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ,
16:33
lay under the rubble for three and a half hours without rescue.
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ืฉื›ื‘ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื”ืจื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 3.5 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืœื ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ.
16:37
Stateless. The guy who tried to help the stateless people his whole career.
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ืื“ื ืœืœื ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
16:41
Like a refugee. Because he represents the U.N.
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ื›ืžื• ืคืœื™ื˜. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืื•"ื,
16:43
If you represent everyone, in some ways you represent no one.
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ืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื™ืฉ.
16:46
You're un-owned.
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ืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืื™ืฉ.
16:48
And what the American -- the most powerful military in the history of mankind
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
16:51
was able to muster for his rescue,
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ืจื“ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืฆื•,
16:53
believe it or not, was literally these heroic two American soldiers
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš,
16:57
went into the shaft. Building was shaking.
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ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคื™ืจ, ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• ืจืขื“,
16:59
One of them had been at 9/11 and lost his buddies on September 11th,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘-11.9 ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื,
17:03
and yet went in and risked his life in order to save Sergio.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืกื™ื›ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืกืจื’'ื™ื•.
17:05
But all they had was a woman's handbag --
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืง-ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื”--
17:09
literally one of those basket handbags --
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ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืกืœื™ื--
17:11
and they tied it to a curtain rope from one of the offices at U.N. headquarters,
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ื•ื”ื ืงืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื‘ืœ-ื•ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืื•"ื,
17:15
and created a pulley system into this shaft in this quivering building
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ืœื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื“ืช ืœืคื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืขื“
17:20
in the interests of rescuing this person,
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”,
17:23
the person we most need to turn to now, this shepherd,
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืื ื• ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื• ื›ืขืช, ื”ืจื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื”,
17:26
at a time when so many of us feel like we're lacking guidance.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื”-ื“ืจืš.
17:29
And this was the pulley system. This was what we were able to muster for Sergio.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ืœื’ื™ืœื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื’ืจื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืจื’'ื™ื•.
17:32
The good news, for what it's worth,
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืขืจืš,
17:34
is after Sergio and 21 others were killed that day in the attack on the U.N.,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกืจื’'ื™ื• ื•-21 ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•"ื,
17:38
the military created a search and rescue unit
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ
17:40
that had the cutting equipment, the shoring wood, the cranes,
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ืฉืฆื•ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“, ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชืžืš, ืžื ื•ืคื™ื,
17:44
the things that you would have needed to do the rescue.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ.
17:46
But it was too late for Sergio.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกืจื’'ื™ื•.
17:48
I want to wrap up, but I want to close
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื
17:50
with what I take to be the four lessons from Sergio's life
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ืขื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืจื’'ื™ื•
17:54
on this question of how do we prevent evil from prevailing,
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืข,
17:57
which is how I would have framed the question.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื—ืช ื–ืืช.
18:00
Here's this guy who got a 34-year head start
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื–ื›ื” ืœื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 34 ืฉื ื™ื
18:03
thinking about the kinds of questions we as a country are grappling with,
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ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื•, ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžืชื—ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ,
18:07
we as citizens are grappling with now. What do we take away?
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ืฉืื ื• ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ. ืžื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืžื–ื”?
18:12
First, I think, is his relationship to, in fact, evil is something to learn from.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืœืจื•ืข.
18:17
He, over the course of his career, changed a great deal.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•.
18:20
He had a lot of flaws, but he was very adaptive.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื’ืžื™ื, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ.
18:22
I think that was his greatest quality.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœื•.
18:24
He started as somebody who would denounce harmdoers,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ื›ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื’ื ื” ื—ื•ืจืฉื™-ืจืข,
18:28
he would charge up to people who were violating international law,
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ื ื”ื’ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืคืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ,
18:31
and he would say, you're violating, this is the U.N. Charter.
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ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•, "ืืชื ืžืคื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื.
18:33
Don't you see it's unacceptable what you're doing?
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"ืื™ื ื›ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ?"
18:35
And they would laugh at him because he didn't have the power of states,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืขื’ื™ื ืœื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
18:38
the power of any military or police.
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ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืื• ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
18:40
He just had the rules, he had the norms, and he tried to use them.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืจืง ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
18:43
And in Lebanon, Southern Lebanon in '82,
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ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 1982,
18:46
he said to himself and to everybody else,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ,
18:49
I will never use the word "unacceptable" again.
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"ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ'.
18:52
I will never use it. I will try to make it such,
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"ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื. ืืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื›ืš,
18:54
but I will never use that word again.
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"ืืš ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื–ื”"
18:56
But he lunged in the opposite direction.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชืงืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš.
18:58
He started, as I mentioned, to get in the room with evil,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื“ืจ ืขื ื”ืจื•ืข,
19:01
to not denounce, and became almost obsequious
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื’ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืชืจืคืก
19:05
when he won the nickname Serbio, for instance,
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ื›ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืกืจื‘ื™ื•", ืœืžืฉืœ,
19:08
and even when he negotiated with the Khmer Rouge
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื ืฉื ื•ื ืชืŸ ืขื ื”ื—ืžืจ ืจื•ื–'
19:10
would black-box what had occurred prior to entering the room.
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ื”ื ื™ื— ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจ.
19:14
But by the end of his life, I think he had struck a balance
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ
19:17
that we as a country can learn from.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื•.
19:19
Be in the room, don't be afraid of talking to your adversaries,
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ืฉื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ืืœ ืชื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘,
19:23
but don't bracket what happened before you entered the room.
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ืืš ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื—ื“ืจ.
19:27
Don't black-box history. Don't check your principles at the door.
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ืืœ ืชืชืขืœื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ. ืืœ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ืš.
19:32
And I think that's something that we have to be in the room,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจ,
19:35
whether it's Nixon going to China or Khrushchev and Kennedy
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ืื ื–ื” ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ืื• ื›ืจื•ืฉืฆ'ื•ื‘ ื•ืงื ื“ื™,
19:39
or Reagan and Gorbachev.
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ืื• ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืจื‘ืฆ'ื•ื‘.
19:41
All the great progress in this country with relation to our adversaries
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ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•
19:45
has come by going into the room.
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ื ื‘ืขื• ืžื›ืš ืฉื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืื™ืชื ืœื—ื“ืจ.
19:47
And it doesn't have to be an act of weakness.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื”.
19:50
You can actually do far more to build an international coalition
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ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืงืžืช ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื "ืœ
19:53
against a harmdoer or a wrongdoer by being in the room
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ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืจืฉื™-ืจืข ืื• ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืื™ืชื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ
19:56
and showing to the rest of the world that that person, that regime,
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ื•ืžืจืื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื“ื, ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื˜ืจ,
19:59
is the problem and that you, the United States, are not the problem.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืชื, ืืจื”"ื‘, ืื™ื ื›ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
20:02
Second take-away from Sergio's life, briefly.
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ืœืงื— ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืจื’'ื™ื•, ื‘ืงืฆืจื”,
20:06
What I take away, and this in some ways is the most important,
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ื”ืœืงื— ืฉืœื™, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ,
20:08
he espoused and exhibited a reverence for dignity
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื“ื,
20:14
that was really, really unusual.
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ื™ื—ืก ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
20:16
At a micro level, the individuals around him were visible.
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื ืจืื• ืœืขื™ืŸ.
20:20
He saw them.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื.
20:21
At a macro level, he thought, you know,
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืืงืจื•, ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ,
20:23
we talk about democracy promotion, but we do it in a way sometimes
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
20:26
that's an affront to people's dignity.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
20:29
We put people on humanitarian aid
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ืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
20:31
and we boast about it because we've spent three billion.
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ื•ืžืชื’ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื ื• 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
20:33
It's incredibly important,
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืจื ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
20:34
those people would no longer be alive if the United States, for instance,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื•ืœื ืืจื”"ื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ,
20:36
hadn't spent that money in Darfur,
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืคื•ืจ,
20:39
but it's not a way to live.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
20:40
If we think about dignity in our conduct as citizens
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ืื ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื• ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
20:43
and as individuals with relation to the people around us,
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ื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ืขื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
20:46
and as a country, if we could inject a regard for dignity
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ื•ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื ื ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“
20:48
into our dealings with other countries,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
20:51
it would be something of a revolution.
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ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื”ืคื›ื”.
20:53
Third point, very briefly. He talked a lot about freedom from fear.
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ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืงืฆืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ืคื—ื“.
20:57
And I recognize there is so much to be afraid of.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืœืคื—ื“.
21:00
There are so many genuine threats in the world.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื.
21:02
But what Sergio was talking about is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืกืจื’'ื™ื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื
21:04
let's calibrate our relationship to the threat.
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ืœื›ื™ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ืขื ื”ืื™ื•ื.
21:06
Let's not hype the threat; let's actually see it clearly.
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ืœื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื™ื•ื: ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื.
21:09
We have reason to be afraid of melting ice caps.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžื”ืžืกืช ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืจื—.
21:12
We have reason to be afraid that we haven't secured
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื ื•
21:15
loose nuclear material in the former Soviet Union.
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ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™.
21:18
Let's focus on what are the legitimate challenges and threats,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื,
21:22
but not lunge into bad decisions because of a panic, of a fear.
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ื•ืœื ื ืงืคื•ืฅ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ื”ืœื” ืื• ืคื—ื“.
21:27
In times of fear, for instance, one of the things Sergio used to say
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ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืช ืคื—ื“, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืกืจื’'ื™ื• ื ื”ื’ ืœื•ืžืจ
21:29
is, fear is a bad advisor.
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ื”ื™ื”, "ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื’ืจื•ืข."
21:31
We lunge towards the extremes
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ืื ื• ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืœืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
21:33
when we aren't operating and trying to, again,
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ื›ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ืžื ืกื™ื, ืฉื•ื‘,
21:35
calibrate our relationship to the world around us.
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ืœื›ื™ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•.
21:37
Fourth and final point: he somehow, because he was working
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ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื”: ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ
21:40
in all the world's worst places and all lesser evils,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืจืข-ื‘ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื•,
21:43
had a humility, of course,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
21:45
and an awareness of the complexity of the world around him.
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ื•ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
21:48
I mean, such an acute awareness of how hard it was.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื”,
21:50
How Sisyphean this task was of mending,
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ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื•,
21:54
and yet aware of that complexity,
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ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
21:56
humbled by it, he wasn't paralyzed by it.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ืชืง ืื•ืชื•.
21:59
And we as citizens, as we go through this experience of the kind of,
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ื•ืื ื• ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื›ื–ื•,
22:04
the crisis of confidence, crisis of competence, crisis of legitimacy,
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ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื–ื”ื•ืช, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
22:08
I think there's a temptation to pull back from the world and say,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ,
22:11
ah, Katrina, Iraq -- we don't know what we're doing.
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ืื”, ืงืชืจื™ื ื”, ืขื™ืจืง-- ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
22:13
We can't afford to pull back from the world.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
22:16
It's a question of how to be in the world.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
22:19
And the lesson, I think,
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ื•ื”ืœืงื—, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
22:20
of the anti-genocide movement that I mentioned,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื—-ืขื ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื,
22:22
that is a partial success but by no means
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜
22:24
has it achieved what it has set out to do --
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ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’--
22:27
it'll be many decades, probably, before that happens --
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ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื›ืš ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื--
22:30
but is that if we want to see change, we have to become the change.
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ืืš ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
22:34
We can't rely upon our institutions to do the work
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื”
22:38
of necessarily talking to adversaries on their own
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ื ื•, ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™
22:42
without us creating a space for that to happen,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ืš,
22:44
for having respect for dignity,
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ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืฆืœื-ืื ื•ืฉ,
22:46
and for bringing that combination of humility
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ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ ืขื ื•ื•ื”
22:48
and a sort of emboldened sense of responsibility
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื—ื•ืฉ
22:51
to our dealings with the rest of the world.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
22:53
So will evil prevail? Is that the question?
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ื”ืื ื”ืจื•ืข ื™ื ืฆื—? ื”ืื ื–ื• ื”ืฉืืœื”?
22:55
I think the short answer is: no, not unless we let it.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื: ืœื, ืืœื ืื ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•.
22:59
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
23:00
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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