Samantha Power: Shaking hands with the devil

翻訳: Mami Kawade 校正: Masaki Yanagishita

I spent the better part of a decade

私は10年近く

looking at American responses to mass atrocity and genocide.

残虐行為や大量虐殺に対する 米国の反応を研究してきました

And I'd like to start by sharing with you one moment

エピソードをご紹介しましょう 私はここで

that to me sums up what there is to know

米国と民主主義の反応について

about American and democratic responses to mass atrocity.

何を知るべきなのか学びました

And that moment came on April 21, 1994.

1994年4月21日のことです 14年前ですね

So 14 years ago, almost, in the middle of the Rwandan genocide,

ルワンダでは大虐殺が進行中で

in which 800,000 people would be systematically exterminated

政府と一部の過激派によって 80万の人々が―

by the Rwandan government and some extremist militia.

組織的に 殺されようとしていました

On April 21, in the New York Times,

その日 ニューヨークタイムズ紙は

the paper reported that somewhere between 200,000 and 300,000 people

既に虐殺された人の数を

had already been killed in the genocide.

20～30万人と報道しましたが

It was in the paper -- not on the front page.

一面記事ではありませんでした

It was a lot like the Holocaust coverage,

ホロコーストの報道ととても似ていて

it was buried in the paper.

注目されませんでした

Rwanda itself was not seen as newsworthy,

ルワンダも虐殺も―

and amazingly, genocide itself was not seen as newsworthy.

報道価値はないと みなされたのです

But on April 21, a wonderfully honest moment occurred.

4月21日には こんな驚くほど率直なやり取りが 残されています

And that was that an American congresswoman

パトリシア・シュローダーという

named Patricia Schroeder from Colorado

コロラド州下院議員が

met with a group of journalists.

報道陣と会った際

And one of the journalists said to her, what's up?

記者が尋ねました 「この2週間　ルワンダでは

What's going on in the U.S. government?

20～30万人が虐殺された

Two to 300,000 people have just been exterminated

それなのに米政府は

in the last couple of weeks in Rwanda.

何をしてるんだ？」と

It's two weeks into the genocide at that time,

虐殺が始まって２週間

but of course, at that time you don't know how long it's going to last.

いつ終わるとも知れませんでした

And the journalist said, why is there so little response out of Washington?

記者は言いました　「何故米政府は 公聴会も開かず 非難声明も出さず

Why no hearings, no denunciations,

大使館やホワイトハウスの前で

no people getting arrested in front of the Rwandan embassy

デモをして捕まる人もいないのか

or in front of the White House? What's the deal?

何が起こってるんだ？」と

And she said -- she was so honest -- she said, "It's a great question.

議員は正直に答えました 「それが問題なのです

All I can tell you is that in my congressional office in Colorado

コロラドでも ワシントンでも

and my office in Washington,

大勢が電話をくれます

we're getting hundreds and hundreds of calls

けれど内容は

about the endangered ape and gorilla population in Rwanda,

絶滅寸前のゴリラの事で 虐殺される人間の事は―

but nobody is calling about the people.

誰も話しません

The phones just aren't ringing about the people."

人間のことでの電話はありません」

And the reason I give you this moment is there's a deep truth in it.

このエピソードは 奥の深い真実を教えてくれます

And that truth is, or was, in the 20th century,

こういうことです―でした　 20世紀に

that while we were beginning to develop endangered species movements,

絶滅危惧種を救う運動が始まりました でも私達は危機的状況にある

we didn't have an endangered people's movement.

人々のためには 何もしません

We had Holocaust education in the schools.

学校では ホロコーストについて学び

Most of us were groomed not only on images of nuclear catastrophe,

大勢が 核戦争と同様

but also on images and knowledge of the Holocaust.

ホロコーストについても 知識を持っている

There's a museum, of course, on the Mall in Washington,

ワシントンには ナショナルモールに

right next to Lincoln and Jefferson.

ホロコースト博物館だってある

I mean, we have owned Never Again culturally,

文化面では 適切に関心を持って

appropriately, interestingly.

私達は｢繰り返すまい」と してきました

And yet the politicization of Never Again,

けれど 政治の世界では 問題にされず

the operationalization of Never Again,

具体的な運動も―

had never occurred in the 20th century.

20世紀には起こらなかった

And that's what that moment with Patricia Schroeder I think shows:

議員の言葉が 示すのは―

that if we are to bring about an end to the world's worst atrocities,

世界中の残虐行為を終わらせるためには そういう運動が

we have to make it such.

必要だという事

There has to be a role --

人道的犯罪に対し

there has to be the creation of political noise and political costs

政治的な騒動がおき 政治的な代償を払う事

in response to massive crimes against humanity, and so forth.

それが必要なのです

So that was the 20th century.

でも安心してください

Now here -- and this will be a relief to you at this point in the afternoon --

素晴らしいニュースが あります

there is good news, amazing news, in the 21st century,

20世紀には存在しなかった―

and that is that, almost out of nowhere, there has come into being

虐殺に反対する運動や団体が 21世紀　どこからともなく出現し

an anti-genocide movement, an anti-genocide constituency,

しかも 恐らくは

and one that looks destined, in fact, to be permanent.

消えてなくなることは ないでしょう

It grew up in response to the atrocities in Darfur.

ダルフール紛争反対を掲げ

It is comprised of students. There are something like 300 anti-genocide chapters

学生達が始めた団体は全国の大学に広まり 支部は約300

on college campuses around the country.

反アパルトヘイト運動より

It's bigger than the anti-apartheid movement.

大規模な運動です

There are something like 500 high school chapters

ダルフールの虐殺を やめさせようとする

devoted to stopping the genocide in Darfur.

高校の支部は約500

Evangelicals have joined it. Jewish groups have joined it.

参加者はいろいろ 福音派 ユダヤ教徒

"Hotel Rwanda" watchers have joined it. It is a cacophonous movement.

『ホテル・ルワンダ』を見て 虐殺の事を知った人もいます

To call it a movement, as with all movements, perhaps, is a little misleading.

これは「運動｣では ないかも知れません

It's diverse. It's got a lot of different approaches.

いろいろな やり方を用い

It's got all the ups and the downs of movements.

成功も失敗もあります

But it has been amazingly successful in one regard,

ただ 危機に置かれた人々のための

in that it has become,

運動を形作ったという意味で

it has congealed into this endangered people's movement

20世紀になかったものを 作り出すことに

that was missing in the 20th century.

成功したと言えるのです

It sees itself, such as it is, the it,

この｢運動｣の目的は もし―

as something that will create the impression that there will be political cost,

虐殺を止めようとせず 虐殺について考えず

there will be a political price to be paid,

何もしない 傍観者でいれば

for allowing genocide, for not having an heroic imagination,

政治の世界では 非難される

for not being an upstander but for being, in fact, a bystander.

そう人々に思わせる事なのです

Now because it's student-driven,

学生による運動だからこそ

there's some amazing things that the movement has done.

素晴らしい事もあります

They have launched a divestment campaign

22の州 55の大学で

that has now convinced, I think, 55 universities in 22 states

スーダンで事業をしている 会社の株を手放そうという

to divest their holdings of stocks

活動があります

with regard to companies doing business in Sudan.

1800 GENOCIDE(虐殺)という

They have a 1-800-GENOCIDE number --

番号に電話すれば

this is going to sound very kitsch,

参加できます

but for those of you who may not be, I mean, may be apolitical,

と言うと 政治に無関心な人は

but interested in doing something about genocide,

悪趣味だと思うかも知れません

you dial 1-800-GENOCIDE and you type in your zip code,

でも 何かしたいと 思う人には

and you don't even have to know who your congressperson is.

手軽な方法です

It will refer you directly to your congressperson, to your U.S. senator,

投資引き揚げ法案を議論中の 政治家に―

to your governor where divestment legislation is pending.

直接 訴えかけることができ

They've lowered the transaction costs of stopping genocide.

そのおかげで 反虐殺行動が容易になります

I think the most innovative thing they've introduced recently

最近一番｢新しい｣と 思ったのは

are genocide grades.

「虐殺評価」というものです

And it takes students to introduce genocide grades.

評価するのは 学生達です

So what you now have when a Congress is in session

今や 下院の会期中には

is members of Congress calling up these 19-year-olds or 24-year-olds

議員が20歳そこそこの学生に 電話をかけて言います

and saying, I'm just told I have a D minus on genocide;

｢反虐殺行動の成績がDマイナスだった」

what do I do to get a C? I just want to get a C. Help me.

「Cを取るにはどうすればいい？」

And the students and the others

この運動に参加する

who are part of this incredibly energized base

学生や他の人々は

are there to answer that, and there's always something to do.

それに答えることができます いつでも何かするべき事があるのです

Now, what this movement has done is it has extracted from the Bush administration

この活動は 軍事、経済、外交で余裕のない時期に

from the United States,

ブッシュ政権と国家に

at a time of massive over-stretch -- military, financial, diplomatic --

ダルフールでの出来事に対し 何かせねばという

a whole series of commitments to Darfur

義務感を持たせました

that no other country in the world is making.

他の国ではできなかったことです

For instance, the referral of the crimes in Darfur

ブッシュ政権は渋りつつ

to the International Criminal Court,

ダルフールの戦争犯罪を

which the Bush administration doesn't like.

国際法廷に持ち込み

The expenditure of 3 billion dollars in refugee camps to try to keep,

30億ドルを 難民キャンプに支出

basically, the people who've been displaced from their homes

紛争で家を失った人々が

by the Sudanese government, by the so-called Janjaweed, the militia,

もっと継続的な援助を

to keep those people alive

受けられるまで

until something more durable can be achieved.

生きていけるようにしました

And recently, or now not that recently,

もう半年前ですが

about six months ago, the authorization of a peacekeeping force

平和維持軍の 26000人を派遣する

of 26,000 that will go.

認可が下りました

And that's all the Bush administration's leadership,

ブッシュ政権のリーダーシップによってです

and it's all because of this bottom-up pressure

草の根運動の圧力

and the fact that the phones haven't stopped ringing

紛争勃発以来 人々が関心を―

from the beginning of this crisis.

持ち続けたおかげです

The bad news, however, to this question of will evil prevail,

しかし悲しい事に

is that evil lives on.

悪は滅びません

The people in those camps are surrounded on all sides

人々はキャンプで

by so-called Janjaweed, these men on horseback

槍と自動小銃を持ち 馬に乗った民兵達に

with spears and Kalashnikovs.

四方を囲まれています

Women who go to get firewood in order to heat the humanitarian aid

やっかいなことに 支援物資を食べるには 調理が必要なので

in order to feed their families -- humanitarian aid,

女性は料理するため

the dirty secret of it is it has to be heated, really, to be edible --

まきを拾いに行き レイプされる

are themselves subjected to rape,

レイプは虐殺の中でも

which is a tool of the genocide that is being used.

行われている事です

And the peacekeepers I've mentioned, the force has been authorized,

平和維持活動が許可されても

but almost no country on Earth has stepped forward since the authorization

危険な場所に 自国の部隊を送ろうとする国は

to actually put its troops or its police in harm's way.

ほぼゼロでした

So we have achieved an awful lot relative to the 20th century,

私達の運動の成果は 20世紀と比べるとずっと増しているにもかかわらず

and yet far too little relative to the gravity of the crime that is unfolding

現在進行中の犯罪の深刻さには

as we sit here, as we speak.

はるかに及びません

Why the limits to the movement?

なぜ運動に限界があるのか

Why is what has been achieved, or what the movement has done,

必要な事をしても足りないのは

been necessary but not sufficient to the crime?

なぜなのか

I think there are a couple -- there are many reasons --

理由は実に多様ですが

but a couple just to focus on briefly.

中で2-3を手短に話します

The first is that the movement, such as it is,

まず草の根の運動なので

stops at America's borders. It is not a global movement.

国内に留まり 国際的な運動になりません

It does not have too many compatriots abroad who themselves

自国の政府に 反虐殺運動をすすめる

are asking their governments to do more to stop genocide.

海外の同志は多くないのです

And the Holocaust culture that we have in this country

思うに米国には

makes Americans, sort of, more prone to, I think,

ホロコースト文化があるため

want to bring Never Again to life.

｢繰り返すまい｣という意識が強いのです

The guilt that the Clinton administration expressed,

クリントン政権は ルワンダ虐殺について

that Bill Clinton expressed over Rwanda,

罪悪感を表明

created a space in our society for a consensus

｢虐殺は悪だ」とする

that Rwanda was bad and wrong

世論を作り上げました

and we wish we had done more, and that is something

私達は無策を悔い

that the movement has taken advantage of.

運動はそれを利用しました

European governments, for the most part,

欧州では

haven't acknowledged responsibility, and there's nothing to kind of

責任を認める政府は稀で

to push back and up against.

反虐殺運動も起きていません

So this movement, if it's to be durable and global,

継続的 国際的な運動を 目指すなら

will have to cross borders, and you will have to see

この運動は国境を越え

other citizens in democracies, not simply resting on the assumption

民主主義国の国民が 政府まかせにせず

that their government would do something in the face of genocide,

実際に反虐殺の行動を 起こす事

but actually making it such.

それが必要になります

Governments will never gravitate towards crimes of this magnitude

これほど大規模な犯罪を 政府は

naturally or eagerly.

無視しようとするのです

As we saw, they haven't even gravitated towards protecting our ports

自国の港の防御や 核兵器管理といった―

or reigning in loose nukes.

問題から目を背けてきた

Why would we expect in a bureaucracy that it would orient itself

官僚が自ら 遠い外国の苦しみに―

towards distant suffering?

目を向けるでしょうか？

So one reason is it hasn't gone global.

問題を国際化できないことが運動の限界でした

The second is, of course, that at this time in particular in America's history,

そして 特に現在 国際機関には

we have a credibility problem,

信頼性や正当性に

a legitimacy problem in international institutions.

問題があります

It is structurally really, really hard to do,

ブッシュ政権が挑む

as the Bush administration rightly does,

大きな困難とは

which is to denounce genocide on a Monday

幅広い課題を抱えているという事

and then describe water boarding on a Tuesday as a no-brainer

虐殺を非難したかと思えば

and then turn up on Wednesday and look for troop commitments.

翌日は（自国で起きている）拷問の弁解 次は派兵国探し

Now, other countries have their own reasons for not wanting to get involved.

他国が何もしないのにも理由があり

Let me be clear.

はっきり言うと

They're in some ways using the Bush administration as an alibi.

ブッシュ政権は 言い訳に使われました

But it is essential for us to be a leader in this sphere,

でも肝心なのは 米国が他国を主導し

of course to restore our standing and our leadership in the world.

世界における立場と 主導権を回復する事

The recovery's going to take some time.

それには時間が必要です

We have to ask ourselves, what now? What do we do going forward

今 私達は 考えねばなりません

as a country and as citizens in relationship to the world's worst places,

国として 国民として 何ができるのか

the world's worst suffering, killers, and the kinds of killers

かつて苦難に襲われ また同じ目に遭いかねない

that could come home to roost sometime in the future?

世界で最も虐げられた地のため 何をできるのか？

The place that I turned to answer that question was to a man

私はその答えを ある男に求めました

that many of you may not have ever heard of,

知らない方も多いでしょうが

and that is a Brazilian named Sergio Vieira de Mello who,

ブラジル人外交官 セルジオ・ヴィエイラ・デメロです

as Chris said, was blown up in Iraq in 2003.

2003年 イラクで 最初の自爆テロの犠牲となり

He was the victim of the first-ever suicide bomb in Iraq.

爆死した人です

It's hard to remember, but there was actually a time in the summer of 2003,

2003年の夏 米国の侵攻後でも

even after the U.S. invasion, where,

略奪行為はあったにせよ

apart from looting, civilians were relatively safe in Iraq.

イラク国民は比較的 安全に過ごしていた

Now, who was Sergio? Sergio Vieira de Mello was his name.

セルジオとは どんな人物だったのか

In addition to being Brazilian, he was described to me

1994年 ブラジル人である彼と会うときに

before I met him in 1994 as someone who was a cross between

こう聞いていました ｢ボンドとボビー・ケネディを

James Bond on the one hand and Bobby Kennedy on the other.

足して二で割ったような人だ」

And in the U.N., you don't get that many people

そんな人 国連には

who actually manage to merge those qualities.

たくさんはいません

He was James Bond-like in that he was ingenious.

ボンドに似ていたのは 賢い所と―

He was drawn to the flames, he chased the flames,

火に引き寄せられる 蛾のように

he was like a moth to the flames. Something of an adrenalin junkie.

危険に魅せられ 危険を求めた所

He was successful with women.

そして女性にもてた所です

He was Bobby Kennedy-like because in some ways one could never tell

ボビー・ケネディに似ていたのは

if he was a realist masquerading as an idealist

理想主義ぶった現実主義者なのか

or an idealist masquerading as a realist, as people always wondered

現実主義ぶった理想主義者なのかが 分からない所

about Bobby Kennedy and John Kennedy in that way.

ジョン・ケネディもそうでした

What he was was a decathlete of nation-building, of problem-solving,

彼は世界でも最悪の 最も傷ついた土地で

of troubleshooting in the world's worst places

国を築き 問題を解決し

and in the world's most broken places.

争いを鎮め　 多方面で活躍

In failing states, genocidal states, under-governed states,

崩壊しつつある国 虐殺の起きた国 統治できていない国です

precisely the kinds of places that threats to this country exist

米国を脅かし この世から消そうとする国々

on the horizon, and precisely the kinds of places

世界でも最悪の苦しみが

where most of the world's suffering tends to get concentrated.

集中している国々 そんな国に―

These are the places he was drawn to.

彼は惹かれました

He moved with the headlines.

彼は注目の的でした

He was in the U.N. for 34 years. He joined at the age of 21.

21歳から34年間 国連に勤め

Started off when the causes in the wars du jour in the '70s

独立と非植民地化のために

were wars of independence and decolonization.

戦争が起きた70年代

He was there in Bangladesh

彼はバングラデシュで

dealing with the outflow of millions of refugees --

何百万の難民流出に対応

the largest refugee flow in history up to that point.

当時は史上最大の規模でした

He was in Sudan when the civil war broke out there.

スーダンの内戦の時は 現地に

He was in Cyprus right after the Turkish invasion.

トルコが侵攻した時は キプロスに

He was in Mozambique for the War of Independence.

モザンビーク独立戦争にも 居合わせました

He was in Lebanon. Amazingly, he was in Lebanon -- the U.N. base was used --

驚くべき事に彼はレバノンで 国連の基地におり

Palestinians staged attacks out from behind the U.N. base.

その背後からの パレスチナが軍事攻撃すると

Israel then invaded and overran the U.N. base.

イスラエルが侵攻して基地を制圧しました

Sergio was in Beirut when the U.S. Embassy was hit

米国大使館に対する

by the first-ever suicide attack against the United States.

初の自爆テロの時も 現地にいました

People date the beginning of this new era to 9/11, but surely 1983,

9・11が新時代の幕開けと されていますが

with the attack on the US Embassy and the Marine barracks --

1983年 彼が目撃した―

which Sergio witnessed -- those are, in fact, in some ways,

大使館と海兵隊兵舎への攻撃も

the dawning of the era that we find ourselves in today.

今のこの時代の 始まりを告げていました

From Lebanon he went to Bosnia in the '90s.

90年代に 彼はレバノンから ボスニアに移りました

The issues were, of course, ethnic sectarian violence.

民族間紛争が 問題となっていました

He was the first person to negotiate with the Khmer Rouge.

クメール・ルージュとは 最初に交渉

Talk about evil prevailing. I mean, here he was in the room

悪は滅びません つまり彼は―

with the embodiment of evil in Cambodia.

カンボジアの悪魔と

He negotiates with the Serbs.

セルビア軍を相手にしました

He actually crosses so far into this realm of talking to evil

彼は悪と対話する職務を越えて

and trying to convince evil that it doesn't need to prevail

勝たなくても大丈夫だ と説得を試みたので

that he earns the nickname -- not Sergio but Serbio

バルカン半島で 交渉をした時

while he's living in the Balkans and conducting these kinds of negotiations.

セルビア寄りだからと ｢セルビオ｣と呼ばれました

He then goes to Rwanda and to Congo in the aftermath of the genocide,

虐殺後のルワンダとコンゴで

and he's the guy who has to decide -- huh, OK, the genocide is over;

彼は決断を迫られました

800,000 people have been killed; the people responsible are fleeing

「80万人が殺された虐殺は終わり

into neighboring countries -- into Congo, into Tanzania.

責任者は近隣諸国に逃げた

I'm Sergio, I'm a humanitarian, and I want to feed those --

私は人道主義者だ

well, I don't want to feed the killers

人殺しを養いたくない

but I want to feed the two million people who are with them, so we're going to go,

だが彼らと一緒にいる２百万の人々の為

we're going to set up camps,

難民キャンプを築き

and we're going to supply humanitarian aid.

人道支援物資を配ろう

But, uh-oh, the killers are within the camps.

キャンプには 殺人者もいるから

Well, I'd like to separate the sheep from the wolves.

それ以外と分けたい

Let me go door-to-door to the international community

国際社会を回って

and see if anybody will give me police or troops to do the separation.

警察か軍隊を頼もう」

And their response, of course, was no more than we wanted

当然 反応は芳しくありませんでした

to stop the genocide and put our troops in harm's way to do that,

虐殺を止める為の 軍隊派遣と同様

nor do we now want to get in the way and pluck genocidaires from camps.

殺人者をキャンプから つまみ出す事もできない

So then you have to make the decision.

決断が必要とされました

Do you turn off the international spigot of life support

国際社会の支援を拒み

and risk two million civilian lives?

２百万の人命を 危険にさらすのか

Or do you continue feeding the civilians, knowing that the genocidaires

人々を養い続けるのか

are in the camps, literally sharpening their knives for future battle?

殺人者がそこに紛れて 戦いに備えているのに？

What do you do?

どうすれば？

It's all lesser-evil terrain in these broken places.

崩壊した国は小悪人の巣です

Late '90s: nation-building is the cause du jour.

90年代後半には 国家再建の動きが目立ち

He's the guy put in charge. He's the Paul Bremer or the Jerry Bremer

彼はコソボや東ティモールで

of first Kosovo and then East Timor. He governs the places.

国を統括する立場に就きました

He's the viceroy. He has to decide on tax policy, on currency,

税、通貨、国境警備、治安維持 何もかも―

on border patrol, on policing. He has to make all these judgments.

総督として 彼が決断せねばならない

He's a Brazilian in these places. He speaks seven languages.

彼は7ヶ国語を話す ブラジル人

He's been up to that point in 14 war zones

経験した戦争は14

so he's positioned to make better judgments, perhaps,

恐らく 経験のない人よりは

than people who have never done that kind of work.

ましな決断ができました

But nonetheless, he is the cutting edge of our experimentation

そんな彼にとっても 未知の領域でした

with doing good with very few resources being brought to bear in,

世界最悪の国で ほぼ援助もなく

again, the world's worst places.

善行ができるのか？

And then after Timor, 9/11 has happened,

9・11同時多発テロの発生後

he's named U.N. Human Rights Commissioner,

国連人権高等弁務官になり

and he has to balance liberty and security and figure out,

自由と安全を 考慮する必要がありました

what do you do when the most powerful country in the United Nations

国連で最大の国が

is bowing out of the Geneva Conventions,

ジュネーブ条約を ―国際法を遵守しないという時

bowing out of international law? Do you denounce?

それを非難するかどうか はっきりしなければなりませんでした

Well, if you denounce,

非難すれば

you're probably never going to get back in the room.

おそらくメンバーから外されるでしょう

Maybe you stay reticent. Maybe you try to charm President Bush --

それとも　何も言わず　 ブッシュに取り入ろうとしますか？

and that's what he did. And in so doing he earned himself,

彼はそうしました その結果

unfortunately, his final and tragic appointment to Iraq --

不運にも イラクに派遣され

the one that resulted in his death.

そこで死にました

One note on his death, which is so devastating,

彼の死について 注目すべきは

is that despite predicating the war on Iraq

イラク戦争を予測し

on a link between Saddam Hussein and terrorism in 9/11,

フセインと同時多発テロの 関連を断定しておきながら

believe it or not, the Bush administration or the invaders

イラクに侵攻したブッシュ政権が

did no planning, no pre-war planning, to respond to terrorism.

テロに備えていなかったという事

So Sergio -- this receptacle of all of this learning on how to deal with evil

そのせいで 悪と交渉と 国家再建を知り尽くした男

and how to deal with brokenness,

セルジオは3時間半の間―

lay under the rubble for three and a half hours without rescue.

救助されず がれきの下に放置されました

Stateless. The guy who tried to help the stateless people his whole career.

自分が救い続けた難民と同じで

Like a refugee. Because he represents the U.N.

国を失くしたも同然

If you represent everyone, in some ways you represent no one.

国連という『全体』の代表だから

You're un-owned.

どこにも属していないのです

And what the American -- the most powerful military in the history of mankind

人類史上最強のアメリカ軍が

was able to muster for his rescue,

彼を救助する為に 招集できたのは

believe it or not, was literally these heroic two American soldiers

たった二人の勇敢な兵士でした

went into the shaft. Building was shaking.

二人は揺れる建物に入っていきました

One of them had been at 9/11 and lost his buddies on September 11th,

1人は9・11で 仲間を亡くしていましたが

and yet went in and risked his life in order to save Sergio.

危険を冒して建物に入っていきました

But all they had was a woman's handbag --

手元には　 女物の手提げかばんだけ

literally one of those basket handbags --

ただのかばんです

and they tied it to a curtain rope from one of the offices at U.N. headquarters,

それをオフィスのカーテンひもに結び

and created a pulley system into this shaft in this quivering building

崩壊寸前の建物に 滑車装置を作ったのです

in the interests of rescuing this person,

進むべき道を見失ったと感じる人が多い今

the person we most need to turn to now, this shepherd,

私達に最も必要な指導者を

at a time when so many of us feel like we're lacking guidance.

助ける為にできたのは

And this was the pulley system. This was what we were able to muster for Sergio.

その滑車を用意することだけでした

The good news, for what it's worth,

今更ですが

is after Sergio and 21 others were killed that day in the attack on the U.N.,

セルジオを含む22人が 国連に対するテロで死ぬと

the military created a search and rescue unit

捜索救助隊が発足

that had the cutting equipment, the shoring wood, the cranes,

救助に必要な カッターや支持材や重機が

the things that you would have needed to do the rescue.

この部隊に配備されています

But it was too late for Sergio.

でも 彼は戻らない

I want to wrap up, but I want to close

最後にお話しするのは

with what I take to be the four lessons from Sergio's life

彼の人生から学んだ ４つの事です

on this question of how do we prevent evil from prevailing,

そこから 私なりに 考えました

which is how I would have framed the question.

いかに悪の繁栄を妨げられるのか

Here's this guy who got a 34-year head start

私達が国として 国民として

thinking about the kinds of questions we as a country are grappling with,

今 取り組んでいる問題を

we as citizens are grappling with now. What do we take away?

34年間 考え続けた男から 何を学べるでしょう？

First, I think, is his relationship to, in fact, evil is something to learn from.

彼と悪との関係から 学べるものがあります

He, over the course of his career, changed a great deal.

彼は変化し続けた人でした

He had a lot of flaws, but he was very adaptive.

欠点もありましたが適応力があり

I think that was his greatest quality.

それが一番の強みでした

He started as somebody who would denounce harmdoers,

最初は 悪を行う人を 非難していた

he would charge up to people who were violating international law,

国際法を犯す人を責めて言ったものでした

and he would say, you're violating, this is the U.N. Charter.

『国連憲章に違反してる

Don't you see it's unacceptable what you're doing?

過ちを犯してるのがわからないのか』

And they would laugh at him because he didn't have the power of states,

でも国家、軍、警察力の後ろ盾がなく

the power of any military or police.

相手にされませんでした

He just had the rules, he had the norms, and he tried to use them.

彼の武器はルールや規範でした

And in Lebanon, Southern Lebanon in '82,

そして82年 レバノンで

he said to himself and to everybody else,

彼は宣言した 「『認められない』なんて

I will never use the word "unacceptable" again.

もう二度と言わない」と

I will never use it. I will try to make it such,

それを目指しはするが

but I will never use that word again.

その言葉は使わない

But he lunged in the opposite direction.

彼は正反対に走りました

He started, as I mentioned, to get in the room with evil,

悪人と同じ部屋にいても

to not denounce, and became almost obsequious

非難せず へつらうかのようですらありました

when he won the nickname Serbio, for instance,

セルビオとあだ名された時や

and even when he negotiated with the Khmer Rouge

クメール・ルージュとの交渉時

would black-box what had occurred prior to entering the room.

彼らの過去の悪行を 問題にしませんでした

But by the end of his life, I think he had struck a balance

晩年は 理想と現実を両立させました

that we as a country can learn from.

米国が見習うべき姿です

Be in the room, don't be afraid of talking to your adversaries,

敵と交渉する時 対話を恐れない事

but don't bracket what happened before you entered the room.

交渉前の出来事を 無視しない事

Don't black-box history. Don't check your principles at the door.

歴史を不明のままにせず 確固とした主義を置き去りにしない事

And I think that's something that we have to be in the room,

誰と誰が交渉するのか ニクソンと中国

whether it's Nixon going to China or Khrushchev and Kennedy

フルシチョフとケネディー レーガンとゴルバチョフなど

or Reagan and Gorbachev.

テーブルに着き

All the great progress in this country with relation to our adversaries

交渉することで 米国と敵国の関係は

has come by going into the room.

前進してきました

And it doesn't have to be an act of weakness.

交渉は弱者の行為ではない

You can actually do far more to build an international coalition

国際社会が団結して

against a harmdoer or a wrongdoer by being in the room

悪に立ち向かうには

and showing to the rest of the world that that person, that regime,

問題なのは米国ではなく

is the problem and that you, the United States, are not the problem.

交渉相手だと示す方がいい

Second take-away from Sergio's life, briefly.

セルジオの人生に学ぶ 二番目の事は

What I take away, and this in some ways is the most important,

最も大事な事ですが

he espoused and exhibited a reverence for dignity

彼は尊厳というものに 敬意を払っていました

that was really, really unusual.

非常にまれな事です

At a micro level, the individuals around him were visible.

直接に対応する個人の尊厳には

He saw them.

気を配っていた

At a macro level, he thought, you know,

国際問題レベルでは

we talk about democracy promotion, but we do it in a way sometimes

民主主義の促進が 時には

that's an affront to people's dignity.

人の尊厳を傷つける事もある

We put people on humanitarian aid

人道的支援に

and we boast about it because we've spent three billion.

「30億ドル出した」と自慢するが

It's incredibly important,

大事なのは

those people would no longer be alive if the United States, for instance,

米国の出資によって

hadn't spent that money in Darfur,

ダルフール難民の生命が救われはしたけれど

but it's not a way to live.

尊厳がないのです

If we think about dignity in our conduct as citizens

米国民として また一個人として

and as individuals with relation to the people around us,

身近な人の尊厳を尊重できれば

and as a country, if we could inject a regard for dignity

また 国家として

into our dealings with other countries,

他国の尊厳を考慮できれば

it would be something of a revolution.

それは革命的な事です

Third point, very briefly. He talked a lot about freedom from fear.

また第三に 彼は 「恐れてはいけない」とよく言いました

And I recognize there is so much to be afraid of.

恐れるべきもの　 真の脅威は

There are so many genuine threats in the world.

たくさんあります

But what Sergio was talking about is,

「恐怖との向き合い方を

let's calibrate our relationship to the threat.

変えよう」と彼は言いました

Let's not hype the threat; let's actually see it clearly.

「騒がず 真の姿を見極めよう」と

We have reason to be afraid of melting ice caps.

海面上昇を恐れる理由はあります

We have reason to be afraid that we haven't secured

ソビエトの核物質は野放し

loose nuclear material in the former Soviet Union.

それを恐れる理由もあります

Let's focus on what are the legitimate challenges and threats,

恐怖の為　 誤った決断に走る事なく

but not lunge into bad decisions because of a panic, of a fear.

脅威に対処する まともな方法について考えましょう

In times of fear, for instance, one of the things Sergio used to say

彼はよくこう言いました

is, fear is a bad advisor.

「恐怖は悪い助言をする」と

We lunge towards the extremes

政府の機能が低下したり

when we aren't operating and trying to, again,

諸外国との関係を正そうとするとき

calibrate our relationship to the world around us.

私達は極端に走ってしまいます

Fourth and final point: he somehow, because he was working

最後に ４つ目です

in all the world's worst places and all lesser evils,

彼は最悪の環境で働いたので

had a humility, of course,

謙虚さを持ち

and an awareness of the complexity of the world around him.

世界の複雑さを知っていました

I mean, such an acute awareness of how hard it was.

それがどんなに過酷かも知っていました

How Sisyphean this task was of mending,

国家再建の使命には 終りがないようでした

and yet aware of that complexity,

しかもその複雑さを知りつつ

humbled by it, he wasn't paralyzed by it.

謙虚さを持ち 行動を止めませんでした

And we as citizens, as we go through this experience of the kind of,

米国民として 私達は

the crisis of confidence, crisis of competence, crisis of legitimacy,

自信、能力、正当性の危機を 経験してきました

I think there's a temptation to pull back from the world and say,

そして 逃げ出す誘惑にかられます

ah, Katrina, Iraq -- we don't know what we're doing.

「何をしているか分からない」と言いたくなります

We can't afford to pull back from the world.

でも逃げは許されません

It's a question of how to be in the world.

世界とのかかわりの問題です

And the lesson, I think,

先に話した

of the anti-genocide movement that I mentioned,

反虐殺運動の教訓は

that is a partial success but by no means

一部 成功したけれど

has it achieved what it has set out to do --

目的達成はできなかったという事

it'll be many decades, probably, before that happens --

達成には何十年もかかるでしょう

but is that if we want to see change, we have to become the change.

でも 変化を望むなら それを自分で起こさねば

We can't rely upon our institutions to do the work

敵国と自分から進んで対話するなど

of necessarily talking to adversaries on their own

国の機関に頼ることはできません

without us creating a space for that to happen,

私達がそれを実現させ

for having respect for dignity,

尊厳を尊重させ

and for bringing that combination of humility

謙虚さと強い責任感を

and a sort of emboldened sense of responsibility

諸外国との関係に

to our dealings with the rest of the world.

もたらす事が必要なのです

So will evil prevail? Is that the question?

悪は滅びないのか？

I think the short answer is: no, not unless we let it.

答えは「ノー」 私達が許しさえしなければ 滅びます

Thank you.

ありがとう

(Applause)

（拍手）