How animals and plants are evolving in cities | Menno Schilthuizen

100,305 views ใƒป 2020-09-14

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: yael ring
00:13
This is where I grew up.
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ืคื” ื’ื“ืœืชื™.
00:15
A small village near the city of Rotterdam
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ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืจื•ื˜ืจื“ื
00:17
in the Netherlands.
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ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“.
00:19
In the 1970s and 1980s, when I was a teenager,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื•ื”-80, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื”,
00:23
this area was still a quiet place.
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉืงื˜.
00:25
It was full of farms and fields and swampland,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื—ื•ื•ืช ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช,
00:29
and I spent my free time there, enjoying myself,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉื, ื ื”ื ื” ืžืขืฆืžื™,
00:33
painting oil paintings like this one,
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ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืฉืžืŸ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
00:36
collecting wildflowers, bird-watching
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ืื•ืกืฃ ืคืจื—ื™ ื‘ืจ, ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
00:38
and also collecting insects.
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ื•ื’ื ืื•ืกืฃ ื—ืจืงื™ื.
00:41
And this was one of my prized finds.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™.
00:43
This is a very special beetle,
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ื–ื• ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช,
00:45
an amazing beetle called an ant beetle.
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืžืœื”.
00:48
And this is a kind of beetle that lives its entire life
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื—ื™ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”
00:51
inside an ant's nest.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื.
00:53
It has evolved to speak ant.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉืคืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื.
00:56
It's using the same chemical signals,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืชื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
00:59
the same smells as the ants do, for communicating,
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ืื•ืชื ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
01:02
and right now, this beetle is telling this worker ant,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ืžืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
01:05
"Hey, I'm also a worker ant,
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"ื”ื™, ืื ื™ ื’ื ื ืžืœื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
01:07
I'm hungry, please feed me."
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ืื ื™ ืจืขื‘ื”, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชืื›ื™ืœื™ ืื•ืชื™."
01:09
And the ant complies,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืœื” ืžืกื›ื™ืžื”,
01:11
because the beetle is using the same chemicals.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืชื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื.
01:13
Over these millions of years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:15
this beetle has evolved a way to live inside an ant society.
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ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื.
01:21
Over the years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
01:22
when I was living in that village,
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ื›ืฉื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ื”ื•ื,
01:24
I collected 20,000 different beetles,
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ืืกืคืชื™ 20,000 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
01:27
and I built a collection of pinned beetles.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
01:31
And this got me interested, at a very early age, in evolution.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื’ื™ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
01:35
How do all those different forms, how does all this diversity come about?
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ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข?
01:41
So I became an evolutionary biologist,
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ืื– ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™,
01:45
like Charles Darwin.
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ื›ืžื• ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
01:46
And like Charles Darwin, I also soon became frustrated
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืžืชื•ืกื›ืœ
01:50
by the fact that evolution is something that happened mostly in the past.
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ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
01:55
We study the patterns that we see today,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:58
trying to understand the evolution that took place in the past,
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
02:02
but we can never actually see it taking place in real time.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช.
02:05
We cannot observe it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”.
02:07
As Darwin himself already said,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจ,
02:10
"We see nothing of these slow changes in progress,
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื,
02:13
until the hand of time has marked the lapse of ages."
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื” ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื."
02:18
Or do we?
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืŸ?
02:20
Over the past few decades,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
02:21
evolutionary biologists have come to realize that sometimes,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื,
02:25
evolution proceeds much faster and it can actually be observed,
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”,
02:30
especially when the environment changes drastically
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช
02:34
and the need to adapt is great.
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:38
And of course, these days,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•,
02:40
great environmental changes are usually caused by us.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื•.
02:44
We mow, we irrigate, we plow, we build,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืจืฉื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
02:47
we pump greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ืจื™ืžื™ื ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
02:51
that change the climate.
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ืฉืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
02:52
We release exotic plants and animals
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื
02:55
in places where they didn't live before,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืœื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
02:57
and we harvest fish and trees and game for our food and other needs.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืฆืจื™ื ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:04
And all these environmental changes reach their epicenter in cities.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื™ืื ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
03:10
Cities form a completely new habitat that we have created.
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ืขืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•.
03:15
And we clothe it in brick and concrete and glass and steel,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืžืชื›ืช,
03:18
which are impervious surfaces
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ืฉื”ื ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืœื ื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื
03:20
that plants can only root in with the greatest difficulty.
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ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืจืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืจืง ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:25
Also in cities, we find the greatest concentrations
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ื’ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:28
of chemical pollution,
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ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืžื™,
03:29
of artificial light and noise.
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ืื•ืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืจืขืฉ.
03:33
And we find wild mixtures of plants and animals
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืคืจืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช
03:36
from all over the world that live in the city,
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
03:38
because they have escaped from the gardening
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืจื—ื• ืžื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ
03:40
and aquarium and pet trade.
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ื”ืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“.
03:43
And what does a species do
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ื•ืžื” ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื”
03:47
when it lives in a completely changed environment?
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืœื’ืžืจื™?
03:52
Well, many, of course, go, sadly, extinct.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื.
03:56
But the ones that don't go extinct,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื,
03:58
they adapt in spectacular ways.
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ื”ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
04:02
Biologists these days are beginning to realize
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:04
that cities are today's pressure cookers of evolution.
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ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืจื™ ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
04:08
These are places where wild animals and plants
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ืืœื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื
04:12
are evolving under our eyes very rapidly
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ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
04:15
to suit these new, urban conditions.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืชื ืื™ื ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:18
Exactly like the ant beetle did millions of years ago,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
04:22
when it moved inside an ant colony.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ืœืชื•ืš ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื.
04:24
We now find animals and plants that have moved inside the human colony
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื ืขื• ืœืชื•ืš ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
04:29
and are adapting to our cities.
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ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:32
And in doing so,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš,
04:33
we're also beginning to realize
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:35
that evolution can actually proceed very fast.
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ืฉืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ.
04:38
It does not always take the long lapse of ages;
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื;
04:42
it can happen under our very eyes.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืชื—ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืงื•ื—ื•ืช.
04:45
This, for example, is the white-footed mouse.
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ื–ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืจื’ืœ.
04:49
This is a native mammal from the area around New York,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ืง ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
04:52
and more than 400 years ago, before the city was built,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 400 ืฉื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื‘ื ืชื”,
04:55
this mouse lived everywhere.
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ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
04:57
But these days, they are stuck in little islands of green,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืง,
05:02
the city's parks, surrounded by a sea of tarmac and traffic.
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ื”ืคืืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกืคืœื˜ ื•ืชื ื•ืขื”.
05:08
A bit like a modern-day version of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos.
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ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื’ืจืกื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก.
05:15
And like Darwin's finches,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
05:18
the mice in each separate park have started evolving,
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ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืืจืง ื ืคืจื“ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื—,
05:22
have started to become different from each other.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
05:25
And this is my colleague, Jason Munshi-South,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™, ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ืฉื™ ืกืื•ืช',
05:27
from Fordham University,
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ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื•ืจื“ื”ืื,
05:29
who is studying this process.
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ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
05:30
He is studying the DNA of the white-footed mice
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื” DNA ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื
05:34
in New York City's parks,
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ื‘ืคืืจืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
05:36
and trying to understand how they are beginning to evolve
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ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—
05:40
in that archipelago of islands.
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ื‘ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื.
05:43
And he's using a kind of DNA fingerprinting, and he says,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ DNA, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ,
05:45
"If somebody gives me a mouse,
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"ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืขื›ื‘ืจ,
05:47
doesn't tell me where it's from,
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
05:49
just by looking at its DNA,
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ืจืง ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื” DNA ืฉืœื•,
05:51
I can tell exactly from which park it comes."
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืื™ื–ื” ืคืืจืง ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข."
05:54
That's how different they have become.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
05:57
And Jason has also discovered that those changes,
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ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
06:01
these evolutionary changes,
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
06:02
are not random, they mean something.
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ื”ื ืœื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
06:05
For example, in Central Park,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืกื ื˜ืจืœ ืคืืจืง,
06:08
we find that the mice have evolved genes
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื’ื ื™ื
06:11
that allow them to deal with very fatty food.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื™ื.
06:15
Human food.
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ืื•ื›ืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
06:16
Twenty-five million people visit Central Park each year.
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ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกื ื˜ืจืœ ืคืืจืง ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
06:19
It's the most heavily visited park in North America.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืืจืง ืฉืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
06:22
And those people leave behind snack food
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ื
06:25
and peanuts and junk food,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื’'ืื ืง ืคื•ื“,
06:28
and the mice have started feeding on that,
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ื•ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื–ื”,
06:30
and it's a completely different diet than what they're used to,
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ื•ื–ื• ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืืœื™ื”,
06:33
and over the years,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
06:34
they have evolved to suit this very fatty, very human diet.
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ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ืช ื•ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
06:39
And this is another city slicker animal.
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ื•ื–ื• ื—ื™ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช.
06:41
This is the European garden snail.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™.
06:43
A very common snail,
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ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฅ,
06:45
it comes in all kinds of color variations,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื,
06:48
ranging from pale yellow to dark brown.
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ืฉื ืขื™ื ืžืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื—ื•ื ื›ื”ื”.
06:52
And those colors are completely determined
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ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืงื‘ืขื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™
06:55
by the snail's DNA.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื” DNA ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ.
06:57
And those colors also determine the heat management of the snail
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ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ
07:02
that lives inside that shell.
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ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื”.
07:04
For example, a snail that sits in the sunlight,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉืžืฉ,
07:07
in the bright sun,
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ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืงืช,
07:08
if it has a pale yellow shell,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื”,
07:11
it doesn't heat up as much as a snail that sits inside a dark brown shell.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชื—ืžื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื” ื—ื•ืžื” ื›ื”ื”.
07:17
Just like when you're sitting in a white car, you stay cooler
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื”, ืืชื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืงืจื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:21
than when you're sitting inside a black car.
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ืžื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื”.
07:24
Now there is a phenomenon called the urban heat islands,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืื™ื™ ื—ื•ื ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื,
07:27
which means that in the center of a big city,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
07:30
the temperature can be several degrees higher
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืขืœื•ืช
07:33
than outside of the big city.
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ืžื–ื• ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
07:34
That has to do with the fact
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
07:35
that you have these concentrations of millions of people,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:38
and all their activities and their machineries,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
07:40
they generate heat.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ื.
07:42
Also, the wind is blocked by the tall buildings,
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ื•ื’ื, ื”ืจื•ื— ื ื—ืกืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
07:45
and all the steel and brick and concrete absorb the solar heat
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื“ื” ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ
07:50
and they radiate it out at night.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
07:51
So you get this bubble of hot air in the center of a big city,
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ืื– ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
07:54
and my students and I figured that maybe those garden snails,
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ืืœื”,
07:58
with their variable shells,
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ืขื ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
08:01
are adapting to the urban heat islands.
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ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืœืื™ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื.
08:05
Maybe in the center of a city,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
08:07
we find that the shell color is evolving
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉืฆื‘ืข ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—
08:10
in a direction to reduce overheating of the snails.
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช.
08:14
And to study this, we started a citizen-science project.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื“ืข ืื–ืจื—ื™.
08:18
We built a free smartphone app,
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ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืกืžืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืช,
08:20
which allowed people all over the Netherlands
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ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“
08:23
to take pictures of snails in their garden, in their street,
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ืœืฆืœื ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
08:26
also in the countryside,
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ื’ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืคืจ,
08:27
and upload them to a citizen science web platform.
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ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ืžื“ืข ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช.
08:31
And over a year, we got 10,000 pictures
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• 10,000 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
08:34
of snails that had been photographed in the Netherlands,
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ืฉืœ ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“,
08:37
and when we started analyzing the results,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,
08:39
we found that indeed, our suspicions were confirmed.
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืืžืช, ื”ื—ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืืžืชื•.
08:43
In the center of the urban heat islands,
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืื™ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื,
08:45
we find that the snails have evolved more yellow, more lighter-colored shells.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืขื ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
08:54
Now the city snail and the Manhattan mouse
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ืœื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ
08:57
are just two examples of a growing list of animals and plants
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ื”ื ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื
09:03
that have evolved to suit this new habitat,
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
09:06
this city habitat that we have created.
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•.
09:09
And in a book that I've written about this subject,
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ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”,
09:12
the subject of urban evolution,
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช,
09:14
I give many more examples.
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ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
09:15
For example, weeds that have evolved seeds
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ื–ืจืขื™ื
09:18
that are better at germinating on the pavement.
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ืฉื ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื”.
09:21
Grasshoppers that have evolved a song
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ื—ื’ื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ืจ
09:25
that has a higher pitch when they live close to noisy traffic.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฆืœื™ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืจื•ืขืฉืช.
09:29
Mosquitoes that have evolved to feed on the blood of human commuters
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ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื“ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
09:34
inside metro stations.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื•.
09:37
And even the common city pigeon
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื”
09:40
that has evolved ways to detox themselves
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ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”
09:43
from heavy-metal pollution by putting it in their feathers.
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ืžื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ืœื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
09:47
Biologists like myself, all over the world,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
09:50
are becoming interested in this fascinating process
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ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืจืชืง ื”ื–ื”
09:53
of urban evolution.
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช.
09:54
We are realizing that we're really at a unique event
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืืจื•ืข ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™
09:58
in the history of life on earth.
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ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:00
A completely new ecosystem
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
10:02
that is evolving and adapting to a habitat that we have created.
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ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•.
10:09
And not just academics --
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืงื“ืžื™ื” --
10:10
we're also beginning to enlist the millions of pairs of hands
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื
10:14
and ears and eyes that are present in the city.
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ื•ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
10:17
Citizen scientists, schoolchildren --
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ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ --
10:20
together with them,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื,
10:21
we are building a global observation network
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืจืฉืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
10:24
which allows us to watch this process of urban evolution taking place
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉ
10:28
in real time.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช.
10:31
And at the same time, this also makes it clear to people
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
10:34
that evolution is not just some abstract thing
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ืฉืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜
10:37
that you need to travel to the Galapagos to study,
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“,
10:40
or that you need to be a paleontologist to understand what it is.
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ืื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืœืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื–ื”.
10:45
It's a very ordinary biological process
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืจื’ื™ืœ
10:48
that's taking place all the time, everywhere.
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
10:51
In your backyard, in the street where you live,
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ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื• ืืชื ื’ืจื™ื,
10:54
right outside of this theater.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.
10:56
But there is, of course, a flip side to my enthusiasm.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
11:00
When I go back to the village where I grew up,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื›ืคืจ ื‘ื• ื’ื“ืœืชื™,
11:03
I no longer find those fields and swamps that I knew from my youth.
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ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
11:08
The village has now been absorbed
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ื”ื›ืคืจ ื ื˜ืžืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
11:10
by the growing conglomeration of Rotterdam,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื˜ืจื“ื,
11:13
and instead, I find shopping malls
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืงื ื™ื•ื ื™ื
11:15
and I find suburbs and bus lanes.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื.
11:18
And many of the animals and plants that I was so accustomed to
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืชืจื’ืœืชื™ ืืœื™ื”ื
11:22
have disappeared, including perhaps that ant beetle.
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ื ืขืœืžื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ื”ื™ื.
11:27
But I take comfort in the fact that the children growing up
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื ื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
11:30
in that village today
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ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื
11:32
may no longer be experiencing that traditional nature
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™
11:36
that I grew up with,
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ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™ ืื™ืชื•,
11:37
but they're surrounded by a new type of nature,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข,
11:39
a new type of ecosystem,
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ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ื™ื”,
11:41
that, to them, might be just as exciting as the old type was to me.
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืจื’ืฉืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
11:45
They are living in a new, modern-day Galapagos.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
11:49
And by teaming up with citizen scientists
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื” ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
11:53
and with evolutionary biologists like myself,
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ื•ืขื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
11:56
they might become the Darwins of the 21st century,
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 21,
12:00
studying urban evolution.
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ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืช.
12:03
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
12:04
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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