How animals and plants are evolving in cities | Menno Schilthuizen

99,060 views

2020-09-14 ใƒป TED


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How animals and plants are evolving in cities | Menno Schilthuizen

99,060 views ใƒป 2020-09-14

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yiseul Ko ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:13
This is where I grew up.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž€ ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
A small village near the city of Rotterdam
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๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ๋กœํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‹ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋งˆ์„์ด์ฃ .
00:17
in the Netherlands.
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00:19
In the 1970s and 1980s, when I was a teenager,
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1970๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1980๋…„๋Œ€, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ญ๋Œ€์˜€๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—”
00:23
this area was still a quiet place.
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ์šฉํ•œ ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
It was full of farms and fields and swampland,
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๋†์žฅ, ๋“คํŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Šช์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:29
and I spent my free time there, enjoying myself,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ™€๋กœ ์ž์œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฆ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
painting oil paintings like this one,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
00:36
collecting wildflowers, bird-watching
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์•ผ์ƒํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ , ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
00:38
and also collecting insects.
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๋˜ ๊ณค์ถฉ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
And this was one of my prized finds.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
This is a very special beetle,
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์•„์ฃผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
00:45
an amazing beetle called an ant beetle.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์ฃ .
00:48
And this is a kind of beetle that lives its entire life
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์ด ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ์ข…์€ ํ‰์ƒ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋‘ฅ์ง€ ์†์—์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
inside an ant's nest.
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00:53
It has evolved to speak ant.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์™€ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ์ข…์ด์ฃ .
00:56
It's using the same chemical signals,
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ™”์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€
00:59
the same smells as the ants do, for communicating,
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ
01:02
and right now, this beetle is telling this worker ant,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋Š” ์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
"Hey, I'm also a worker ant,
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"์ €๊ธฐ, ๋‚˜๋„ ์ผ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํŒŒ. ์ œ๋ฐœ ๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ ์ข€ ์ค˜"
01:07
I'm hungry, please feed me."
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01:09
And the ant complies,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
because the beetle is using the same chemicals.
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๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:13
Over these millions of years,
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ
01:15
this beetle has evolved a way to live inside an ant society.
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์ด ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
Over the years,
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์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ € ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
01:22
when I was living in that village,
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01:24
I collected 20,000 different beetles,
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์ €๋Š” 2๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
and I built a collection of pinned beetles.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ•์ œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:31
And this got me interested, at a very early age, in evolution.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์ง„ํ™”์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
How do all those different forms, how does all this diversity come about?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์–‘๋“ค์ด, ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•จ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:41
So I became an evolutionary biologist,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง„ํ™” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
like Charles Darwin.
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์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
01:46
And like Charles Darwin, I also soon became frustrated
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋“ฏ์ด, ์ € ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ธˆ์„ธ ์‹ค๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
by the fact that evolution is something that happened mostly in the past.
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์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:55
We study the patterns that we see today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๋“ค์€
01:58
trying to understand the evolution that took place in the past,
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์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:02
but we can never actually see it taking place in real time.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
We cannot observe it.
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๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
02:07
As Darwin himself already said,
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๋‹ค์œˆ๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
"We see nothing of these slow changes in progress,
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
until the hand of time has marked the lapse of ages."
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†์ด ๊ธด ์„ธ์›”์„ ์ƒˆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”."
02:18
Or do we?
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์ •๋ง์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:20
Over the past few decades,
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ,
02:21
evolutionary biologists have come to realize that sometimes,
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์ง„ํ™” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
๋•Œ๋ก  ์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ 
02:25
evolution proceeds much faster and it can actually be observed,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
especially when the environment changes drastically
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ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:34
and the need to adapt is great.
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์ ์‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ํด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์š”.
02:38
And of course, these days,
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๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”
02:40
great environmental changes are usually caused by us.
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
We mow, we irrigate, we plow, we build,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒŒ์ดˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ€๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ง“์ฃ .
02:47
we pump greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ๋ฟœ์–ด๋Œ€๋Š” ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค๋กœ
02:51
that change the climate.
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ ,
02:52
We release exotic plants and animals
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์™ธ๋ž˜์ข…์˜ ๋™์‹๋ฌผ์„
02:55
in places where they didn't live before,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ๊ณณ์— ํ’€์–ด๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
and we harvest fish and trees and game for our food and other needs.
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์ƒ์„ ์„ ์žก๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
์Œ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ฐ–์˜ ํ•„์š”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ์š”.
03:04
And all these environmental changes reach their epicenter in cities.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์€ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์›์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
Cities form a completely new habitat that we have created.
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๋„์‹œ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
And we clothe it in brick and concrete and glass and steel,
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๋ฒฝ๋Œ, ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ, ์œ ๋ฆฌ, ๊ฐ•์ฒ ๋กœ ๋ฎํžŒ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—๋Š”
03:18
which are impervious surfaces
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03:20
that plants can only root in with the greatest difficulty.
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์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Also in cities, we find the greatest concentrations
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์—” ํ™”ํ•™์  ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
of chemical pollution,
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03:29
of artificial light and noise.
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์ธ๊ณต ์กฐ๋ช…๊ณผ ์†Œ์Œ๋„ ๋งŽ์ฃ .
03:33
And we find wild mixtures of plants and animals
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ๋™์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
from all over the world that live in the city,
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03:38
because they have escaped from the gardening
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์ •์›, ์ˆ˜์กฑ๊ด€, ์• ์™„๋™๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
03:40
and aquarium and pet trade.
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03:43
And what does a species do
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
03:47
when it lives in a completely changed environment?
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
03:52
Well, many, of course, go, sadly, extinct.
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์Šฌํ”„์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
But the ones that don't go extinct,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ข…๋“ค์€
03:58
they adapt in spectacular ways.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ ์‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
Biologists these days are beginning to realize
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ตœ๊ทผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
04:04
that cities are today's pressure cookers of evolution.
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๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์†ฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
These are places where wild animals and plants
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๋„์‹œ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์•ผ์ƒ ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด
04:12
are evolving under our eyes very rapidly
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ค‘์—๋„ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
04:15
to suit these new, urban conditions.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์‹œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
Exactly like the ant beetle did millions of years ago,
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „์—
04:22
when it moved inside an ant colony.
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๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์—†์ด
04:24
We now find animals and plants that have moved inside the human colony
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋™์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ง‘๋‹จ ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ด ์™€
04:29
and are adapting to our cities.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋„์‹œ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:32
And in doing so,
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
04:33
we're also beginning to realize
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
that evolution can actually proceed very fast.
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04:38
It does not always take the long lapse of ages;
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์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋žœ ์„ธ์›”์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:42
it can happen under our very eyes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
This, for example, is the white-footed mouse.
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๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ํฐ๋ฐœ์ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
This is a native mammal from the area around New York,
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๋‰ด์š• ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์„œ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์ด๋ฉฐ
04:52
and more than 400 years ago, before the city was built,
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400๋…„๋„ ์ด์ „์— ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์›Œ์ง€๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š”
04:55
this mouse lived everywhere.
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์ด ์ฅ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ์— ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
But these days, they are stuck in little islands of green,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—” ์ข์€ ๋…น์ง€์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
the city's parks, surrounded by a sea of tarmac and traffic.
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์•„์ŠคํŒ”ํŠธ์™€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ธ ์„ฌ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต์›์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:08
A bit like a modern-day version of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos.
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๋‹ค์œˆ์ด ๋งํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค ํ•€์น˜ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜„๋Œ€ํŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
And like Darwin's finches,
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๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ํ•€์น˜ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
05:18
the mice in each separate park have started evolving,
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๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ณต์›์—์„œ ์‚ด๋˜ ์ฅ๋“ค์€
05:22
have started to become different from each other.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
And this is my colleague, Jason Munshi-South,
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์ด๋ถ„์€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ์ œ์ด์Šจ ๋จผ์‹œ์‚ฌ์šฐ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
from Fordham University,
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ํฌ๋“œํ–„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
who is studying this process.
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05:30
He is studying the DNA of the white-footed mice
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๋‰ด์š•์‹œ ๊ณต์›์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํฐ๋ฐœ์ฅ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
05:34
in New York City's parks,
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05:36
and trying to understand how they are beginning to evolve
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์ง€ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์„ฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
05:40
in that archipelago of islands.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
And he's using a kind of DNA fingerprinting, and he says,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  DNA ์ง€๋ฌธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
05:45
"If somebody gives me a mouse,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฅ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉด
05:47
doesn't tell me where it's from,
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์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„
05:49
just by looking at its DNA,
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๊ทธ ์ฅ์˜ DNA๋งŒ ๋ด๋„
05:51
I can tell exactly from which park it comes."
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๊ทธ ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณต์› ์ถœ์‹ ์ธ์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:54
That's how different they have become.
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์ฅ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
And Jason has also discovered that those changes,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์ด์Šจ์ด ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ๊ทธ ์ง„ํ™”์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์ด
06:01
these evolutionary changes,
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06:02
are not random, they mean something.
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๋งˆ๊ตฌ์žก์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
For example, in Central Park,
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์˜ˆ๋“ค ๋“ค์–ด, ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ํŒŒํฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
06:08
we find that the mice have evolved genes
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์ฅ๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์ • ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ
06:11
that allow them to deal with very fatty food.
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๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์Œ์‹์„ ์ž˜ ์†Œํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
06:15
Human food.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์Œ์‹์ด์š”.
06:16
Twenty-five million people visit Central Park each year.
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๋งค๋…„ 2500๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ์„ผํŠธ๋Ÿด ํŒŒํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
It's the most heavily visited park in North America.
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๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต์›์ด์ฃ .
06:22
And those people leave behind snack food
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผ์ž๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
06:25
and peanuts and junk food,
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๋•…์ฝฉ์ด๋‚˜ ํ–„๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
06:28
and the mice have started feeding on that,
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์ฅ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์Œ์‹๋“ค์„ ๋จน๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
and it's a completely different diet than what they're used to,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ฅ๋“ค์ด ์›๋ž˜ ๋จน๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋จน์ด์ด๊ณ 
์ˆ˜๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ
06:33
and over the years,
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06:34
they have evolved to suit this very fatty, very human diet.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์Œ์‹์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
And this is another city slicker animal.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋„์‹œ๋ฌผ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
This is the European garden snail.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์ •์›๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์ฃ .
06:43
A very common snail,
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์•„์ฃผ ํ”ํ•œ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์ข…์œผ๋กœ์„œ
06:45
it comes in all kinds of color variations,
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ƒ‰๊น”๋ณ„๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
ranging from pale yellow to dark brown.
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์˜…์€ ๋…ธ๋ž‘๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ด๋‘์šด ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:52
And those colors are completely determined
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์€ ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ DNA์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
by the snail's DNA.
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06:57
And those colors also determine the heat management of the snail
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋“ฑ๊ป์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ‰๊น”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์˜ ์ฒด์˜จ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
that lives inside that shell.
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07:04
For example, a snail that sits in the sunlight,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด,
๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด ํ•œ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์€ ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ํ–‡๋น› ์•„๋ž˜ ์•‰์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด,
07:07
in the bright sun,
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07:08
if it has a pale yellow shell,
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์˜…์€ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋“ฑ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋Š”
07:11
it doesn't heat up as much as a snail that sits inside a dark brown shell.
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์ง™์€ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ๋“ฑ๊ป์งˆ์˜ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋œ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
Just like when you're sitting in a white car, you stay cooler
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๋งˆ์น˜ ํ•˜์–€ ์ฐจ ์•ˆ์— ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€
๊ฒ€์€ ์ฐจ ์•ˆ์— ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‹œ์›ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
07:21
than when you're sitting inside a black car.
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07:24
Now there is a phenomenon called the urban heat islands,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ์—ด์„ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
which means that in the center of a big city,
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๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
07:30
the temperature can be several degrees higher
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๋„์‹œ ์™ธ๊ณฝ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ช‡ ๋„ ์ •๋„ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:33
than outside of the big city.
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07:34
That has to do with the fact
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์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด
07:35
that you have these concentrations of millions of people,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ€์ง‘,
07:38
and all their activities and their machineries,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์—ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
they generate heat.
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋†’์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ ,
07:42
Also, the wind is blocked by the tall buildings,
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07:45
and all the steel and brick and concrete absorb the solar heat
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์ฒ , ๋ฒฝ๋Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ
07:50
and they radiate it out at night.
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๋ฐค์— ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
So you get this bubble of hot air in the center of a big city,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—๋Š” ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์ฃ .
07:54
and my students and I figured that maybe those garden snails,
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์ œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ •์›๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„
07:58
with their variable shells,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋“ฑ๊ป์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
08:01
are adapting to the urban heat islands.
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๋„์‹œ ์—ด์„ฌ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
Maybe in the center of a city,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋„์‹ฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
08:07
we find that the shell color is evolving
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์ถ”์ธก๊ฑด๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ๊ป์งˆ ์ƒ‰๊น”์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์˜ ๊ณผ์—ด์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:10
in a direction to reduce overheating of the snails.
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08:14
And to study this, we started a citizen-science project.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ณผํ•™ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
We built a free smartphone app,
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ์•ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์„œ
08:20
which allowed people all over the Netherlands
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๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์ „์—ญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
08:23
to take pictures of snails in their garden, in their street,
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์ •์›, ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ณจ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์–ด
08:26
also in the countryside,
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08:27
and upload them to a citizen science web platform.
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ณผํ•™ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ํ™ˆํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ์˜ฌ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:31
And over a year, we got 10,000 pictures
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1๋…„์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ์—์„œ ์ฐํžŒ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„ 10,000์žฅ์ด ๋ชจ์˜€๊ณ 
08:34
of snails that had been photographed in the Netherlands,
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08:37
and when we started analyzing the results,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
08:39
we found that indeed, our suspicions were confirmed.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์šด ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
In the center of the urban heat islands,
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๋„์‹œ ์—ด์„ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
08:45
we find that the snails have evolved more yellow, more lighter-colored shells.
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๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ
๋“ฑ๊ป์งˆ์ด ๋” ๋…ธ๋ž—๊ณ , ๋” ์—ฐํ•œ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
Now the city snail and the Manhattan mouse
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๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋‹ฌํŒฝ์ด์™€ ๋งจํ•ดํŠผ์˜ ์ƒ์ฅ, ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š”
08:57
are just two examples of a growing list of animals and plants
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๋™์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„œ์‹ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
that have evolved to suit this new habitat,
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09:06
this city habitat that we have created.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๋„์‹œํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:09
And in a book that I've written about this subject,
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์ด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์ œ ์ €์„œ์—
09:12
the subject of urban evolution,
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๋„์‹œ ์† ์ง„ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
I give many more examples.
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09:15
For example, weeds that have evolved seeds
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด
ํฌ์žฅ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ์•„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ์žก์ดˆ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
that are better at germinating on the pavement.
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09:21
Grasshoppers that have evolved a song
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์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋„๋กœ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋šœ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€
09:25
that has a higher pitch when they live close to noisy traffic.
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๋” ๋†’์€ ์Œ์—ญ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ณ ,
09:29
Mosquitoes that have evolved to feed on the blood of human commuters
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค๋„ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ
์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋นจ์•„๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
inside metro stations.
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09:37
And even the common city pigeon
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ”ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๋“ค๋„
09:40
that has evolved ways to detox themselves
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์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ์ค‘๋…์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
09:43
from heavy-metal pollution by putting it in their feathers.
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์ค‘๊ธˆ์† ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊นƒํ„ธ์— ์ถ•์ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
Biologists like myself, all over the world,
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์ €์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
09:50
are becoming interested in this fascinating process
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์ด ๋งคํ˜น์ ์ธ ๋„์‹œ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ ์ฐจ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
of urban evolution.
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09:54
We are realizing that we're really at a unique event
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์•„์ฃผ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
in the history of life on earth.
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10:00
A completely new ecosystem
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
10:02
that is evolving and adapting to a habitat that we have created.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ์„œ์‹ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:09
And not just academics --
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ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:10
we're also beginning to enlist the millions of pairs of hands
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๋„์‹œ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์Œ์˜ ์†, ๊ท€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
and ears and eyes that are present in the city.
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10:17
Citizen scientists, schoolchildren --
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค, ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค--
10:20
together with them,
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๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋ง์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ
10:21
we are building a global observation network
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10:24
which allows us to watch this process of urban evolution taking place
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๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
in real time.
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์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:31
And at the same time, this also makes it clear to people
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
10:34
that evolution is not just some abstract thing
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
10:37
that you need to travel to the Galapagos to study,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค์— ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
10:40
or that you need to be a paleontologist to understand what it is.
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๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋‚˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
It's a very ordinary biological process
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์ง„ํ™”๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ
10:48
that's taking place all the time, everywhere.
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์–ธ์ œ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋‚˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
In your backyard, in the street where you live,
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์ง‘ ๋’ท๋งˆ๋‹น์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ 
10:54
right outside of this theater.
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์ด ํ–‰์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ฃ .
10:56
But there is, of course, a flip side to my enthusiasm.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €์˜ ์—ด์ •์—๋„ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋ฉด์€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
When I go back to the village where I grew up,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž€ ๋งˆ์„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ€๋ณด๋ฉด
11:03
I no longer find those fields and swamps that I knew from my youth.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ ์•Œ๋˜ ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Šช์„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
The village has now been absorbed
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ปค์ ธ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋กœํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‹ด์˜ ๋„์‹œ ๋‹จ์ง€์— ํก์ˆ˜๋˜์–ด
11:10
by the growing conglomeration of Rotterdam,
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11:13
and instead, I find shopping malls
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๊ทธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์„œ๊ณ 
11:15
and I find suburbs and bus lanes.
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๊ต์™ธ ์ฃผํƒ๋‹จ์ง€์™€ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋…ธ์„ ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์ฃ .
11:18
And many of the animals and plants that I was so accustomed to
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์นœ์ˆ™ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋™์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
have disappeared, including perhaps that ant beetle.
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๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์š”.
11:27
But I take comfort in the fact that the children growing up
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ„์•ˆ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ ์€
ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทธ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด
11:30
in that village today
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11:32
may no longer be experiencing that traditional nature
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž„ ๋•Œ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์ž์—ฐ์„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
11:36
that I grew up with,
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11:37
but they're surrounded by a new type of nature,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ž์—ฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
a new type of ecosystem,
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11:41
that, to them, might be just as exciting as the old type was to me.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
11:45
They are living in a new, modern-day Galapagos.
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐˆ๋ผํŒŒ๊ณ ์Šค์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
And by teaming up with citizen scientists
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์‹œ๋ฏผ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง„ํ™” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํŒ€์„ ๊พธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ์จ
11:53
and with evolutionary biologists like myself,
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11:56
they might become the Darwins of the 21st century,
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
12:00
studying urban evolution.
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๋„์‹œ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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