Richard Preston: Climbing the world's biggest trees

44,741 views ใƒป 2008-12-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Rafi Taglicht ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:18
The north coast of California has rainforests --
0
18330
5000
ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื --
00:23
temperate rainforests -- where it can rain more than 100 inches a year.
1
23330
5000
ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ืžืžื•ื–ื’ื™ื -- ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืจื“ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž254 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ื’ืฉื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
00:28
This is the realm of the Coast Redwood tree.
2
28330
4000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™.
00:32
Its species name is Sequoia sempervirens.
3
32330
3000
ืฉื ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืกืงื•ื™ื” ื ืื”.
00:35
Sequoia sempervirens is the tallest living organism on Earth.
4
35330
4000
ืกืงื•ื™ื” ื ืื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:39
The range of the species goes up to as much as 380 feet tall.
5
39330
5000
ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืœื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ 115 ืžื˜ืจ.
00:44
That's 38 stories tall.
6
44330
2000
ื›ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ 38 ืงื•ืžื•ืช.
00:46
These are trees that would stand out in midtown Manhattan.
7
46330
4000
ืืœื• ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ืœื˜ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ.
00:50
Nobody knows how old the oldest living Coast Redwoods are
8
50330
4000
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฆื™ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:54
because nobody has ever drilled into any of them
9
54330
2000
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืงื“ื— ืœืชื•ื›ื
00:56
to count their annual growth rings, and, in any case,
10
56330
3000
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
00:59
the centers of the oldest individuals appear to be hollow.
11
59330
4000
ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื•ืœ.
01:03
But it's believed that the oldest living Redwoods
12
63330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
01:06
are perhaps 2,500 years old -- roughly the age of the Parthenon --
13
66330
6000
ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ 2,500 ืฉื ื” -- ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจืชื ื•ืŸ --
01:12
although it's also suspected that there may be individual trees
14
72330
3000
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืขืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
01:15
that are older than that.
15
75330
2000
ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš.
01:17
You can see the range of the Coast Redwoods. It's here, in red.
16
77330
4000
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™. ื”ื ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืื“ื•ื.
01:21
The largest individuals of this species,
17
81330
2000
ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื”,
01:23
the dreadnoughts of their kind, live just on the north coast of California,
18
83330
5000
ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
01:28
where the rain is really intense.
19
88330
3000
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ืฉื ืขื– ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:31
In recent historic times, about 96 percent of the Coast Redwood forest
20
91330
6000
ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื ื’ื“ืขื• ื›96 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื™ืขืจ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“
01:37
was cut down, especially in a series of bursts of intense liquidation logging,
21
97330
7000
ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ,
01:44
clear-cutting that took place in the 1970s through the early 1990s.
22
104330
6000
ื‘ื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช.
01:50
Even so, about four percent of the primeval Redwood rainforest remains intact,
23
110330
8000
ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืš, ื›ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ืžื“ื•,
01:58
wild and now protected -- entirely protected --
24
118330
4000
ืคืจืื™ ื•ื›ืขืช ื’ื ืžื•ื’ืŸ -- ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ --
02:02
in a chain of small parks strung out like pearls
25
122330
3000
ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืคืืจืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜
02:05
along the north coast of California, including Redwood National Park.
26
125330
4000
ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืคืืจืง ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
02:09
But curiously, Redwood rainforests, the fragments that we have left,
27
129330
5000
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกืงืจืŸ, ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“, ื”ืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืœื ื•,
02:14
to this day remain under-explored.
28
134330
3000
ืœื ื ื—ืงืจื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:17
Redwood rainforest is incredibly difficult to move through,
29
137330
5000
ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื•ืข ื“ืจืš ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“,
02:22
and even today, individual trees are being discovered
30
142330
3000
ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ืขืฆื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื
02:25
that have never been seen before, including, in the summer of 2006,
31
145330
4000
ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืฆืคื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื‘ืงื™ื™ืฅ 2006,
02:29
Hyperion, the world's tallest tree.
32
149330
3000
ื”ื™ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:32
I'm going to do a little Gedanken experiment.
33
152330
3000
ืื ื™ ืื ืกื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
02:35
I'm going to ask you to imagine what a Redwood really is as a living organism.
34
155330
4000
ืื ื™ ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื›ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื—ื™.
02:39
And, Chris, if I could have you up here? I have a tape measure.
35
159330
6000
ื•ื›ืจื™ืก, ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื›ืืŸ ? ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ ืžื“ื™ื“ื”.
02:47
It's a kind loaner from TED.
36
167330
2000
ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืืœ ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžTED.
02:49
And Chris, if you could take the end of that tape measure?
37
169330
4000
ื›ืจื™ืก, ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืงืฆื” ืกืจื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื”?
02:53
We're going to show you what the diameter
38
173330
2000
ืื ื• ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืžื”ื• ื”ืงื•ื˜ืจ
02:55
at breast height of a big Redwood is.
39
175330
3000
ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื–ื”.
02:58
Unfortunately, this tape isn't long enough -- it's only a 25-foot tape.
40
178330
9000
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืกืจื˜ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืืจื•ืš ืžืกืคื™ืง -- ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 7.62 ืžื˜ืจ.
03:07
Chris, could you extend your arm out that way? There we go. OK.
41
187330
5000
ื›ืจื™ืก, ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ืš ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•? ื”ื ื”, ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
03:12
And maybe about here, about 30 feet, is the diameter of a big Redwood.
42
192330
8000
ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื”, ืžืขืœ 9 ืžื˜ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:20
Now, let your imagination go upward into space.
43
200330
3000
ื›ืขืช, ืชื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
03:23
Think about this tree, rising upward into Redwood space, 325 feet,
44
203330
10000
ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื”, ืขื•ืœื”, 69 ืžื˜ืจ, ืžืขืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“.
03:33
32 stories, an individual living organism articulating its forms
45
213330
5000
ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื—ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•, 32 ืงื•ืžื•ืช
03:38
upward into space over long periods of time.
46
218330
4000
ืžืขืœื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืžืื•ื“.
03:42
The Redwood species seems to exist in another kind of time:
47
222330
5000
ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ:
03:47
not human time, but what we might call Redwood time.
48
227330
4000
ืœื ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ื ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“.
03:51
Redwood time moves at a more stately pace than human time.
49
231330
5000
ื–ืžืŸ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
03:56
To us, when we look at a Redwood tree, it seems to be motionless and still,
50
236330
5000
ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืฅ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“, ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืœื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื“ื•ืžื,
04:01
and yet Redwoods are constantly in motion,
51
241330
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืฆื™ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื ืคื•ืกืงืช,
04:04
moving upward into space, articulating themselves
52
244330
5000
ื ืขื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ , ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืขืฆืžื
04:09
and filling Redwood space over Redwood time, over thousands of years.
53
249330
5000
ื•ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:14
Plant this small seed, wait 2,000 years, and you get this:
54
254330
4000
ื”ื˜ืžื™ื ื• ื–ืจืข ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ื”, ื—ื›ื• 2,000 ืฉื ื”, ื•ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช:
04:18
the Lost Monarch.
55
258330
2000
ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“.
04:20
It dwells in the Grove of Titans on the north coast,
56
260330
2000
ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
04:22
and was discovered in 1998.
57
262330
3000
ื•ื ืชื’ืœื” ื‘1998.
04:25
And yet, when you look at the base of a Redwood tree,
58
265330
2000
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“,
04:27
you're not seeing the organism.
59
267330
2000
ืืชื ืื™ื ื›ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื.
04:29
You're like a mouse looking at the foot of an elephant,
60
269330
3000
ืืชื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœ,
04:32
and most of the organism is overhead, unseen.
61
272330
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื ืžืฆื ืžืขืœ ืœืจืืฉื›ื, ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”.
04:35
I became very interested, and I wrote about a couple.
62
275330
4000
ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’.
04:39
Steve Sillett and Marie Antoine are the principal explorers
63
279330
3000
ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืœื˜ ื•ืžืืจื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื
04:42
of the Redwood forest canopy. They're world-class athletes,
64
282330
3000
ืฉืœ ืฆืžืจื•ืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“. ื”ื ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
04:45
and they also are world-class forest ecology scientists.
65
285330
6000
ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช.
04:51
Steve Sillett, when he was a 19-year-old college student
66
291330
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ืŸ 19 ื‘ืจื™ื“ ืงื•ืœื’' , ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืœื˜
04:54
at Reed College, had heard that the Redwood forest canopy
67
294330
4000
ืฉืžืข ืฉืฆืžืจื•ืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“
04:58
is considered to be a so-called Redwood desert.
68
298330
3000
ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“.
05:01
That is to say, at that time it was believed
69
301330
2000
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื™ื ื•
05:03
that there was nothing up there except the branches of Redwood trees.
70
303330
4000
ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“.
05:07
And with a friend of his, he took it upon himself to free-climb a Redwood
71
307330
3000
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื—ื•ืคืฉื™
05:10
without ropes or any equipment to see what was up there.
72
310330
3000
ืœืœื ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืื• ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”.
05:13
He climbed up a small tree next to this giant Redwood,
73
313330
3000
ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคืก ืขืœ ืขืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืฆื“ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ืขื ืงื™ ื–ื”,
05:16
and then he leaped through space and grabbed a branch with his hands,
74
316330
6000
ื•ืื– ื–ื™ื ืง ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืœืœ ื•ื˜ืคืก ื‘ืขื ืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•,
05:22
and ended up hanging, like catching a bar of a trapeze.
75
322330
3000
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ืชืœื•ื™, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ืžื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื˜ืจืคื–.
05:25
And then, from there, he climbed directly up the bark
76
325330
3000
ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคืก ืžืฉื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื’ื–ืข
05:28
until he got to the top of the tree.
77
328330
2000
ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืขืฅ.
05:30
His friend, a guy named Marwood Harris, was following behind.
78
330330
4000
ื—ื‘ืจื•, ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืžืจื•ื•ื“ ื”ืจื™ืก, ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื•.
05:34
Neither one of them had noticed that there was
79
334330
2000
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
05:36
a Yellow Jacket wasp's nest the size of a bowling ball
80
336330
4000
ื‘ืงืŸ ืฆืจืขื•ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจืช
05:40
hanging from the branch that Steve had jumped into.
81
340330
2000
ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื™ื ืง ืกื˜ื™ื‘.
05:42
And when Marwood made the jump, he was covered with wasps
82
342330
4000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืจื•ื•ื“ ืงืคืฅ, ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืฆืจืขื•ืช
05:46
stinging him in the face and eyes. He nearly let go.
83
346330
4000
ืฉืขืงืฆื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื”ืจืคื” ืžื”ืขื ืฃ.
05:50
He would have fallen to his death, being 75 feet above the ground.
84
350330
3000
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืคืœ ืืœ ืžื•ืชื•, ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 20 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
05:53
But they made it to the top, and what they found
85
353330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฆืžืจืช, ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื•
05:55
was not a Redwood desert, but a lost world --
86
355330
3000
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“, ืืœื ืขื•ืœื ืื‘ื•ื“ --
05:58
a kind of three-dimensional labyrinth in the air, filled with unknown life.
87
358330
4000
ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ืš ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ, ืžืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื.
06:02
Now, I had been working on other topics:
88
362330
4000
ื›ืขืช, ืื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื:
06:06
the emergence of infectious diseases,
89
366330
3000
ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช,
06:09
which come out of the natural ecosystems of the Earth,
90
369330
3000
ื”ืžื’ื™ื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
06:12
make a trans-species jump, and get into humans.
91
372330
3000
ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
06:15
After three books on this, it got to be a bit much, in a way.
92
375330
4000
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
06:19
My wife and I adore our children.
93
379330
3000
ืืฉืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•.
06:22
And I began climbing trees with my kids as just something to do with them,
94
382330
5000
ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื,
06:27
using the so-called arborist climbing technique,
95
387330
3000
ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืฆื™ื,
06:30
with ropes. You use ropes to get yourself up into the crown of a tree.
96
390330
4000
ืขื ื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืขืœื” ืืœ ืฆืžืจืช ื”ืขืฅ.
06:34
Children are incredibly adept at climbing trees.
97
394330
3000
ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืฆื™ื.
06:37
That's my son, Oliver.
98
397330
2000
ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™, ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ.
06:39
They don't seem to suffer from the same fear of heights that humans do.
99
399330
4000
ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืคื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
06:43
(Laughter)
100
403330
4000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:47
If ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, then children
101
407330
4000
ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื ื˜ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ื’ื ื–ื”, ืื– ื™ืœื“ื™ื
06:51
are somewhat closer to our roots as primates in the arboreal forest.
102
411330
5000
ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™.
06:56
Humans appear to be the only primates that I know of
103
416330
4000
ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
07:00
that are afraid of heights.
104
420330
2000
ืฉืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื‘ื”.
07:02
All other primates, when they're scared,
105
422330
2000
ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
07:04
they run up a tree, where they feel safe.
106
424330
3000
ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฅ, ืฉื ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
07:07
We camped overnight in the trees, in tree boats.
107
427330
4000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ื‘ืขืจืกืœื™ ืขืฆื™ื.
07:11
This is my daughter Laura, then 15, looking out of a tree boat.
108
431330
3000
ื–ื• ื‘ืชื™ ืœื•ืจื”, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืช 15, ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืขืจืกืœ.
07:14
She's, by the way, tied in with a rope so she can't fall.
109
434330
5000
ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ, ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืคื•ืœ.
07:19
Looking out of a tree boat in the morning and hearing birdsong
110
439330
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืขืจืกืœ ืขืœ ืขืฅ ื•ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
07:22
coming in three dimensions around us.
111
442330
2000
ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
07:24
We had been visited in the night by flying squirrels,
112
444330
3000
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืกื ืื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื,
07:27
who don't seem to recognize humans for what they are
113
447330
3000
ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
07:30
because they've never seen them in the canopy before.
114
450330
2000
ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆืžืจืช ื”ืขืฅ.
07:32
And we practiced advanced techniques like sky-walking,
115
452330
3000
ืชืจื’ืœื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื›ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
07:35
where you can move from tree to tree through space,
116
455330
3000
ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืฅ ืœืขืฅ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœืœ,
07:38
rather like Spiderman.
117
458330
2000
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกืคื™ื™ื“ืจืžืŸ.
07:40
It became a writing project.
118
460330
2000
ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
07:42
When Steve Sillett gets up into a big Redwood, he fires an arrow,
119
462330
4000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืœื˜ ืขื•ืœื” ืžืขืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืจื” ื—ืฅ,
07:46
which trails a fishing line, which gets over a branch in the tree,
120
466330
3000
ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืื—ืจื™ื• ื—ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื’, ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ืœืขื ืฃ ื‘ืขืฅ,
07:49
and then you ascend up a rope which has been dragged into the tree by the line.
121
469330
4000
ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืœ ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืจืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’.
07:53
You ascend 30 stories.
122
473330
2000
ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืงื•ืžื•ืช.
07:55
There are two people climbing this tree, Gaya,
123
475330
3000
ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื”, ื’ืื™ื”,
07:58
which is thought to be one of the oldest Redwoods. There they are.
124
478330
3000
ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื ื” ื”ื.
08:01
They are only one-seventh of the way up that tree.
125
481330
3000
ื”ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืขืฅ.
08:05
You do feel a sense of exposure.
126
485330
2000
ืืชื” ื—ืฉ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
08:07
There is a small person right down there on the ground.
127
487330
3000
ื™ืฉื ื• ืื“ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
08:10
You feel like you're climbing a wall of wood.
128
490330
2000
ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื” ืžื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืงื™ืจ ืžืขืฅ.
08:12
But then you enter the Redwood canopy,
129
492330
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืคืช ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“,
08:14
and it's like coming through a layer of clouds.
130
494330
3000
ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืขื ื ื™ื.
08:17
And all of a sudden, you lose sight of the ground,
131
497330
3000
ืœืคืชืข, ืืชื” ืžืื‘ื“ ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืงืจืงืข,
08:20
and you also lose sight of the sky,
132
500330
2000
ื•ืืชื” ืžืื‘ื“ ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ืขื ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
08:22
and you're in a three-dimensional labyrinth in the air
133
502330
3000
ืืชื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื•ืš ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ
08:25
filled with hanging gardens of ferns growing out of soil,
134
505330
3000
ื”ืžืœื ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื“ืžื”,
08:28
which is populated with all kinds of small organisms.
135
508330
4000
ืืฉืจ ืžืื•ื›ืœืกืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
08:32
There are epiphytes, plants that grow on trees.
136
512330
3000
ื™ืฉื ื ืืคื™ืคื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื.
08:35
These are huckleberry bushes.
137
515330
2000
ืืœื• ืฉื™ื—ื™ ื”ืงืœื‘ืจื™
08:37
Many species of mosses, and then all sorts of lichens just plastering the tree.
138
517330
6000
ืžื™ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื—ื‘, ื•ื’ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื–ื–ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื“ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ืœืขืฅ.
08:43
When you get near the top of the tree, you feel like you can't fall --
139
523330
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืขืฅ, ืืชื” ื—ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ --
08:46
in fact, it's difficult to move.
140
526330
2000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงืฉื” ืœื ื•ืข.
08:48
You're worming your way through branches which are crowded
141
528330
3000
ืืชื” ืžื–ื“ื—ืœ ืžืขืœื” ื“ืจืš ืขื ืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืœืื™ื
08:51
with living things that don't occur near the ground.
142
531330
3000
ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืงืจืงืข.
08:54
It's like scuba diving into a coral reef,
143
534330
2000
ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ืฃ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
08:56
except you're going upward instead of downward.
144
536330
2000
ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืชื” ื ืข ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื˜ื”.
08:58
And then the trees tend to flare out into platform-like areas at the top.
145
538330
4000
ื•ืื– ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
09:02
Maria's sitting on one of them.
146
542330
2000
ืžืจื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
09:04
These limbs could be five to six hundred years old.
147
544330
2000
ืขื ืคื™ื ืืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื”.
09:06
Redwoods grow very slowly in their tops.
148
546330
3000
ืขืฆื™ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืฆืžืจืช.
09:09
They also have a feature: thickets of huckleberry bushes
149
549330
3000
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ: ืกื‘ืš ืฉื™ื—ื™ ื”ืงืœื‘ืจื™
09:12
that grow out of the tops of Redwood trees
150
552330
2000
ืืฉืจ ื’ื“ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืฆืžืจื•ืช ืขืฆื™ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“
09:14
that are technically known as huckleberry afros,
151
554330
3000
ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืคืจื• ื”ืงืœื‘ืจื™,
09:17
and you can sit there and snack on the berries while you're resting.
152
557330
4000
ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื ืฉื ืฉ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื—ื™ื.
09:21
Redwoods have an enormous surface area that extends upward into space
153
561330
5000
ืœืขืฆื™ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื— ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžืขืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ
09:26
because they have a propensity to do something called reiteration.
154
566330
4000
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืงืจื ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช.
09:30
A Redwood is a fractal. And as they put out limbs,
155
570330
4000
ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืคืจืงื˜ืœ. ื”ื ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื™ื ืขื ืคื™ื,
09:34
the limbs burst into small trees, copies of the Redwood.
156
574330
5000
ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืขืฆื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“.
09:39
Now, here we see a reiteration in Chronos, one of the older Redwoods.
157
579330
4000
ื›ืขืช, ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื•ื ื•ืก, ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฆื™ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
09:43
This reiteration is a huge flying buttress
158
583330
4000
ื”ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชืžืš ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ืขื ืงื™
09:47
that comes out the tree itself.
159
587330
2000
ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืขืฅ ืขืฆืžื•.
09:49
This buttress is less than halfway up the tree.
160
589330
3000
ื”ืชืžืš ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืขืฅ.
09:52
And then it bursts into a forest of Redwoods.
161
592330
3000
ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืจืฅ ืœื—ื•ืจืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“.
09:55
This particular extra trunk is a meter across at the base
162
595330
5000
ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื•.
10:00
and extends upward for 150 feet.
163
600330
2000
ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืžืขืœื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 45 ืžื˜ืจ.
10:02
It's as big as any of the biggest trees east of the Mississippi River,
164
602330
4000
ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™,
10:06
and yet it's only a minor feature on Chronos.
165
606330
3000
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืกืžืžืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงืจื•ื ื•ืก.
10:09
This three-dimensional map of the crown structure of a Redwood named Iluvatar,
166
609330
6000
ืžืคื” ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื›ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืืœื•ื•ืื˜ืจ,
10:15
made by Steve Sillett, Marie Antoine and their colleagues, gives you an idea.
167
615330
4000
ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืกื™ืœื˜, ืžืืจื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื”ื, ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’.
10:19
What you're seeing here is a hierarchical schematic development
168
619330
4000
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช
10:23
of the trunks of this tree as it has elaborated itself over time into six layers of fractal,
169
623330
6000
ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื–ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฉืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื,
10:29
of trunks springing from trunks springing from trunks.
170
629330
5000
ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืžื’ื–ืขื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืžื’ื–ืขื™ื.
10:34
I asked Steve to put a human being in this to give a sense of scale.
171
634330
4000
ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื“ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
10:39
There's the person, right there. The person is waving to us.
172
639330
5000
ื”ื ื” ื”ืื“ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื. ื”ืื“ื ืžื ื•ืคืฃ ืืœื™ื ื•.
10:44
I've wanted to ask Craig Venter if it would be possible to insert
173
644330
6000
ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื™ื’ ื•ื ื˜ืจ ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก
10:50
a synthetic chromosome into a human
174
650330
2000
ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ ืœืชื•ืš ืื“ื
10:52
so that we could reiterate ourselves if we wanted to.
175
652330
4000
ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ืจืฆื”.
10:56
And if we were able to reiterate, then the fingers of our hand
176
656330
3000
ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช, ืื– ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•
10:59
would be people who looked like us,
177
659330
4000
ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
11:03
and they would have people on their hands and so on.
178
663330
3000
ื•ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
11:06
And if we had Redwood-like biology,
179
666330
2000
ื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจื“ื•ื•ื“,
11:08
we would have six layers of people on our hands, as it were.
180
668330
4000
ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”.
11:12
And it would be a lovely thing to be able to wave to someone
181
672330
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืกื™ื ืœื ื•ืคืฃ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•
11:14
and have all our reiterations wave at the same time.
182
674330
4000
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื ืคื ืคื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
11:18
(Laughter)
183
678330
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:20
To reiterate the point, let's go closer into Iluvatar.
184
680330
6000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ืืœื•ื•ืื˜ืจ
11:26
We're looking at that yellow box.
185
686330
3000
ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”.
11:29
And this hallucinatory drawing shows you --
186
689330
2000
ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื --
11:31
everything you see in this drawing is Iluvatar.
187
691330
4000
ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืืœื•ื•ื˜ืืจ.
11:35
These are millennial structures -- portions of the tree
188
695330
3000
ืืœื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืืœืฃ -- ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืขืฅ
11:38
that are believed to be more than 1,000 years old.
189
698330
2000
ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž1,000 ืฉื ื”.
11:40
There are four humans in this shot -- one, two, three, four.
190
700330
8000
ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ื–ื” -- ืื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ืืจื‘ืขื”.
11:48
And there's also something that I want to show you.
191
708330
3000
ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื.
11:51
This is a flying buttress.
192
711330
3000
ื–ื”ื• ืชืžืš ืžืขื•ืคืฃ.
11:54
Redwoods grow back into themselves as they expand into space,
193
714330
4000
ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ,
11:58
and this flying buttress is a limb shot out of that small trunk,
194
718330
3000
ืชืžืš ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื ืฃ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
12:01
going back into the main trunk and fusing with it.
195
721330
3000
ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื•ืžืชืžื–ื’ ืขื™ืžื•.
12:04
Flying buttresses, just as in a cathedral, help strengthen the crown of the tree
196
724330
4000
ืชืžื›ื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงืชื“ืจืœื”, ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืฆืžืจืช ื”ืขืฅ
12:08
and help the tree exist longer through time.
197
728330
4000
ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขืฅ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:12
The scientists are doing all kinds of experiments in these trees.
198
732330
4000
ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ืืœื•.
12:16
They've wired them like patients in an ICU.
199
736330
3000
ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืžืจืฅ.
12:19
They're finding out that Redwoods can move moisture out of the air
200
739330
3000
ื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉืขืฆื™ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื™ืจ
12:22
and down into their trunks,
201
742330
2000
ืžื˜ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ื,
12:24
possibly all the way into their root systems.
202
744330
2000
ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื.
12:26
They also have the ability to put roots anywhere in the tree itself.
203
746330
4000
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขืฅ ืขืฆืžื•.
12:30
If a portion of a Redwood is rotting,
204
750330
2000
ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื ืจืงื‘,
12:32
the Redwood will send roots into its own form
205
752330
3000
ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืœื— ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•
12:35
and draw nutrients out of itself as it falls apart.
206
755330
4000
ื•ื™ืคื™ืง ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืขืฆืžื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืจืง.
12:39
If we had Redwood-like biology, if we got a touch of gangrene in our arm
207
759330
4000
ืœื• ืœื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ืช ืจื“ื•ื•ื“, ืœื• ืกื‘ืœื ื• ืžืžืขื˜ ื ืžืง ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข
12:43
then we could just, you know,
208
763330
2000
ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
12:45
extract the nutrients extract the nutrients and the moisture out of it until it fell off.
209
765330
4000
ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืคืœืช.
12:50
Canopy soil can occur up to a meter deep,
210
770330
3000
ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืฆืžืจืช ื”ืขืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ืจ ืขื•ืžืง,
12:53
hundreds of feet above the ground, and there are organisms in this soil
211
773330
4000
ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœืื“ืžื”, ื™ืฉื ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืจืงืข ื–ื•
12:57
that have, as yet, no names.
212
777330
2000
ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช.
12:59
This is an unnamed species of copepod. A copepod is a crustacean.
213
779330
5000
ื–ื”ื• ื–ืŸ ืœื ืฉื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ืคื•ื“. ืงื•ืคื™ืคื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
13:04
These copepods are a major constituent of the oceans,
214
784330
5000
ืงื•ืคื™ืคื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
13:09
and they are a major part of the diet of grazing baleen whales.
215
789330
4000
ื•ืžื”ื•ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืื˜ืช ื”ืžืจืขื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ืžื–ื™ืคื•ืช.
13:13
What they're doing in the Redwood forest canopy soil
216
793330
4000
ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืช ื™ืขืจ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“
13:17
hundreds of feet above the ocean, or how they got there,
217
797330
3000
ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก, ืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื,
13:20
is completely unknown.
218
800330
2000
ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืœืœ.
13:22
There are some interesting theories
219
802330
2000
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
13:24
that, if I had time, I would tell you about.
220
804330
2000
ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.
13:26
But as you go and you look closer at a tree,
221
806330
2000
ืื•ืœื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืขืฅ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:28
what you see is, you see increasing complexity.
222
808330
3000
ืชืจืื•, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื”.
13:31
We're looking at the very top of Gaya, which is thought to be the oldest Redwood.
223
811330
4000
ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฆืžืจืช ืฉืœ ื’ืื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:35
Gaya may be 3,000 to 5,000 years old,
224
815330
5000
ื’ืื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ 3000 ืœ5000 ืฉื ื”,
13:40
no one really knows, but its top has broken off
225
820330
3000
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ืฆืžืจืช ื ืฉื‘ืจื”
13:43
and it's been rotting back now.
226
823330
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืจืงื‘ืช ื›ืขืช.
13:45
This little Japanese garden-like creation probably took 700 years
227
825330
6000
ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื™ืคืื ื™ ื–ื” ืขืจื›ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” 700 ืฉื ื”
13:51
to form in its complexity that we see right now.
228
831330
4000
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืขืช.
13:55
As you look at a tree, it takes a magnifying glass to see a giant tree.
229
835330
5000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืฅ, ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืขื ืง.
14:00
I have to show you something unfortunately very sad
230
840330
3000
ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
14:03
at the conclusion of this talk.
231
843330
2000
ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื•.
14:05
The Eastern Hemlock tree has often been described as the Redwood of the East.
232
845330
4000
ืขืฅ ื”ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—.
14:09
And we're moving in a full circle now.
233
849330
2000
ืื ื• ื›ืขืช ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœื.
14:11
In the 1950s, a small organism appeared in Richmond, Virginia,
234
851330
5000
ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืจื™ืฆ'ืžื•ื ื“, ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”,
14:16
called the Hemlock woolly adelgid.
235
856330
2000
ืฉืžื• ืื“ืœื’'ื™ื“ ืจื•ืฉ ืฆืžืจื™.
14:18
It made a trans-species jump out of some other organism in Asia,
236
858330
4000
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืžืืกื™ื”
14:22
where it was living on Hemlock trees in Asia.
237
862330
3000
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืืกื™ื”.
14:25
When it moved into its new host, the Eastern Hemlock tree,
238
865330
4000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืืจื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื•, ืขืฅ ื”ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™,
14:29
it escaped its predators, and the new tree had no resistance to it.
239
869330
4000
ื”ื•ื ื ืžืœื˜ ืžื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ืœืขืฅ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื•.
14:33
The Eastern Hemlock forest is being considered in some ways
240
873330
4000
ื™ืขืจ ื”ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
14:37
the last fragments of primeval rainforest east of the Mississippi River.
241
877330
5000
ืœืจืกื™ืกื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™.
14:42
I hadn't even known that there were rainforests in the east,
242
882330
3000
ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื’ืฉื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—,
14:45
but in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
243
885330
3000
ืืš ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ืกืžื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
14:48
it can rain up to 100 inches of rain a year.
244
888330
4000
ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืจื“ืช ืขื“ 250 ืก"ืž ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
14:53
And in the last two to three summers, these invasive organisms,
245
893330
7000
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื™ื™ืฆื™ื, ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืคื•ืœืฉ ื–ื”,
15:00
this kind of Ebola of the trees, as it were,
246
900330
3000
ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ืื ืชืจืฆื•,
15:03
has swept through the primeval Hemlock forest of the east,
247
903330
4000
ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืขืจื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื–ืจื—,
15:07
and has absolutely wiped it out. I climbed there this past summer.
248
907330
5000
ื•ืžื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœื™ืœ. ื˜ื™ืคืกืชื™ ืœืฉื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
15:12
This is Great Smoky Mountains National Park,
249
912330
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉืžื•ืจืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ืกืžื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
15:14
and the Hemlocks are dead as far as the eye can see.
250
914330
5000
ื•ืขืฆื™ ื”ืจื•ืฉ ืžืชื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช.
15:19
And what we're seeing is not just the potential death
251
919330
3000
ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืžื•ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™
15:22
of the Eastern Hemlock species --
252
922330
3000
ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ --
15:25
that is to say, its extinction from nature due to this invading parasite --
253
925330
4000
ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื›ื—ื“ื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืฉืœ ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืœืฉ ื–ื” --
15:29
but we're also seeing the death of an incredibly complex ecosystem
254
929330
5000
ืืœื ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืื•ื“
15:34
for which these trees are merely the substrate
255
934330
3000
ืฉืขืฆื™ื ืืœื• ืžื”ื•ื™ื ืžืฆืข ื‘ืœื‘ื“
15:37
for the aerial labyrinth of the sky that exists in their crowns.
256
937330
6000
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš ื”ืื•ื™ืจื™ ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ ืฆืžืจื•ืชื™ื”ื.
15:43
It's absolutely heartbreaking to see.
257
943330
3000
ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
15:46
One of the things that is just -- I almost can't conceive it --
258
946330
4000
ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ -- ืื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš--
15:50
is the idea that the national news media hasn't picked this up at all,
259
950330
4000
ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ืœืœ,
15:54
and this is the devastation of one of the most important ecosystems in North America.
260
954330
5000
ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
16:02
What can the Redwoods tell us about ourselves?
261
962330
3000
ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขืฆื™ ื”ืจื“ื•ื•ื“ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ื•?
16:05
Well, I think they can tell us something about human time.
262
965330
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
16:08
The flickering, transitory quality of human time
263
968330
5000
ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืคืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
16:13
and the brevity of human life -- the necessity to love.
264
973330
5000
ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื -- ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืื”ื•ื‘.
16:18
But we're different from trees, and they can also teach us
265
978330
2000
ืื•ืœื ืื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืฆื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื’ื
16:20
something about ourselves in the differences that we have.
266
980330
3000
ืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•.
16:23
We are human, and we have the capacity to love,
267
983330
3000
ืื ื• ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืื”ื•ื‘,
16:26
we have the capacity to wonder, and we have a sort of
268
986330
4000
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชื”ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
16:30
boundless curiosity, a restless inquisitiveness
269
990330
5000
ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื—ืงืจื ื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืžื ื•ื—
16:35
that so suits us as primates, I think.
270
995330
3000
ืืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื ื• ื›ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื.
16:38
And at least for me, personally, the trees have taught me
271
998330
4000
ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืขืฆื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™
16:42
an entirely new way of loving my children.
272
1002330
3000
ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™.
16:45
Exploring with them the forest canopy
273
1005330
2000
ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื ืืช ื—ื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ
16:47
has been one of the most lovely things of my existence on Earth.
274
1007330
4000
ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื™ื•ืžื™ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
16:51
And I think that one of the happiest things is the sense that
275
1011330
5000
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
16:56
with my children I've been able to introduce them
276
1016330
3000
ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืœื”ื
16:59
into the very small circle of humans who are lucky enough,
277
1019330
4000
ืžืขื’ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ,
17:03
or possibly stupid enough, to still climb trees.
278
1023330
4000
ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื.
17:07
Thank you very much.
279
1027330
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:09
(Applause)
280
1029330
11000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:20
Chris Anderson: I think at a previous TED,
281
1040330
3000
ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘TED ื”ืงื•ื“ื,
17:23
I think it was Nathan Myhrvold who told me that it was thought that
282
1043330
4000
ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ื•ืœื“ ืฉืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
17:27
because these trees are like, 2,000 years and older,
283
1047330
3000
ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฆื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื ื™ 2,000 ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
17:30
on many of them there are ecosystems where there are species
284
1050330
3000
ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžื”ื•ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืžื™ื ื™ื
17:33
that are not found anywhere on the Earth
285
1053330
2000
ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
17:35
except on that one tree. Is that correct?
286
1055330
3000
ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฅ ืื—ื“. ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
17:38
Richard Preston: Yes, that is correct. I mentioned Hyperion, the world's tallest tree.
287
1058330
5000
ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืคืจืกื˜ื•ืŸ: ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
17:43
And I was a member of a climbing team that made the first climb of it, in 2006.
288
1063330
5000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉื”ืขืคื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘2006.
17:48
And while we were climbing Hyperion, Marie Antoine spotted
289
1068330
4000
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืกื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืžืืจื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืชืจื”
17:52
an unknown species of golden-brown ant about halfway up the trunk.
290
1072330
6000
ืžื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื” ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื”-ื—ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื–ืข.
17:58
Ants are not known to occur in Redwood trees, curiously enough,
291
1078330
3000
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืžืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื™ ืจื“ื•ื•ื“,
18:01
and we wondered whether this ant, this species of ant,
292
1081330
3000
ื•ืชื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืื ื ืžืœื” ื–ื•, ื–ืŸ ื ืžืœื™ื ื–ื”,
18:04
was only endemic to that one tree, or possibly to that grove.
293
1084330
4000
ื”ื™ื ื• ืื ื“ืžื™ ืœืขืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื—ื•ืจืฉื” ื”ื–ื•.
18:08
And in subsequent climbs they could never find that ant again,
294
1088330
3000
ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื ืžืœื” ืฉื•ื‘,
18:11
and so no specimens have ever been collected.
295
1091330
2000
ื›ืš ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืืกืคื” ื“ื’ื™ืžื”.
18:13
We don't know what it is -- we just know it's there.
296
1093330
4000
ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” -- ืื ื• ืจืง ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืฉื.
18:17
CA: So, you have to wonder when, you know,
297
1097330
2000
ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืื ื›ืš, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื”ื•ืช, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,
18:19
if some other species than us was recording the stories that mattered on Earth,
298
1099330
6000
ืื ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
18:25
you know, our stories are about Iraq and war and politics and celebrity gossip.
299
1105330
6000
ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืจืง, ืื™ืจืŸ, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื ื™ื.
18:31
You've just told us a different story of this tragic arms race that's happening,
300
1111330
4000
ืืชื” ืกื™ืคืจืช ืœื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืจื•ืฅ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ,
18:35
and maybe whole ecosystems gone forever.
301
1115330
3000
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉื ืขืœืžื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ื.
18:38
It's an amazing sense of wonder you've given me,
302
1118330
2000
ื ืชืช ืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืื•ืช,
18:40
and a sense of just how fragile this whole thing is.
303
1120330
3000
ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
18:43
RP: It is fragile, and you know, I think about emerging human diseases --
304
1123330
4000
ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืคืจืกื˜ื•ืŸ: ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ ื•ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื --
18:47
parasites that move into the human species.
305
1127330
3000
ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
18:50
But that's just a very small facet
306
1130330
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืคืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
18:53
of a much greater problem of invasions of species worldwide,
307
1133330
4000
ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืฉืช ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
18:57
all through the ecosystems, and you know, the Earth itself --
308
1137330
2000
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืฆืžื• --
18:59
CA: Partly caused by us, inadvertently.
309
1139330
3000
ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื• ืฉืœื, ื‘ื”ืกื— ื”ื“ืขืช.
19:02
RP: Caused by humans. Caused by the movement of humans.
310
1142330
3000
ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืคืจืกื˜ื•ืŸ: ื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
19:05
You can think of the Earth's biosphere as a palace,
311
1145330
5000
ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืืจืžื•ืŸ,
19:10
and the continents are rooms in the palace,
312
1150330
3000
ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ,
19:13
and the islands are small rooms.
313
1153330
2000
ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
19:15
But lately, the doors of the palace have been flung open,
314
1155330
4000
ืืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืฆื• ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”,
19:19
and the walls are coming down.
315
1159330
3000
ื•ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื.
19:22
CA: Richard Preston, thank you very much, I think.
316
1162330
2000
ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืคืจืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
19:24
RP: Thank you.
317
1164330
2000
ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืคืจืกื˜ื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7