The risky politics of progress | Jonathan Tepperman

63,953 views ใƒป 2016-09-24

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Roni Ravia ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
The conventional wisdom about our world today
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ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื
00:15
is that this is a time of terrible decline.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคืœ ื ื•ืจืื™.
00:19
And that's not surprising, given the bad news all around us,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืฉืฆืฆื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
00:23
from ISIS to inequality,
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ืžื“ืืขืฉ ืœืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ,
00:25
political dysfunction, climate change,
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ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืœ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
00:28
Brexit, and on and on.
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ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
00:31
But here's the thing, and this may sound a little weird.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžืขื• ืงื˜ืข, ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืžืข ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื–ืจ.
00:35
I actually don't buy this gloomy narrative,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
00:38
and I don't think you should either.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื ืœื›ื ืœื ื›ื“ืื™.
00:40
Look, it's not that I don't see the problems.
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ืจืื•, ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
00:43
I read the same headlines that you do.
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื.
00:46
What I dispute is the conclusion that so many people draw from them,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืžื”ืŸ,
00:49
namely that we're all screwed
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ืฉืžืกืชื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืœืš ืขืœื™ื ื•
00:51
because the problems are unsolvable
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ื›ื™ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ
00:54
and our governments are useless.
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ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืชื•ืขืœืช.
00:57
Now, why do I say this?
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ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”?
00:58
It's not like I'm particularly optimistic by nature.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื–ื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื™,
01:02
But something about the media's constant doom-mongering
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื• ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื”,
01:06
with its fixation on problems and not on answers
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ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืขืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืคืชืจื•ื ืŸ,
01:09
has always really bugged me.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืง ืœื™.
01:11
So a few years ago I decided,
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™,
01:14
well, I'm a journalist,
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ืฉืžืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™,
01:16
I should see if I can do any better
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ืขืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘,
01:18
by going around the world and actually asking folks
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ืœืช ืื ืฉื™ื
01:21
if and how they've tackled
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ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื
01:22
their big economic and political challenges.
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ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:26
And what I found astonished me.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™.
01:29
It turns out that there are remarkable signs of progress out there,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
01:33
often in the most unexpected places,
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื,
01:36
and they've convinced me that our great global challenges
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•
01:40
may not be so unsolvable after all.
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
01:43
Not only are there theoretical fixes;
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื,
01:45
those fixes have been tried.
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ืืœื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืกื•.
01:47
They've worked.
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ื•ืขื‘ื“ื•.
01:49
And they offer hope for the rest of us.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืคื™ื—ื™ื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
01:52
I'm going to show you what I mean
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ืื ื™ ืื“ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ,
01:54
by telling you about how three of the countries I visited --
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ -
01:56
Canada, Indonesia and Mexico --
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ืงื ื“ื”, ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื•ืžืงืกื™ืงื• -
01:58
overcame three supposedly impossible problems.
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ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ.
02:02
Their stories matter because they contain tools the rest of us can use,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ,
02:06
and not just for those particular problems,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
02:09
but for many others, too.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:13
When most people think about my homeland, Canada, today,
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ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™, ืงื ื“ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื,
02:17
if they think about Canada at all,
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ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”,
02:19
they think cold, they think boring, they think polite.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงืจื”, ืžืฉืขืžืžืช, ืžื ื•ืžืกืช.
02:22
They think we say "sorry" too much in our funny accents.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืดืกืœื™ื—ื”ืด ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:26
And that's all true.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:29
Sorry.
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ืกืœื™ื—ื”.
02:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:32
But Canada's also important
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ื
02:35
because of its triumph over a problem
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ื”
02:37
currently tearing many other countries apart:
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ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืงื•ืจืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื:
02:39
immigration.
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ื”ื’ื™ืจื”.
02:41
Consider, Canada today is among the world's most welcoming nations,
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ื“ืขื• ืœื›ื, ืงื ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื,
02:45
even compared to other immigration-friendly countries.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:49
Its per capita immigration rate is four times higher than France's,
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืœืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืช,
02:53
and its percentage of foreign-born residents
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ื•ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”
02:56
is double that of Sweden.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”.
02:58
Meanwhile, Canada admitted
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืงื ื“ื” ืงืœื˜ื”
02:59
10 times more Syrian refugees in the last year
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ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
03:03
than did the United States.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
03:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:12
And now Canada is taking even more.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืงื ื“ื” ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš.
03:14
And yet, if you ask Canadians
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืงื ื“ื™ื
03:16
what makes them proudest of their country,
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ืžื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ืื•ื•ื”,
03:19
they rank "multiculturalism,"
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ื”ื ื™ื“ืจื’ื• ืดืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืชืด,
03:22
a dirty word in most places,
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ืžื™ืœื” ื’ืกื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
03:24
second,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™,
03:25
ahead of hockey.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื•ืงื™.
03:27
Hockey.
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ื”ื•ืงื™.
03:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:31
In other words, at a time when other countries
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช
03:34
are now frantically building new barriers to keep foreigners out,
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ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื,
03:37
Canadians want even more of them in.
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ืงื ื“ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:41
Now, here's the really interesting part.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
03:43
Canada wasn't always like this.
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ืงื ื“ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ื•.
03:45
Until the mid-1960s, Canada followed an explicitly racist immigration policy.
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ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช.
03:52
They called it "White Canada,"
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ืงืจืื• ืœื” ืดืงื ื“ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื”ืด,
03:54
and as you can see, they were not just talking about the snow.
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื’.
03:59
So how did that Canada become today's Canada?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืงื ื“ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื?
04:05
Well, despite what my mom in Ontario will tell you,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืืžื ืฉืœื™ ืžืื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื• ืชืืžืจ,
04:07
the answer had nothing to do with virtue.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘.
04:09
Canadians are not inherently better than anyone else.
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ืงื ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื ืžืืฉืจ ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:13
The real explanation involves the man who became Canada's leader in 1968,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืื“ื ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืงื ื“ื” ื‘-1968,
04:17
Pierre Trudeau, who is also the father of the current prime minister.
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ืคื™ื™ืจ ื˜ืจื•ื“ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
04:21
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:25
The thing to know about that first Trudeau
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ืžื” ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื˜ืจื•ื“ื• ื”ืื‘
04:27
is that he was very different from Canada's previous leaders.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื”.
04:29
He was a French speaker in a country long-dominated by its English elite.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
04:34
He was an intellectual.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœ.
04:36
He was even kind of groovy.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
04:38
I mean, seriously, the guy did yoga.
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ืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™, ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ื’ื”.
04:41
He hung out with the Beatles.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก.
04:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:44
And like all hipsters, he could be infuriating at times.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืคืกื˜ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช.
04:48
But he nevertheless pulled off
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ืจื•ื
04:50
one of the most progressive transformations any country has ever seen.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื“ ืื–.
04:56
His formula, I've learned, involved two parts.
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ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืฉืœื•, ื›ืš ืœืžื“ืชื™, ื›ืœืœื” ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื.
04:58
First, Canada threw out its old race-based immigration rules,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืงื ื“ื” ื–ืจืงื” ืœืคื— ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
05:02
and it replaced them with new color-blind ones
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืืœื• ื”ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื’ื–ืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
05:05
that emphasized education, experience and language skills instead.
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ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืฉืคื”.
05:10
And what that did was greatly increase the odds
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
05:13
that newcomers would contribute to the economy.
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ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืชืจืžื• ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”.
05:16
Then part two, Trudeau created the world's first policy
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื˜ืจื•ื“ื• ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ื”
05:20
of official multiculturalism to promote integration
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ืœืžื˜ืจืช ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื”
05:24
and the idea that diversity was the key to Canada's identity.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื“ื™ืช.
05:29
Now, in the years that followed, Ottawa kept pushing this message,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžืื–, ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืจ ื–ื”,
05:33
but at the same time, ordinary Canadians
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืงื ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
05:35
soon started to see the economic, the material benefits of multiculturalism
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
05:40
all around them.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
05:41
And these two influences soon combined
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ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“
05:44
to create the passionately open-minded Canada of today.
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
05:49
Let's now turn to another country and an even tougher problem,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืขืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”,
05:53
Islamic extremism.
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ืืกืœืื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
05:55
In 1998, the people of Indonesia took to the streets
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ื‘-1998 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื”ืชืงื”ืœื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
05:58
and overthrew their longtime dictator, Suharto.
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ื•ื”ื“ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืชื™ืง, ืฉื•ื”ืจื˜ื•.
06:02
It was an amazing moment,
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืจื’ืข ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
06:04
but it was also a scary one.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
06:06
With 250 million people,
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ืขื 250 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ,
06:08
Indonesia is the largest Muslim-majority country on Earth.
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ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:12
It's also hot, huge and unruly,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื—ืžื”, ืขื ืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื”, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
06:15
made up of 17,000 islands,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื›-17,000 ืื™ื™ื,
06:17
where people speak close to a thousand languages.
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ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-1000 ืฉืคื•ืช.
06:20
Now, Suharto had been a dictator,
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ืฉื•ื”ืจื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ,
06:23
and a nasty one.
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ืื›ื–ืจื™ ืœืžื“ื™.
06:24
But he'd also been a pretty effective tyrant,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื“ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ,
06:27
and he'd always been careful to keep religion out of politics.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืขื ื“ืช.
06:31
So experts feared that without him keeping a lid on things,
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ืื– ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืœืœื ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœื•
06:34
the country would explode,
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืงืจื•ืก,
06:36
or religious extremists would take over
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ืื• ืฉื“ืชื™ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœื™ื”
06:38
and turn Indonesia into a tropical version of Iran.
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ื•ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ืจืกื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ.
06:43
And that's just what seemed to happen at first.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
06:46
In the country's first free elections, in 1999,
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ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื‘-1999,
06:49
Islamist parties scored 36 percent of the vote,
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ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืืกืœืืžื™ื•ืช ื’ืจืคื• 36% ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื,
06:52
and the islands burned
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ื•ื”ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื•
06:54
as riots and terror attacks killed thousands.
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ืžืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ืืœืคื™ื.
06:58
Since then, however, Indonesia has taken a surprising turn.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื–, ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืชืคื ื™ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื”.
07:03
While ordinary folks have grown more pious on a personal level --
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื“ืชื™ื™ื ืื“ื•ืงื™ื -
07:07
I saw a lot more headscarves on a recent visit
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืกื™ ืจืืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
07:09
than I would have a decade ago --
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ืžืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื -
07:11
the country's politics have moved in the opposite direction.
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื–ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš.
07:15
Indonesia is now a pretty decent democracy.
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ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
07:20
And yet, its Islamist parties have steadily lost support,
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืื ืื˜ ืื˜ ืžืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช,
07:23
from a high of about 38 percent in 2004
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ืžืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›-38% ื‘-2004
07:26
down to 25 percent in 2014.
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ืขื“ ืœ-25% ื‘-2014.
07:30
As for terrorism, it's now extremely rare.
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ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
07:34
And while a few Indonesians have recently joined ISIS,
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ื•ืืฃ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื“ืขืืดืฉ,
07:37
their number is tiny,
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ืžืกืคืจื ื”ื•ื ื–ืขื•ื,
07:39
far fewer in per capita terms
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ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
07:42
than the number of Belgians.
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ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”.
07:46
Try to think of one other Muslim-majority country
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ื ืกื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ืื—ืจืช
07:48
that can say all those same things.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืืช.
07:51
In 2014, I went to Indonesia to ask its current president,
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ื‘-2014 ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
07:54
a soft-spoken technocrat named Joko Widodo,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืงืจื˜ ื ืขื™ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื•ืงื• ื•ื™ื“ื•ื“ื•,
07:57
"Why is Indonesia thriving when so many other Muslim states are dying?"
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ืดืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืกืœืื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืขื›ื•ืช?ืด
08:03
"Well, what we realized," he told me,
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ืดื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื•ืด, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™,
08:04
"is that to deal with extremism, we needed to deal with inequality first."
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ืดืฉื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸืด.
08:09
See, Indonesia's religious parties, like similar parties elsewhere,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•, ืžืคืœื’ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
08:13
had tended to focus on things like reducing poverty and cutting corruption.
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ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช.
08:18
So that's what Joko and his predecessors did too,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื” ืฉื’'ื•ืงื• ื•ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ืขืฉื•,
08:20
thereby stealing the Islamists' thunder.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ืขืงืจื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืื.
08:23
They also cracked down hard on terrorism,
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ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
08:26
but Indonesia's democrats have learned a key lesson
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื• ืœืงื— ื—ืฉื•ื‘
08:28
from the dark years of dictatorship,
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ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื•ืช,
08:30
namely that repression only creates more extremism.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืจืง ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:36
So they waged their war with extraordinary delicacy.
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ืื– ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
08:40
They used the police instead of the army.
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ื”ื ื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื.
08:42
They only detained suspects if they had enough evidence.
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ื”ื ื›ืœืื• ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ืจืง ืื ื ืืกืคื• ื›ื ื’ื“ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจืื™ื•ืช.
08:45
They held public trials.
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ื”ื ืขืจื›ื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ.
08:46
They even sent liberal imams into the jails
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœืื• ืื™ืžืืžื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื
08:49
to persuade the jihadists that terror is un-Islamic.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืืกืœืื.
08:52
And all of this paid off in spectacular fashion,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืฉื ืคื™ืจื•ืช,
08:55
creating the kind of country that was unimaginable 20 years ago.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืืจ.
09:00
So at this point, my optimism should, I hope,
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ืื– ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
09:03
be starting to make a bit more sense.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืžืข ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:05
Neither immigration nor Islamic extremism are impossible to deal with.
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื›ืžื•ื” ืืกืœืื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
09:10
Join me now on one last trip,
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ ื›ืขืช ืœืžืกืข ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
09:12
this time to Mexico.
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ื”ืคืขื ืœืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
09:14
Now, of our three stories, this one probably surprised me the most,
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ,
09:18
since as you all know,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ,
09:19
the country is still struggling with so many problems.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
09:22
And yet, a few years ago, Mexico did something
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ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืขืฉืชื” ืžืขืฉื”
09:25
that many other countries from France to India to the United States
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ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฆืจืคืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืขื“ ืœืืจื”ืดื‘
09:30
can still only dream of.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืœื—ืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื•.
09:32
It shattered the political paralysis that had gripped it for years.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืคืฆื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื.
09:37
To understand how, we need to rewind to the year 2000,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ืช 2000,
09:40
when Mexico finally became a democracy.
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ื›ืฉืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
09:42
Rather than use their new freedoms to fight for reform,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
09:47
Mexico's politicians used them to fight one another.
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื.
09:50
Congress deadlocked, and the country's problems --
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ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ืงืคืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” -
09:53
drugs, poverty, crime, corruption --
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ืกืžื™ื, ืขื•ื ื™, ืคืฉืข, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช -
09:56
spun out of control.
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ื™ืฆืื• ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
09:58
Things got so bad that in 2008,
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉื‘-2008,
10:00
the Pentagon warned that Mexico risked collapse.
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ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืงืจื™ืกื”.
10:04
Then in 2012, this guy named Enrique Peรฑa Nieto
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ื•ืื– ื‘-2012, ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืื ืจื™ืงื” ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื ื™ื™ื˜ื•
10:09
somehow got himself elected president.
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ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช.
10:11
Now, this Peรฑa hardly inspired much confidence at first.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ืฉืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
10:16
Sure, he was handsome,
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ืจ ื ืื”,
10:18
but he came from Mexico's corrupt old ruling party, the PRI,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืžื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช ืคื™.ืืจ.ืื™, ืฉืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
10:22
and he was a notorious womanizer.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื›ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืžืœื•ืช.
10:26
In fact, he seemed like such a pretty boy lightweight
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื” ื™ืคื™ื•ืฃ
10:29
that women called him "bombรณn," sweetie,
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ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืดื‘ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸืด, ืžืชื•ืง,
10:32
at campaign rallies.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
10:35
And yet this same bombรณn soon surprised everyone
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ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืคืชื™ืข ืืช ื›ื•ืœื
10:39
by hammering out a truce
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ
10:40
between the country's three warring political parties.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
10:43
And over the next 18 months, they together passed
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ื•ืชื•ืš 18 ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•
10:45
an incredibly comprehensive set of reforms.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช.
10:48
They busted open Mexico's smothering monopolies.
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ื”ื ื ื™ืคืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
10:51
They liberalized its rusting energy sector.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ.
10:55
They restructured its failing schools, and much more.
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ื‘ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืจืขื•ืขื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
10:58
To appreciate the scale of this accomplishment,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’,
11:00
try to imagine the US Congress passing immigration reform,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื”,
11:04
campaign finance reform and banking reform.
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ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืงืื™ื•ืช,
11:07
Now, try to imagine Congress doing it all at the same time.
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื›ื” ืื—ืช.
11:11
That's what Mexico did.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืขืฉืชื”.
11:14
Not long ago, I met with Peรฑa and asked how he managed it all.
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ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืขื ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
11:18
The President flashed me his famous twinkly smile --
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืš ืืœื™ ืขื ื—ื™ื•ื›ื• ื”ืžื ืฆื ืฅ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื โ€“
11:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:24
and told me that the short answer was "compromiso," compromise.
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ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื ืดืงื•ืžืคืจื•ืžื™ืกื•ืด, ื”ืชืคืฉืจื•ืช.
11:29
Of course, I pushed him for details,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœืคืจื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:31
and the long answer that came out was essentially
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื”
11:33
"compromise, compromise and more compromise."
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ืดื”ืชืคืฉืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชืคืฉืจื•ืชืด.
11:37
See, Peรฑa knew that he needed to build trust early,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•, ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื™ื“ืข ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื,
11:40
so he started talking to the opposition just days after his election.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
11:43
To ward off pressure from special interests,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื—ืฅ ืžืฆื“ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
11:46
he kept their meetings small and secret,
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ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ื“ื ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื,
11:49
and many of the participants later told me that it was this intimacy,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
11:53
plus a lot of shared tequila,
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ืคืœื•ืก ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื˜ืงื™ืœื”,
11:55
that helped build confidence.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ.
11:57
So did the fact that all decisions had to be unanimous,
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืคื” ืื—ื“,
12:00
and that Peรฑa even agreed to pass some of the other party's priorities
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ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืฃ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช
12:04
before his own.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื• ืฉืœื•.
12:06
As Santiago Creel, an opposition senator, put it to me,
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ืกื ื˜ื™ืื’ื• ืงืจื™ืœ:
12:09
"Look, I'm not saying that I'm special or that anyone is special,
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ืดืจืื”, ืื™ื ื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
12:14
but that group, that was special."
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ืดืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืด.
12:18
The proof?
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ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื›ืš?
12:19
When Peรฑa was sworn in, the pact held,
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ื›ืฉืคื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ื›ื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืžื“ื” ืื™ืชืŸ,
12:22
and Mexico moved forward for the first time in years.
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ื•ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื.
12:27
Bueno.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™ (ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช).
12:28
So now we've seen how these three countries
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื”
12:31
overcame three of their great challenges.
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ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
12:33
And that's very nice for them, right?
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
12:35
But what good does it do the rest of us?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื•?
12:39
Well, in the course of studying these and a bunch of other success stories,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืืœื• ื•ื›ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื โ€“
12:42
like the way Rwanda pulled itself back together after civil war
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืื ื“ื” ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
12:46
or Brazil has reduced inequality,
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ืื• ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
12:49
or South Korea has kept its economy growing faster and for longer
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ืื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ืš
12:53
than any other country on Earth,
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ืžื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื โ€“
12:55
I've noticed a few common threads.
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ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
12:57
Now, before describing them, I need to add a caveat.
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืคืจื˜ ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื–ื”ืจื”.
13:00
I realize, of course, that all countries are unique.
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ืื ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
13:03
So you can't simply take what worked in one,
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ืื– ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช,
13:06
port it to another and expect it to work there too.
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ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืื—ืจืช ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
13:08
Nor do specific solutions work forever.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ืœื ืฆื—.
13:11
You've got to adapt them as circumstances change.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
13:14
That said, by stripping these stories to their essence,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
13:18
you absolutely can distill a few common tools for problem-solving
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
13:23
that will work in other countries
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
13:26
and in boardrooms
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ื•ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
13:27
and in all sorts of other contexts, too.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:30
Number one, embrace the extreme.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
13:33
In all the stories we've just looked at,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ื–ื” ืขืชื”,
13:35
salvation came at a moment of existential peril.
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ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ ืกื›ื ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช.
13:39
And that was no coincidence.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
13:41
Take Canada: when Trudeau took office, he faced two looming dangers.
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ืงื ื“ื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื: ื›ืฉื˜ืจื•ื“ื• ืขืœื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืชื™ ืกื›ื ื•ืช.
13:46
First, though his vast, underpopulated country
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื“ืœื™ืœื”
13:49
badly needed more bodies,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืœืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
13:50
its preferred source for white workers, Europe,
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ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื,
13:53
had just stopped exporting them as it finally recovered from World War II.
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ื•ืืœื• ื—ื“ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื” ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
13:57
The other problem was that Canada's long cold war
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ืงื ื“ื”,
14:00
between its French and its English communities
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช
14:03
had just become a hot one.
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ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื.
14:05
Quebec was threatening to secede,
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ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืง ืื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ืžืงื ื“ื”,
14:07
and Canadians were actually killing other Canadians over politics.
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ื•ืงื ื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื ื”ืงื ื“ื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
14:11
Now, countries face crises all the time. Right?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
14:14
That's nothing special.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
14:16
But Trudeau's genius was to realize that Canada's crisis
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื“ื• ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื”
14:20
had swept away all the hurdles that usually block reform.
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ื’ืจืจ ืœื”ืขืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช.
14:24
Canada had to open up. It had no choice.
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ืงื ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ื™ื”. ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช.
14:29
And it had to rethink its identity.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
14:30
Again, it had no choice.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
14:32
And that gave Trudeau a once-in-a-generation opportunity
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืจื•ื“ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
14:36
to break the old rules and write new ones.
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ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
14:39
And like all our other heroes, he was smart enough to seize it.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
14:44
Number two, there's power in promiscuous thinking.
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ื”ืœืงื— ื”ืฉื ื™: ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช.
14:48
Another striking similarity among good problem-solvers
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ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืคื•ืชืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
14:51
is that they're all pragmatists.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื.
14:53
They'll steal the best answers from wherever they find them,
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ื”ื ื™ืœืงื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื,
14:56
and they don't let details
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ืชื ื• ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื
14:57
like party or ideology or sentimentality get in their way.
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ื›ืžื• ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ืื• ืจื’ืฉื ื•ืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื.
15:03
As I mentioned earlier, Indonesia's democrats were clever enough
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
15:06
to steal many of the Islamists' best campaign promises for themselves.
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ืœืืžืฅ ืœืขืฆืžื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืืžื™.
15:11
They even invited some of the radicals into their governing coalition.
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”.
15:15
Now, that horrified a lot of secular Indonesians.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื.
15:19
But by forcing the radicals to actually help govern,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
15:24
it quickly exposed the fact that they weren't any good at the job,
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ื ื—ืฉืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
15:28
and it got them mixed up in all of the grubby compromises
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื•ืช
15:31
and petty humiliations that are part of everyday politics.
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ื•ื”ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช.
15:34
And that hurt their image so badly that they've never recovered.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืชื“ืžื™ืชื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ.
15:39
Number three,
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ืœืงื— ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
15:40
please all of the people some of the time.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื.
15:44
I know I just mentioned how crises can grant leaders extraordinary freedoms.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืื™ืš ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
15:49
And that's true, but problem-solving often requires more than just boldness.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืง ืื•ืžืฅ.
15:53
It takes showing restraint, too,
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื’ื ืื™ืคื•ืง.
15:55
just when that's the last thing you want to do.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
15:58
Take Trudeau: when he took office,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื˜ืจื•ื“ื•: ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืจื•ื”ืดืž,
16:00
he could easily have put his core constituency,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
16:03
that is Canada's French community, first.
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
16:05
He could have pleased some of the people all of the time.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
16:09
And Peรฑa could have used his power to keep attacking the opposition,
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ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”,
16:13
as was traditional in Mexico.
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ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ืช.
16:15
Yet he chose to embrace his enemies instead,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื• ืœื—ื™ืงื•,
16:18
while forcing his own party to compromise.
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ื•ืœืืœืฅ ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืชื• ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ.
16:20
And Trudeau pushed everyone to stop thinking in tribal terms
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ื•ื˜ืจื•ื“ื• ื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื,
16:25
and to see multiculturalism, not language and not skin color,
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจ,
16:29
as what made them quintessentially Canadian.
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ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืงื ื“ื”.
16:32
Nobody got everything they wanted,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื”,
16:35
but everyone got just enough that the bargains held.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืขืกืงื” ืชื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“.
16:40
So at this point you may be thinking,
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ืื– ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
16:43
"OK, Tepperman,
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ืดืื•ืงื™ื™ ื˜ืคืจืžืŸ,
16:44
if the fixes really are out there like you keep insisting,
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ืดืื ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ,
16:47
then why aren't more countries already using them?"
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ืดืื– ืœืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื?ืด
16:50
It's not like they require special powers to pull off.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉืžื.
16:53
I mean, none of the leaders we've just looked at were superheroes.
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ื”ืจื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ.
16:56
They didn't accomplish anything on their own,
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื›ืœื•ื ืœื‘ื“ื,
16:59
and they all had plenty of flaws.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื’ืจืขื•ืช.
17:01
Take Indonesia's first democratic president,
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”,
17:03
Abdurrahman Wahid.
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ืื‘ื“ื•ืจื”ื ื•ื•ืื”ื™ื“.
17:05
This man was so powerfully uncharismatic
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ื”ื‘ื ืื“ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื”
17:08
that he once fell asleep
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจื“ื ืคืขื
17:10
in the middle of his own speech.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื ืื•ื ืฉืœื•.
17:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:14
True story.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™.
17:19
So what this tells us is that the real obstacle is not ability,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช,
17:23
and it's not circumstances.
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ืื• ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
17:25
It's something much simpler.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
17:27
Making big changes involves taking big risks,
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ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
17:31
and taking big risks is scary.
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ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
17:34
Overcoming that fear requires guts,
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ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืื•ืžืฅ,
17:37
and as you all know,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
17:39
gutsy politicians are painfully rare.
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื”ื ืžื—ื–ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ.
17:43
But that doesn't mean we voters
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื,
17:45
can't demand courage from our political leaders.
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ืžืฅ ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื.
17:48
I mean, that's why we put them in office in the first place.
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ื”ืœื ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
17:51
And given the state of the world today, there's really no other option.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
17:55
The answers are out there,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช,
17:58
but now it's up to us
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื•
18:01
to elect more women and men
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ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช
18:03
brave enough to find them,
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื,
18:06
to steal them
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ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื,
18:07
and to make them work.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
18:09
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:10
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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