In praise of conflict | Jonathan Marks

50,785 views ใƒป 2017-05-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Twenty years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”
00:13
when I was a barrister and human rights lawyer
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื•ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื
00:16
in full-time legal practice in London,
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ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
00:19
and the highest court in the land
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ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”
00:22
still convened, some would say by an accident of history,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ืก, ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชืื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:26
in this building here,
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ,
00:28
I met a young man who had just quit his job
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื™ืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•
00:31
in the British Foreign Office.
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ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™.
00:33
When I asked him, "Why did you leave,"
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ื›ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื•, "ืœืžื” ืขื–ื‘ืช?"
00:36
he told me this story.
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื•.
00:38
He had gone to his boss one morning and said,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ืืžืจ,
00:41
"Let's do something about human rights abuses in China."
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"ื‘ื•ื ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ".
00:46
And his boss had replied,
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ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”,
00:48
"We can't do anything about human rights abuses in China
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
00:50
because we have trade relations with China."
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื ืกื™ืŸ."
00:54
So my friend went away with his tail between his legs,
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ืื– ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฆื ืขื ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื,
00:57
and six months later, he returned again to his boss,
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ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœื•,
01:01
and he said this time,
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ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
01:02
"Let's do something about human rights in Burma,"
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"ื‘ื•ื ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืžื”",
01:06
as it was then called.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ืงืจืื” ืื–.
01:08
His boss once again paused
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ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืชื”ื”
01:10
and said, "Oh, but we can't do anything about human rights in Burma
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ื•ืืžืจ, "ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืžื”
01:14
because we don't have any trade relations with Burma."
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื ื‘ื•ืจืžื”".
01:18
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:19
This was the moment he knew he had to leave.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ื‘.
01:21
It wasn't just the hypocrisy that got to him.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืขื” ืœื•
01:24
It was the unwillingness of his government
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื•
01:28
to engage in conflict with other governments,
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ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช ืขื ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
01:30
in tense discussions,
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ื•ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื,
01:32
all the while, innocent people were being harmed.
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืฉืข ื ืคื’ืขื™ื.
01:37
We are constantly told
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื•
01:39
that conflict is bad
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ืฉืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข
01:42
that compromise is good;
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ืฉืคืฉืจื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”;
01:45
that conflict is bad
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ืฉืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข
01:47
but consensus is good;
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘;
01:49
that conflict is bad
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ืฉืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืข
01:52
and collaboration is good.
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ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:55
But in my view,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื™,
01:57
that's far too simple a vision of the world.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:59
We cannot know
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
02:01
whether conflict is bad
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ืื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืข
02:03
unless we know who is fighting,
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื ืœื—ืžื™ื,
02:06
why they are fighting
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื,
02:08
and how they are fighting.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื.
02:10
And compromises can be thoroughly rotten
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ื•ืคืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช
02:13
if they harm people who are not at the table,
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ืื ื”ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง,
02:17
people who are vulnerable, disempowered,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื, ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื,
02:19
people whom we have an obligation to protect.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ.
02:24
Now, you might be somewhat skeptical of a lawyer
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืกืคืงื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ
02:27
arguing about the benefits of conflict
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ืฉื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืžื•ืช
02:30
and creating problems for compromise,
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ื•ืคืฉืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
02:33
but I did also qualify as a mediator,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื•ืกืžืš ื’ื ื›ืžื’ืฉืจ,
02:35
and these days, I spend my time giving talks about ethics for free.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืœื” ืืช ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืชื™ืงื”.
02:38
So as my bank manager likes to remind me, I'm downwardly mobile.
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ืื– ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™, ืื ื™ ืžื˜ืคืก ืžื˜ื”.
02:44
But if you accept my argument,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
02:47
it should change not just the way we lead our personal lives,
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ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
02:50
which I wish to put to one side for the moment,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ืฆื“ ื›ืจื’ืข,
02:53
but it will change the way we think about major problems
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช
02:57
of public health and the environment.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
03:01
Let me explain.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
03:04
Every middle schooler in the United States,
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ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
03:06
my 12-year-old daughter included,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืช ื”-12,
03:09
learns that there are three branches of government,
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ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”.
03:13
the legislative, the executive and the judicial branch.
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ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช, ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช, ื•ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช.
03:17
James Madison wrote,
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ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘,
03:19
"If there is any principle more sacred in our Constitution,
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"ืื ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•,
03:24
and indeed in any free constitution,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืงื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช,
03:26
than any other,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ,
03:28
it is that which separates
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“
03:30
the legislative, the executive and the judicial powers."
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื".
03:35
Now, the framers were not just concerned
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืจืง
03:39
about the concentration and exercise of power.
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ืžืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•.
03:43
They also understood the perils of influence.
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ื”ื ื’ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื”.
03:48
Judges cannot determine the constitutionality of laws
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ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื
03:53
if they participate in making those laws,
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ืื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื•.
03:57
nor can they hold the other branches of government accountable
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ื”ื ื’ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช
04:01
if they collaborate with them
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ืื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื”
04:03
or enter into close relationships with them.
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ืื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
04:07
The Constitution is, as one famous scholar put it,
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ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืœื•ืžื“ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืืช,
04:11
"an invitation to struggle."
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"ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืžืื‘ืง".
04:14
And we the people are served
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืขื ื–ื” ืžืฉืจืช
04:16
when those branches do, indeed, struggle with each other.
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ื›ืฉื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืืžืช ื ืื‘ืงื•ืช ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื•.
04:23
Now, we recognize the importance of struggle
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืง,
04:26
not just in the public sector
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
04:29
between our branches of government.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:32
We also know it too in the private sector,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™,
04:35
in relationships among corporations.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื.
04:39
Let's imagine that two American airlines get together and agree
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืžืกื›ื™ืžื•ืช
04:44
that they will not drop the price
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™
04:46
of their economy class airfares below 250 dollars a ticket.
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ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-250 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื›ืจื˜ื™ืก.
04:51
That is collaboration, some would say collusion,
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืงื ื•ื ื™ื”,
04:55
not competition,
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ืœื ืชื—ืจื•ืช,
04:56
and we the people are harmed
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื
04:59
because we pay more for our tickets.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
05:02
Imagine similarly two airlines were to say,
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช,
05:04
"Look, Airline A, we'll take the route from LA to Chicago,"
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"ืชืจืื•, ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก ืœืฉื™ืงื’ื•,"
05:09
and Airline B says, "We'll take the route from Chicago to DC,
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ ืื•ืžืจืช "ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืฉื™ืงื’ื• ืœื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
05:13
and we won't compete."
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ื•ืœื ื ืชื—ืจื”."
05:14
Once again, that's collaboration or collusion instead of competition,
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ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื• ืงื ื•ื ื™ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช,
05:19
and we the people are harmed.
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ื•ืื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื ืคื’ืขื™ื.
05:23
So we understand the importance of struggle
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ืื– ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง
05:29
when it comes to relationships between branches of government,
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
05:34
the public sector.
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ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.
05:36
We also understand the importance of conflict
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช
05:40
when it comes to relationships among corporations,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื,
05:44
the private sector.
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ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.
05:46
But where we have forgotten it
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืคื” ืฉืฉื›ื—ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”
05:48
is in the relationships between the public and the private.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœืคืจื˜ื™.
05:53
And governments all over the world are collaborating with industry
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ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”
05:56
to solve problems of public health and the environment,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
06:00
often collaborating with the very corporations
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื•ืชื ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื
06:03
that are creating or exacerbating the problems they are trying to solve.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื• ืžื—ืจื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ.
06:10
We are told that these relationships
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืžื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื•
06:14
are a win-win.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื.
06:17
But what if someone is losing out?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“?
06:22
Let me give you some examples.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
06:25
A United Nations agency decided to address a serious problem:
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ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช:
06:29
poor sanitation in schools in rural India.
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ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื™ืจื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช.
06:34
They did so not just in collaboration with national and local governments
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™
06:38
but also with a television company
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
06:40
and with a major multinational soda company.
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ื•ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
06:45
In exchange for less than one million dollars,
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ืชืžื•ืจืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
06:48
that corporation received the benefits of a months-long promotional campaign
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ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื ื”ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช
06:53
including a 12-hour telethon
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืชืจืžื” ืฉืœ 12 ืฉืขื•ืช
06:55
all using the company's logo and color scheme.
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ื›ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืœื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”.
06:59
This was an arrangement
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ
07:01
which was totally understandable
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
07:04
from the corporation's point of view.
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“.
07:06
It enhances the reputation of the company
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ืชื“ืžื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
07:09
and it creates brand loyalty for its products.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื”.
07:13
But in my view,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™,
07:14
this is profoundly problematic for the intergovernmental agency,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช,
07:18
an agency that has a mission to promote sustainable living.
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ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืงื“ื ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
07:23
By increasing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžืžื•ืชืงื™ื
07:26
made from scarce local water supplies and drunk out of plastic bottles
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
07:31
in a country that is already grappling with obesity,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ,
07:34
this is neither sustainable from a public health
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
07:37
nor an environmental point of view.
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ื•ืœื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
07:40
And in order to solve one public health problem,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืื—ืช
07:43
the agency is sowing the seeds
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ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื–ื•ืจืขืช ื–ืจืขื™ื
07:46
of another.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช.
07:49
This is just one example of dozens I discovered
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ื–ื• ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™
07:53
in researching a book on the relationships between government and industry.
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ื›ืฉืขืจื›ืชื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืชืขืฉื™ื”.
07:58
I could also have told you about the initiatives in parks
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื‘ืคืืจืงื™ื
08:02
in London and throughout Britain,
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ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
08:04
involving the same company, promoting exercise,
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ื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืงื“ืžืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช,
08:07
or indeed of the British government creating voluntary pledges
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ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช
08:12
in partnership with industry
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ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”
08:14
instead of regulating industry.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืชืขืฉื™ื”.
08:17
These collaborations or partnerships have become the paradigm in public health,
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื• ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
08:22
and once again, they make sense from the point of view of industry.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
08:26
It allows them to frame public health problems and their solutions
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
08:30
in ways that are least threatening to,
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžืื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช
08:32
most consonant with their commercial interests.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
08:35
So obesity becomes a problem
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ืื– ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ื”
08:38
of individual decision-making,
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ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
08:42
of personal behavior,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
08:44
personal responsibility and lack of physical activity.
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ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกืคืงืช.
08:47
It is not a problem,
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ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื”,
08:49
when framed this way,
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ื›ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”,
08:51
of a multinational food system involving major corporations.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
08:55
And again, I don't blame industry.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
08:56
Industry naturally engages in strategies of influence
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ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื”
09:00
to promote its commercial interests.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
09:03
But governments have a responsibility
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
09:06
to develop counterstrategies
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ืœืคืชื— ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช-ื ื’ื“
09:08
to protect us
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ืฉื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื ื•
09:10
and the common good.
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ื•ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ.
09:13
The mistake that governments are making
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ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช
09:18
when they collaborate in this way
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืš
09:20
with industry
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ืขื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”
09:22
is that they conflate
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืžื–ื’ื•ืช
09:24
the common good
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ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ
09:26
with common ground.
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ืขื ื”ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
09:28
When you collaborate with industry,
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ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”
09:31
you necessarily put off the table
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ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ืžื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
09:34
things that might promote the common good to which industry will not agree.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ืงื“ื ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ, ืืš ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืœื ืชืกื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ
09:38
Industry will not agree to increased regulation
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ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืœื ืชืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”
09:40
unless it believes this will stave off even more regulation
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืชืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืžื ืข ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช
09:45
or perhaps knock some competitors out of the market.
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ืจื—ื™ืง ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืง.
09:49
Nor can companies agree to do certain things,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
09:52
for example raise the prices of their unhealthy products,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
09:55
because that would violate competition law,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืคืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช,
09:57
as we've established.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื‘ืขื ื•.
10:00
So our governments should not confound
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืจื‘ื‘
10:03
the common good and common ground,
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ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืขื ื”ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ,
10:06
especially when common ground means reaching agreement with industry.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื”ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืžืฉืžืขื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ื ืขื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
10:12
I want to give you another example,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
10:14
moving from high-profile collaboration
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ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”
10:16
to something that is below ground
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”
10:18
both literally and figuratively:
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”:
10:22
the hydraulic fracturing of natural gas.
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ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจืื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
10:25
Imagine that you purchase a plot of land
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื—ืœืงืช ืื“ืžื”
10:28
not knowing the mineral rights have been sold.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื ืžื›ืจื•,
10:31
This is before the fracking boom.
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ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจืื•ืœื™ืช.
10:34
You build your dream home on that plot,
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ืืชื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื–ื”,
10:37
and shortly afterwards,
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ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
10:38
you discover that a gas company is building a well pad on your land.
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ืืชื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื’ื– ื‘ื•ื ื” ืžืฉื˜ื— ืงื™ื“ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื.
10:44
That was the plight of the Hallowich family.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืฅ'
10:49
Within a very short period of time,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“,
10:51
they began to complain of headaches,
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ,
10:55
of sore throats, of itchy eyes,
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ื›ืื‘ื™ ื’ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื’ืจื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
10:58
in addition to the interference of the noise, vibration
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืคืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขืฉ, ื”ืจื˜ื˜
11:01
and the bright lights from the flaring of natural gas.
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ื•ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืžื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
11:04
They were very vocal in their criticisms,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืœื ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื,
11:07
and then they fell silent.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืชืชืงื•.
11:10
And thanks to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, where this image appeared,
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ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ืคื•ืกื˜ ื’ืื–ื˜, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื”,
11:13
and one other newspaper, we discovered why they fell silent.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืชืงื•.
11:16
The newspapers went to the court and said, "What happened to the Hallowiches?"
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ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืคื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฉืืœื•, "ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื™ื?"
11:20
And it turned out the Hallowiches had made a secret settlement
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื”ืœื•ื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื™ื ืขืฉื• ื”ืกื›ื ื—ืฉืื™
11:23
with the gas operators, and it was a take-it-or-leave-it settlement.
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ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื– ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืกืงืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ "ืงื— ืื• ื”ื ื—."
11:27
The gas company said,
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื’ื– ืืžืจื”,
11:28
you can have a six-figure sum
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ืกืคืจื•ืช
11:31
to move elsewhere and start your lives again,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
11:33
but in return
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”
11:34
you must promise not to speak of your experience with our company,
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ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš,
11:38
not to speak of your experience with fracking,
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ืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจืื•ืœื™ืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื,
11:41
not to speak about the health consequences
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ืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช
11:45
that might have been revealed by a medical examination.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
11:49
Now, I do not blame the Hallowiches for accepting
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืฆืขื”.
11:52
a take-it-or-leave-it settlement
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ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ "ืงื— ืื• ื”ื ื—"
11:55
and starting their lives elsewhere.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
11:57
And one can understand
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
11:58
why the company would wish to silence a squeaky wheel.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
12:01
What I want to point the finger at is the legal and regulatory system,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
12:05
a system in which there are networks of agreements
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื
12:07
just like this one
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
12:09
which serve to silence people and seal off data points
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ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
12:14
from public health experts and epidemiologists,
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ืžืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืคื™ื“ืžื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื,
12:17
a system in which regulators
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื
12:18
will even refrain from issuing a violation notice
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืžืชืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืคืจื”
12:21
in the event of pollution
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
12:23
if the landowner and the gas company
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ืื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื’ื–
12:25
agree to settle.
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ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื“ืจ.
12:27
This is a system which isn't just bad from a public health point of view;
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืจืขื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ;
12:30
it exposes hazards to local families
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช
12:34
who remain in the dark.
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ืฉื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืืคืœื”.
12:39
Now, I have given you two examples not because they are isolated examples.
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ื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
12:43
They are examples of a systemic problem.
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ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช.
12:46
I could share some counterexamples,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช,
12:48
the case for example of the public official
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ื”ืžืงืจื” ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
12:51
who sues the pharmaceutical company
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ืฉืชื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
12:54
for concealing the fact
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ืขืœ ื”ืกืชืจืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
12:56
that its antidepressant increases suicidal thoughts in adolescents.
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ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ
13:02
I can tell you about the regulator who went after the food company
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืคืขืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜
13:06
for exaggerating the purported health benefits of its yogurt.
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ืฉื”ื’ื–ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื”.
13:10
And I can tell you about the legislator
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืชื“ืœื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื”
13:13
who despite heavy lobbying directed at both sides of the aisle
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ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืจืก ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
13:18
pushes for environmental protections.
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ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
13:22
These are isolated examples,
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช,
13:24
but they are beacons of light in the darkness,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืืคื™ืœื”,
13:28
and they can show us the way.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš.
13:33
I began by suggesting that sometimes we need to engage in conflict.
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ืคืชื—ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืช.
13:39
Governments should tussle with,
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง,
13:42
struggle with, at times engage in direct conflict with corporations.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื.
13:49
This is not because governments are inherently good
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขืŸ
13:54
and corporations are inherently evil.
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ื•ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืจืขื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื.
13:56
Each is capable of good or ill.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข.
14:01
But corporations understandably act to promote their commercial interests,
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ืืš ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื,
14:06
and they do so either sometimes undermining or promoting the common good.
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืื• ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ
14:12
But it is the responsibility of governments
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
14:16
to protect and promote the common good.
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ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื•ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ.
14:20
And we should insist
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืขืงืฉ
14:22
that they fight to do so.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืœื—ืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
14:26
This is because governments
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
14:29
are the guardians
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื™ื
14:31
of public health;
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ;
14:33
governments are the guardians
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื™ื
14:36
of the environment;
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”;
14:38
and it is governments
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
14:40
that are guardians
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืŸ ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืกื™ื
14:41
of these essential parts of our common good.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:47
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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