The case for curiosity-driven research | Suzie Sheehy

90,344 views ใƒป 2018-11-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: maor madmon
00:12
In the late 19th century, scientists were trying to solve a mystery.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”19, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืชืขืœื•ืžื”.
00:18
They found that if they had a vacuum tube like this one
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืื ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื•ืืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื•
00:21
and applied a high voltage across it,
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ื•ืžืฉืจื™ื ืžืชื— ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืฆื•ืชื™ื”,
00:24
something strange happened.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
00:36
They called them cathode rays.
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื”ืŸ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืงืชื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
00:39
But the question was: What were they made of?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื”: ืžืžื” ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช?
00:42
In England, the 19th-century physicist J.J. Thompson
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ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”19, ื’'ื™ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ,
00:46
conducted experiments using magnets and electricity, like this.
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ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
00:57
And he came to an incredible revelation.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
01:00
These rays were made of negatively charged particles
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ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™
01:04
around 2,000 times lighter than the hydrogen atom,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืŸ ืงืœื•ืช ืคื™ 2000 ืžืื˜ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ,
01:08
the smallest thing they knew.
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื”ื.
01:10
So Thompson had discovered the first subatomic particle,
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ืื– ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ืชืช-ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
01:14
which we now call electrons.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
01:17
Now, at the time, this seemed to be a completely impractical discovery.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช.
01:21
I mean, Thompson didn't think there were any applications of electrons.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
01:25
Around his lab in Cambridge, he used to like to propose a toast:
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื’' ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืกื™ืช:
01:29
"To the electron.
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"ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
01:31
May it never be of use to anybody."
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ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืขื•ืœื".
01:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:36
He was strongly in favor of doing research out of sheer curiosity,
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžืš ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”,
01:40
to arrive at a deeper understanding of the world.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:43
And what he found did cause a revolution in science.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืื›ืŸ ื’ืจื ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ืข.
01:47
But it also caused a second, unexpected revolution in technology.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื’ืจื ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:53
Today, I'd like to make a case for curiosity-driven research,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช,
01:57
because without it,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•,
01:59
none of the technologies I'll talk about today
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
02:01
would have been possible.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
02:04
Now, what Thompson found here has actually changed our view of reality.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:08
I mean, I think I'm standing on a stage,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืžื”,
02:11
and you think you're sitting in a seat.
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ื•ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืกื.
02:13
But that's just the electrons in your body
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื
02:15
pushing back against the electrons in the seat,
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ื”ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืกื,
02:18
opposing the force of gravity.
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ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
02:21
You're not even really touching the seat.
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ืืชื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื›ื™ืกื.
02:24
You're hovering ever so slightly above it.
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ืืชื ืžืจื—ืคื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืขืœื™ื•.
02:29
But in many ways, our modern society was actually built on this discovery.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
02:33
I mean, these tubes were the start of electronics.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื”ืฉืคื•ืจืคืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”.
02:35
And then for many years,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:37
most of us actually had one of these, if you remember, in your living room,
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ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืชื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”, ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:40
in cathode-ray tube televisions.
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ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืงืจืŸ ืงืชื•ื“ื™ืช (ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช).
02:43
But -- I mean, how impoverished would our lives be
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ืื‘ืœ -- ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื›ืžื” ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
02:46
if the only invention that had come from here was the television?
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ืื ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”?
02:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:52
Thankfully, this tube was just a start,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
02:55
because something else happens when the electrons here
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืงืจื” ื›ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:57
hit the piece of metal inside the tube.
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ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช.
03:00
Let me show you.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื.
03:04
Pop this one back on.
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ื ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
03:07
So as the electrons screech to a halt inside the metal,
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ืื– ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืขืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืชื›ืช,
03:10
their energy gets thrown out again
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื•ืฉืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืฉื•ื‘
03:12
in a form of high-energy light, which we call X-rays.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืจืžืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ.
03:16
(Buzzing)
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(ื–ืžื–ื•ื)
03:19
(Buzzing)
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(ื–ืžื–ื•ื)
03:21
And within 15 years of discovering the electron,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš 15 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
03:24
these X-rays were being used to make images inside the human body,
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
03:29
helping soldiers' lives being saved by surgeons,
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ื›ืš ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ืชื—ื™ื,
03:33
who could then find pieces of bullets and shrapnel inside their bodies.
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืืชืจ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงืœื™ืขื™ื ื•ืจืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:38
But there's no way we could have come up with that technology
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
03:41
by asking scientists to build better surgical probes.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื.
03:45
Only research done out of sheer curiosity, with no application in mind,
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ืจืง ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืžืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืžื˜ืจืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืช,
03:50
could have given us the discovery of the electron and X-rays.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ.
03:54
Now, this tube also threw open the gates for our understanding of the universe
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืฉืคื•ืจืคืจืช ื”ื–ื• ื’ื ืคืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
04:00
and the field of particle physics,
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ื•ืœืชื—ื•ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
04:02
because it's also the first, very simple particle accelerator.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžืื•ื“.
04:07
Now, I'm an accelerator physicist, so I design particle accelerators,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืื– ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืžืื™ืฆื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
04:11
and I try and understand how beams behave.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช.
04:15
And my field's a bit unusual,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœ,
04:16
because it crosses between curiosity-driven research
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ื ืข ืกืงืจื ื•ืช
04:20
and technology with real-world applications.
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
04:24
But it's the combination of those two things
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:26
that gets me really excited about what I do.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืœื”ื‘ ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
04:30
Now, over the last 100 years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 100 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
04:32
there have been far too many examples for me to list them all.
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื–ื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืจื˜ ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ.
04:35
But I want to share with you just a few.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืชื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ.
04:37
In 1928, a physicist named Paul Dirac found something strange in his equations.
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ื‘1928, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉื ืคื•ืœ ื“ื™ืจืืง ืžืฆื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
04:43
And he predicted, based purely on mathematical insight,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช,
04:48
that there ought to be a second kind of matter,
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ,
04:51
the opposite to normal matter,
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ื”ื”ืคืš ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ,
04:53
that literally annihilates when it comes in contact:
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ืฉืžืฉืžื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื ืืชื• ื‘ืžื’ืข:
04:57
antimatter.
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ืื ื˜ื™-ื—ื•ืžืจ.
04:59
I mean, the idea sounded ridiculous.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžืข ืžื’ื•ื—ืš.
05:02
But within four years, they'd found it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื•.
05:04
And nowadays, we use it every day in hospitals,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
05:07
in positron emission tomography, or PET scans, used for detecting disease.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ืกืจื™ืงืช PET, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
05:13
Or, take these X-rays.
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ืื•, ืงื—ื• ืืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื”ืืœื”.
05:15
If you can get these electrons up to a higher energy,
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืจืžืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:18
so about 1,000 times higher than this tube,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืคื™ 1,000 ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉืคื•ืจืคืจืช ื”ื–ืืช,
05:21
the X-rays that those produce
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ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืคืงื• ืžืฉืคื•ืจืคืจืช ื›ื–ื•
05:24
can actually deliver enough ionizing radiation to kill human cells.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืชืื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
05:28
And if you can shape and direct those X-rays where you want them to go,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ื•ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
05:32
that allows us to do an incredible thing:
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื:
05:35
to treat cancer without drugs or surgery,
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ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืœืœื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื.
05:38
which we call radiotherapy.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช.
05:40
In countries like Australia and the UK,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
05:43
around half of all cancer patients are treated using radiotherapy.
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ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช.
05:47
And so, electron accelerators are actually standard equipment
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ื•ื›ืš, ืžืื™ืฆื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™
05:51
in most hospitals.
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
05:53
Or, a little closer to home:
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ืื ื ืชืงืจื‘ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช:
05:56
if you have a smartphone or a computer --
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืคืœืืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื ืื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ --
05:58
and this is TEDx, so you've got both with you right now, right?
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘TEDx ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื›ืืŸ ืืชื›ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:03
Well, inside those devices
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:06
are chips that are made by implanting single ions into silicon,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจื ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
06:10
in a process called ion implantation.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉืชื™ืœืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื.
06:13
And that uses a particle accelerator.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืื™ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
06:18
Without curiosity-driven research, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ื ืข ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช,
06:22
none of these things would exist at all.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
06:27
So, over the years, we really learned to explore inside the atom.
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ืื–, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื.
06:33
And to do that, we had to learn to develop particle accelerators.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืคืชื— ืžืื™ืฆื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
06:37
The first ones we developed let us split the atom.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืคืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื.
06:41
And then we got to higher and higher energies;
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ื•ืื– ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช;
06:45
we created circular accelerators that let us delve into the nucleus
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ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ
06:49
and then create new elements, even.
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ื•ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
06:53
And at that point, we were no longer just exploring inside the atom.
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ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืง ื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ื•ื.
06:58
We'd actually learned how to control these particles.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:01
We'd learned how to interact with our world
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•
07:03
on a scale that's too small for humans to see or touch
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืงื˜ื ื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
07:08
or even sense that it's there.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžืฉื”ื•.
07:12
And then we built larger and larger accelerators,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:16
because we were curious about the nature of the universe.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืกืชืงืจื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
07:19
As we went deeper and deeper, new particles started popping up.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขืžืงื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฆืฆื• ื•ืขืœื•.
07:24
Eventually, we got to huge ring-like machines
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื˜ื‘ืขืช
07:27
that take two beams of particles in opposite directions,
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ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
07:31
squeeze them down to less than the width of a hair
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ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื”
07:33
and smash them together.
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ื•ืžืจืกืงืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืื—ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
07:35
And then, using Einstein's E=mc2,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกื—ืช E=mc2 ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
07:38
you can take all of that energy and convert it into new matter,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื“ืฉ,
07:42
new particles which we rip from the very fabric of the universe.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืขื™ื ืžืืจื™ื’ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฆืžื•.
07:48
Nowadays, there are about 35,000 accelerators in the world,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉื ื ื›-35,000 ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
07:53
not including televisions.
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช.
07:55
And inside each one of these incredible machines,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
07:59
there are hundreds of billions of tiny particles,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื,
08:02
dancing and swirling in systems that are more complex
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ืžืจืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
08:06
than the formation of galaxies.
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ืžื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
08:08
You guys, I can't even begin to explain how incredible it is
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ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื
08:12
that we can do this.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:14
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:23
So I want to encourage you to invest your time and energy
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืชื›ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื
08:27
in people that do curiosity-driven research.
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ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืกืงืจื ื•ืช.
08:31
It was Jonathan Swift who once said,
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ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืืžืจ ืคืขื:
08:34
"Vision is the art of seeing the invisible."
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"ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”".
08:38
And over a century ago, J.J. Thompson did just that,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื’'ื™ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”,
08:41
when he pulled back the veil on the subatomic world.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืช-ืื˜ื•ืžื™.
08:45
And now we need to invest in curiosity-driven research,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ื ืข ืกืงืจื ื•ืช,
08:49
because we have so many challenges that we face.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคืชื—ื ื•.
08:52
And we need patience;
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช;
08:54
we need to give scientists the time, the space and the means
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื
08:58
to continue their quest,
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืชื,
09:00
because history tells us
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื•
09:02
that if we can remain curious and open-minded
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ืฉืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ืคืชื•ื—
09:05
about the outcomes of research,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
09:08
the more world-changing our discoveries will be.
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ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
09:11
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
09:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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