Robert Wright: The evolution of compassion

37,633 views ใƒป 2015-07-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Eyal Ronel
00:13
I'm going to talk about compassion and the golden rule
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ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘ "ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืขืš ื›ืžื•ืš"
00:17
from a secular perspective and even from a kind of scientific perspective.
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
00:23
I'm going to try to give you a little bit of a natural history
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ืื ื™ ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
00:26
of compassion and the golden rule.
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ืืช ื”ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘.
00:28
So, I'm going to be sometimes using kind of clinical language,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช,
00:33
and so it's not going to sound as warm and fuzzy
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื—ื” ื—ืžื™ืžื” ื•ื ืขื™ืžื”
00:35
as your average compassion talk.
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืžืœื”.
00:37
I want to warn you about that.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
00:40
So, I do want to say, at the outset, that I think compassion's great.
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ืืงื“ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ืžืœื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ.
00:44
The golden rule is great. I'm a big supporter of both.
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ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ืชื•ืžืš ื ืœื”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
00:47
And I think it's great that
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืฉื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:49
the leaders of the religions of the world
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:52
are affirming compassion and the golden rule as fundamental principles
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ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื›ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก
00:57
that are integral to their faiths.
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ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžืืžื•ื ืชื.
01:00
At the same time, I think religions don't deserve all the credit.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืช.
01:03
I think nature gave them a helping hand here.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ืœื”ื ื™ื“.
01:07
I'm going to argue tonight that compassion and the golden rule
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืžืœื” ื•ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘
01:12
are, in a certain sense, built into human nature.
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ื”ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:15
But I'm also going to argue
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื’ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ
01:17
that once you understand the sense in which they are built into human nature,
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ืฉื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
01:21
you realize that just affirming compassion,
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ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืืžืฅ ื—ืžืœื”
01:25
and affirming the golden rule, is really not enough.
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ื•ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘.
01:28
There's a lot of work to be done after that.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
01:31
OK so, a quick natural history, first of compassion.
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ืื– ืงืฆืช ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื—ืžืœื”.
01:36
In the beginning, there was compassion,
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ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืžืœื”,
01:39
and I mean not just when human beings first showed up,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืœื ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
01:42
but actually even before that.
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ืืœื ืืฃ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
01:44
I think it's probably the case that, in the human evolutionary lineage,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:48
even before there were homo sapiens,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก,
01:51
feelings like compassion and love and sympathy
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ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืžืœื”, ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื™ื”
01:53
had earned their way into the gene pool,
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™,
01:57
and biologists have a pretty clear idea of how this first happened.
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ื•ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:00
It happened through a principle known as kin selection.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืงืจื ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืฉืื™ืจื™ื.
02:04
And the basic idea of kin selection is that,
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืฉืื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื
02:10
if an animal feels compassion for a close relative,
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ืฉืื ื—ื™ื” ื—ืฉื” ื—ืžืœื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”,
02:13
and this compassion leads the animal to help the relative,
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ื•ื”ื—ืžืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ื™ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื•,
02:17
then, in the end, the compassion actually winds up helping the genes
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืžืœื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื’ื ื™ื
02:22
underlying the compassion itself.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื—ืžืœื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”.
02:25
So, from a biologist's point of view, compassion is actually
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื—ืžืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื
02:29
a gene's way of helping itself. OK.
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ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขืฆืžื•. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
02:33
I warned you this was not going to be very warm and fuzzy.
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ื”ื–ื”ืจืชื™ ืืชื›ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื ืขื™ื. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
02:37
I'll get there -- I hope to get a little fuzzier.
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ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”. ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
02:40
This doesn't bother me so much,
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ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื โ€“ ืœื ื›"ื› ืžืคืจื™ืข.
02:42
that the underlying Darwinian rationale of compassion
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ืฉื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ืžืœื”
02:46
is kind of self-serving at the genetic level.
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ื”ื•ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
02:48
Actually, I think the bad news about kin selection
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืฉืื™ืจื™ื
02:51
is just that it means that this kind of compassion
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืฉื–ืืช ื—ืžืœื”
02:55
is naturally deployed only within the family.
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
02:58
That's the bad news. The good news is compassion is natural.
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ืืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช, ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืžืœื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
03:01
The bad news is that this kin selected compassion
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื—ืžืœื” ืฉื ื‘ืจืจื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”
03:04
is naturally confined to the family.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
03:06
Now, there's more good news that came along later in evolution,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
03:10
a second kind of evolutionary logic.
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ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
03:13
Biologists call that "reciprocal altruism." OK.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ื–ื•ืœืชื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
03:16
And there, the basic idea is that
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืžืœื”
03:19
compassion leads you to do good things for people who then will return the favor.
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืื—"ื› ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
03:27
Again, I know this is not as inspiring a notion of compassion
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืฉืจืื”
03:32
as you may have heard in the past,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืžืœื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
03:34
but from a biologist's point of view, this reciprocal altruism kind of compassion
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’, ื–ื•ืœืชื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช
03:39
is ultimately self-serving too.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช.
03:42
It's not that people think that, when they feel the compassion.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืš ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื—ืžืœื”.
03:44
It's not consciously self-serving, but to a biologist, that's the logic.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’, ื–ืืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”.
03:49
And so, you wind up most easily extending compassion to friends and allies.
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืœื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช.
03:55
I'm sure a lot of you, if a close friend has something really terrible happen to them,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื ื™ืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืจื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื
04:01
you feel really bad.
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ืืชื ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื ื•ืจื.
04:03
But if you read in the newspaper
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืงืจืื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ
04:04
that something really horrible happened to somebody you've never heard of,
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ืฉืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืจื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
04:07
you can probably live with that.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ื˜ื— ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื–ื”. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
04:09
That's just human nature.
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ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:11
So, it's another good news/bad news story.
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ืื– ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
04:13
It's good that compassion was extended beyond the family
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื—ืžืœื” ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”
04:15
by this kind of evolutionary logic.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
04:17
The bad news is this doesn't bring us universal compassion by itself.
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืžืœื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช.
04:22
So, there's still work to be done.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
04:24
Now, there's one other result of this dynamic called reciprocal altruism,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช,
04:29
which I think is kind of good news,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
04:31
which is that the way that this is played out in the human species,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
04:35
it has given people an intuitive appreciation of the golden rule.
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘.
04:39
I don't quite mean that the golden rule itself is written in our genes,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:43
but you can go to a hunter gatherer society
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืœื›ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื
04:47
that has had no exposure to any of the great religious traditions,
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ืฉืœื ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืœืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช,
04:50
no exposure to ethical philosophy,
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ื•ืœื ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช,
04:52
and you'll find, if you spend time with these people,
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ื•ืชืžืฆืื•, ืื ืชื‘ืœื• ืื™ืชื ื–ืžืŸ,
04:54
that, basically, they believe that one good turn deserves another,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืชื—ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
04:57
and that bad deeds should be punished.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™ื ืจืขื™ื.
04:59
And evolutionary psychologists think that these intuitions have a basis in the genes.
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ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื ื˜ื™.
05:05
So, they do understand that if you want to be treated well,
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ืื–, ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ืš ื™ืคื”,
05:09
you treat other people well.
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื™ืคื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
05:11
And it's good to treat other people well.
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ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื™ืคื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
05:13
That's close to being a kind of built-in intuition.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช.
05:17
So, that's good news. Now, if you've been paying attention,
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ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืขืงื‘ืชื ืื—ืจื™ื™,
05:20
you're probably anticipating that there's bad news here;
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช, ืื•ืงื™ื™,
05:23
we still aren't to universal love,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช,
05:25
and it's true because, although an appreciation of the golden rule is natural,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘,
05:30
it's also natural to carve out exceptions to the golden rule.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
05:35
I mean, for example, none of us, probably, want to go to prison,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœื›ืœื,
05:39
but we all think that there are some people who should go to prison. Right?
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื ืžืงื•ืžื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:42
So, we think we should treat them differently than we would want to be treated.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ื™ื—ืก ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ื•.
05:46
Now, we have a rationale for that.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ืœื–ื”:
05:48
We say they did these bad things that make it just that they should go to prison.
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื›ืœื.
05:53
None of us really extends the golden rule in truly diffuse and universal fashion.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช.
05:57
We have the capacity to carve out exceptions,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ,
06:00
put people in a special category.
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ืœืฉื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื”.
06:02
And the problem is that -- although in the case of sending people to prison,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื,
06:06
you have this impartial judiciary
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื”
06:09
determining who gets excluded from the golden rule --
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ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื™ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื• ืžื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘,
06:13
that in everyday life, the way we all make these decisions
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื, ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
06:17
about who we're not going to extend the golden rule to,
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื™ ื ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”,
06:20
is we use a much rougher and readier formula.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกื—ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืžืจืืฉ,
06:23
Basically it's just like, if you're my enemy, if you're my rival --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื: ืื ืืชื” ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื™, ืื ืืชื” ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืฉืœื™, ืื•ืงื™ื™,
06:27
if you're not my friend, if you're not in my family --
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ืื ืืชื” ืœื ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™, ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™,
06:29
I'm much less inclined to apply the golden rule to you.
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ืื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืขืœื™ืš. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
06:34
We all do that,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”,
06:36
and you see it all over the world.
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
06:39
You see it in the Middle East:
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:42
people who, from Gaza, are firing missiles at Israel.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
06:45
They wouldn't want to have missiles fired at them, but they say,
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื:
06:47
"Well, but the Israelis, or some of them have done things
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"ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ื•, ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื (ืื• ื—ืœืงื) ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
06:49
that put them in a special category."
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ืฉืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช."
06:51
The Israelis would not want to have an economic blockade imposed on them,
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ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื™ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
06:54
but they impose one on Gaza, and they say,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขื–ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื:
06:56
"Well, the Palestinians, or some of them, have brought this on themselves."
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"ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ื•, ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ืื™ื (ืื• ื—ืœืงื) ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื."
06:59
So, it's these exclusions to the golden rule that amount to a lot of the world's trouble.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:07
And it's natural to do that.
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš.
07:10
So, the fact that the golden rule is in some sense built in to us
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ืื– ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื ื•, ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ
07:13
is not, by itself, going to bring us universal love.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื”ื‘ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช, ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
07:19
It's not going to save the world.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:21
Now, there's one piece of good news I have that may save the world. Okay.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
07:26
Are you on the edges of your seats here?
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื?
07:29
Good, because before I tell you about that good news,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื•ืชืŸ,
07:31
I'm going to have to take a little excursion through some academic terrain.
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ืื ื™ ืืฆื ืœืžืกืข ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืืงื“ืžื™.
07:36
So, I hope I've got your attention with this promise of good news
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื›ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ื, ืขื ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
07:39
that may save the world.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:42
It's this non-zero-sumness stuff you just heard a little bit about.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก, ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื• ืงืฆืช.
07:45
It's just a quick introduction to game theory.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืžื‘ื•ื ืงืฆืจ ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
07:48
This won't hurt. Okay.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ืื™ื‘. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
07:50
It's about zero-sum and non-zero-sum games.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก, ื•ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
07:52
If you ask what kind of a situation
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ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘
07:56
is conducive to people becoming friends and allies,
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ืชื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช,
07:59
the technical answer is a non-zero-sum situation.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
08:02
And if you ask what kind of situation
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘
08:04
is conducive to people defining people as enemies,
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ืชื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื,
08:06
it's a zero-sum situation.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
08:08
So, what do those terms mean?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
08:10
Basically, a zero-sum game is the kind you're used to in sports,
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
08:13
where there's a winner and a loser.
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ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื ืฆื— ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“.
08:15
So, their fortunes add up to zero.
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ืื– ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืคืก. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
08:18
So, in tennis, every point is either good for you and bad for the other person,
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ืื– ื‘ื˜ื ื™ืก ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ื•ืจืขื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™
08:23
or good for them, bad for you.
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ืื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืจืขื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืš.
08:25
Either way, your fortunes add up to zero. That's a zero-sum game.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืืคืก. ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
08:28
Now, if you're playing doubles,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืชื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช,
08:30
then the person on your side of the net
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ืื– ื”ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืจืฉืช ืฉืœืš
08:32
is in a non-zero-sum relationship with you,
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก ืื™ืชืš,
08:35
because every point is either good for both of you -- positive, win-win --
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ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื›ื โ€“ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™
08:38
or bad for both of you, it's lose-lose.
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ืื• ืจืขื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื›ื โ€“ ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ื“ื“ื™.
08:40
That's a non-zero-sum game.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
08:42
And in real life, there are lots of non-zero-sum games.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
08:45
In the realm of economics, say, if you buy something:
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืืชื” ืงื•ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื•,
08:48
that means you'd rather have the merchandise than the money,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื” ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ,
08:51
but the merchant would rather have the money than the merchandise.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื”.
08:54
You both feel you've won.
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ืฉื ื™ื›ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ืชื. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
08:56
In a war, two allies are playing a non-zero-sum game.
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
08:59
It's going to either be win-win or lose-lose for them.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืื• ื”ืคืกื“ ื”ื“ื“ื™.
09:02
So, there are lots of non-zero-sum games in real life.
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
09:09
And you could basically reformulate what I said earlier,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืกื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื,
09:13
about how compassion is deployed and the golden rule is deployed,
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื ื—ืžืœื” ืื• ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘,
09:16
by just saying, well, compassion most naturally flows along non-zero-sum channels
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื—ืžืœื” ื–ื•ืจืžืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก
09:22
where people perceive themselves as being in a potentially win-win situation
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ื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™
09:25
with some of their friends or allies.
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ืขื ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืชื.
09:28
The deployment of the golden rule
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ื”ืคืจื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘
09:30
most naturally happens along these non-zero-sum channels.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
09:33
So, kind of webs of non-zero-sumness
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ืื– ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก,
09:35
are where you would expect compassion and the golden rule
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ื ืฆืคื” ืฉื—ืžืœื” ื•ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘
09:39
to kind of work their magic.
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ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ืงืกืžื.
09:41
With zero-sum channels you would expect something else.
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ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ื•ื-ืืคืก ื ืฆืคื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
09:43
Okay. So, now you're ready for the good news that I said might save the world.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืื– ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื?
09:47
And now I can admit that it might not too,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ืฆื™ืœื•,
09:50
now that I've held your attention for three minutes of technical stuff.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื 3 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื.
09:56
But it may. And the good news is that history
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™. ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
10:01
has naturally expanded these webs of non-zero-sumness,
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ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก, ืื•ืงื™ื™,
10:05
these webs that can be these channels for compassion.
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ืื•ืชืŸ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืขืจื•ืฅ ืœื—ืžืœื”.
10:09
You can go back all the way to the stone age:
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ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ,
10:12
technological evolution -- roads, the wheel, writing,
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ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ, ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”,
10:20
a lot of transportation and communication technologies --
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
10:23
has just inexorably made it so that more people
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ื’ืจืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื—ืจืฅ ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื
10:26
can be in more non-zero-sum relationships
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก
10:29
with more and more people at greater and greater distances.
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื.
10:32
That's the story of civilization.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
10:35
It's why social organization has grown from the hunter-gatherer village
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ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื’ื“ืœ ืžื›ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื™ื-ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื
10:40
to the ancient state, the empire, and now here we are in a globalized world.
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื”, ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
10:43
And the story of globalization is largely a story of non-zero-sumness.
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ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
10:47
You've probably heard the term "interdependence"
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ
10:49
applied to the modern world. Well, that's just another term for non-zero-sum.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ืื– ื–ื” ืจืง ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื—ืจ ืœืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
10:53
If your fortunes are interdependent with somebody,
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ืื ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืขื ืื“ื ืื—ืจ,
10:56
then you live in a non-zero-sum relationship with them.
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ืื– ืืชื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก ืื™ืชื•.
10:59
And you see this all the time in the modern world.
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
11:01
You saw it with the recent economic crash,
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
11:03
where bad things happen in the economy --
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ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
11:06
bad for everybody, for much of the world.
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ื”ื ืจืขื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื, ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:09
Good things happen, and it's good for much of the world.
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ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:12
And, you know, I'm happy to say, I think there's really evidence
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช
11:15
that this non-zero-sum kind of connection
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก
11:18
can expand the moral compass.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฆืคืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™.
11:21
I mean, if you look at the American attitudes
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
11:24
toward Japanese during World War II --
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ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
11:28
look at the depictions of Japanese
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ืชื‘ื—ื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืชื•ืืจื•
11:30
in the American media as just about subhuman,
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ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื›ืชืช-ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
11:32
and look at the fact that we dropped atomic bombs,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืคืœื ื• ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ื,
11:34
really without giving it much of a thought --
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ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
11:37
and you compare that to the attitude now,
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ื•ืชืฉื•ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
11:39
I think part of that is due to a kind of economic interdependence.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช.
11:42
Any form of interdependence, or non-zero-sum relationship
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ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก,
11:45
forces you to acknowledge the humanity of people.
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ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
11:48
So, I think that's good.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
11:50
And the world is full of non-zero-sum dynamics.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
11:53
Environmental problems, in many ways, put us all in the same boat.
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื™ืจื”.
11:57
And there are non-zero-sum relationships that maybe people aren't aware of.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื.
12:02
For example, probably a lot of American Christians
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
12:06
don't think of themselves as being in a non-zero-sum relationship
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ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก
12:10
with Muslims halfway around the world,
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ืขื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
12:12
but they really are, because if these Muslims become happier and happier
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื
12:17
with their place in the world and feel that they have a place in it,
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ืขื ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ื,
12:20
that's good for Americans, because there will be fewer terrorists
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ื™ ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื
12:23
to threaten American security.
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ืฉื™ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
12:25
If they get less and less happy, that will be bad for Americans.
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ืื ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื, ื–ื” ืจืข ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
12:29
So, there's plenty of non-zero-sumness.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
12:32
And so, the question is: If there's so much non-zero-sumness,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืื ื™ืฉ ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก,
12:37
why has the world not yet been suffused in love, peace, and understanding?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืฃ ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”, ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ื‘ื ื”?
12:41
The answer's complicated. It's the occasion for a whole other talk.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื™ื—ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช,
12:44
Certainly, a couple of things are that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
12:48
first of all, there are a lot of zero-sum situations in the world.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
12:52
And also, sometimes people don't recognize
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ื
12:56
the non-zero-sum dynamics in the world.
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ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก.
13:01
In both of these areas,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
13:03
I think politicians can play a role.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“.
13:06
This isn't only about religion.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืจืง ืœื“ืช.
13:08
I think politicians can help foster non-zero-sum relationships,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก,
13:13
Economic engagement is generally better than blockades and so on,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
13:16
in this regard.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”.
13:18
And politicians can be aware, and should be aware that,
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ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื,
13:21
when people around the world are looking at them,
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื,
13:23
are looking at their nation
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ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื,
13:25
and picking up their cues
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ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืจืžื–ื™ื
13:27
for whether they are in a zero-sum or a non-zero-sum relationship with a nation --
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ืœื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก ืื• ื‘ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื”
13:31
like, say, America, or any other nation --
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ื›ืžื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื• ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช,
13:34
human psychology is such that they use cues like:
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื•:
13:37
Do we feel we're being respected?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•?
13:39
Because, you know, historically, if you're not being respected,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ืœื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชืš,
13:42
you're probably not going to wind up in a non-zero-sum,
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ืืชื” ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™-ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก,
13:45
mutually profitable relationship with people.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช.
13:48
So, we need to be aware of what kind of signals we're sending out.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžืกืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื.
13:53
And some of this, again, is in the realm of political work.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
13:58
If there's one thing I can encourage everyone to do,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
14:00
politicians, religious leaders, and us,
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื•,
14:03
it would be what I call "expanding the moral imagination" --
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™,
14:08
that is to say, your ability to put yourself in the shoes
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื™ื
14:11
of people in very different circumstances.
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
14:14
This is not the same as compassion,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื–ื”ื” ืœื—ืžืœื”,
14:16
but it's conducive to compassion. It opens the channels for compassion.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ืžืœื”. ื–ื” ืคื•ืชื— ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืžืœื”.
14:22
And I'm afraid we have another good news/bad news story,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจืขื•ืช,
14:25
which is that the moral imagination is part of human nature.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
14:28
That's good, but again we tend to deploy it selectively.
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ื•ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืคื–ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
14:33
Once we define somebody as an enemy,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจื ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืื•ื™ื‘,
14:35
we have trouble putting ourselves in their shoes, just naturally.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
14:40
So, if you want to take a particularly hard case for an American:
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ืื–, ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžืงืจื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืœืžืฉืœ,
14:44
somebody in Iran who is burning an American flag, and you see them on TV.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืจืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
14:48
Well, the average American is going to resist
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ืื– ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื™ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื‘ืฆืข ืชืจื’ื™ืœ
14:51
the moral exercise of putting themselves in that person's head
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ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื
14:55
and is going to resist the idea that they have much in common with that person.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื.
14:58
And if you tell them, "Well, they think America disrespects them
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ื•ืื ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื•, ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžื–ืœื–ืœืช ื‘ื”ื
15:02
and even wants to dominate them, and they hate America.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื, ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
15:05
Has there ever been somebody who disrespected you so much
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื™ ืคืขื ื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื›ื ื›"ื›
15:07
that you kind of hated them briefly"?
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ืฉืฉื ืืชื ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ืขืจืš, ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ?
15:09
You know, they'll resist that comparison and that's natural, that's human.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ืžืœื”, ื•ื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื–ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™.
15:12
And, similarly, the person in Iran:
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ,
15:14
when you try to humanize somebody in America who said that Islam is evil,
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ื›ืฉืชื ืกื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื”ืื™ืกืœื ืจืฉืข,
15:18
they'll have trouble with that.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืงื•ืฉื™ ืขื ื–ื”. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
15:20
So, it's a very difficult thing to get people to expand the moral imagination
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ืื– ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™
15:25
to a place it doesn't naturally go.
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ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•.
15:28
I think it's worth the trouble because,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื—ื” ื›ื™,
15:31
again, it just helps us to understand.
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช
15:33
If you want to reduce the number of people who are burning flags,
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ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ื“ื’ืœื™ื,
15:35
it helps to understand what makes them do it.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื.
15:37
And I think it's good moral exercise.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื’ื ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
15:40
I would say here is where religious leaders come in,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื“ืช,
15:43
because religious leaders are good at reframing issues for people,
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ื›ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉื’ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
15:50
at harnessing the emotional centers of the brain
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ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
15:52
to get people to alter their awareness and reframe the way they think.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
15:57
I mean, religious leaders are kind of in the inspiration business.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืจืื”.
16:01
It's their great calling right now,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืจื’ืข,
16:03
to get people all around the world better at expanding their moral imaginations,
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
16:07
appreciating that in so many ways they're in the same boat.
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ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื™ืจื”.
16:11
I would just sum up the way things look, at least from this secular perspective,
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ืื ื™ ืืกื›ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™,
16:17
as far as compassion and the golden rule go,
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ืžืœื” ื•ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘,
16:21
by saying that it's good news that compassion and the golden rule
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื—ืžืœื” ื•ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘
16:27
are in some sense built into human nature.
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ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
16:32
It's unfortunate that they tend to be selectively deployed.
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ื–ื” ืžืฆืขืจ ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
16:37
And it's going to take real work to change that.
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ื•ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื–ืืช.
16:41
But, nobody ever said that doing God's work was going to be easy. Thanks.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืืžืจ ืฉืงืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืžืœืื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ืชื•ื“ื”.
16:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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