Robert Wright: The evolution of compassion

38,165 views ・ 2015-07-17

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Lee Jane κ²€ν† : Juhan Park
00:13
I'm going to talk about compassion and the golden rule
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μ €λŠ” 였늘 동정심과 ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
from a secular perspective and even from a kind of scientific perspective.
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이 μ£Όμ œμ— λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€μ€‘μ μΈ κ²¬ν•΄λŠ” λ¬Όλ‘  과학적 츑면도 ν•¨κ»˜ λ‹€λ£¨κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
I'm going to try to give you a little bit of a natural history
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜ 동정심과 ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ˜ μžμ—°μ‚¬λ₯Ό
00:26
of compassion and the golden rule.
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κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ μ†Œκ°œν• κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
So, I'm going to be sometimes using kind of clinical language,
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κ°•μ˜ 쀑에 가끔씩 객관적인 ν‘œν˜„μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ²Œ λ ν…λ°μš”,
00:33
and so it's not going to sound as warm and fuzzy
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λ”°λœ»ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λ‹€μ •ν•˜κ²Œ 듀리지 μ•Šμ„ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
as your average compassion talk.
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동정심에 λŒ€ν•œ μΌμƒμ˜ λŒ€ν™”μ™€ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μžλ©΄ κ·Έλ ‡μ§€μš”.
00:37
I want to warn you about that.
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이 점을 미리 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
So, I do want to say, at the outset, that I think compassion's great.
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이런 μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œ, μ €λŠ” 동정심이 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ 미리 μ•Œλ €λ“œλ €μ•Όκ² κ΅°μš”.
00:44
The golden rule is great. I'm a big supporter of both.
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ν™©κΈˆλ₯ λ„ ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜μ§€μš”. μ €λŠ” 이 두 κ°€μ§€κ°€ λͺ¨λ‘ μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ―Ώκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
And I think it's great that
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그리고 μ €λŠ” λ˜ν•œ, μ„Έμƒμ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ 쒅ꡐ듀과
00:49
the leaders of the religions of the world
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μ—¬λŸ¬ μ’…κ΅μ˜ μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ΄
00:52
are affirming compassion and the golden rule as fundamental principles
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동정심과 ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ„ 근본적인 μ›λ¦¬λ‘œ κΈμ •ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 점,
00:57
that are integral to their faiths.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ‹ μ•™μ˜ ν†΅ν•©λœ μΌλΆ€λ‘œ μ—¬κΈ΄λ‹€λŠ” 사싀도 맀우 ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:00
At the same time, I think religions don't deserve all the credit.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ™μ‹œμ—, 동정심과 ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ΄ μ˜€λ‘œμ§€ 쒅ꡐ 덕에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:03
I think nature gave them a helping hand here.
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이 점에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œλŠ” μžμ—°μ΄ 쒅ꡐλ₯Ό κ±°λ“€μ–΄μ€€ 츑면이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
I'm going to argue tonight that compassion and the golden rule
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μ œκ°€ 였늘 밀에 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ”, 동정심과 ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ΄
01:12
are, in a certain sense, built into human nature.
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μ–΄λ–€ λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ”, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 감정이 인간 본성에 λ‚΄μ œλ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:15
But I'm also going to argue
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이에 λ”ν•˜μ—¬ μ£Όμž₯ν•˜κ³  싢은 λ°”λŠ”
01:17
that once you understand the sense in which they are built into human nature,
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일단 동정심과 ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ΄ 인간 본성에 λ‚΄μ œλ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 말의 의미λ₯Ό μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ²Œ 되면
01:21
you realize that just affirming compassion,
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κ·Έμ € 동정심을 κΈμ •ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것,
01:25
and affirming the golden rule, is really not enough.
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또 ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ„ κΈμ •ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” μΆ©λΆ„μΉ˜ μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” 것도 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜λ¦¬λΌλŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
There's a lot of work to be done after that.
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κ·Έ 이후에 ν•΄μ•Όν•  것듀이 μ•„μ£Ό λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:31
OK so, a quick natural history, first of compassion.
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μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그럼 λ¨Όμ € λ™μ •μ‹¬μ˜ μžμ—°μ‚¬μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 이야기해보죠.
01:36
In the beginning, there was compassion,
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νƒœμ΄ˆμ— 동정심이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
and I mean not just when human beings first showed up,
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—μ„œ νƒœμ΄ˆλž€, 인간이 처음 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μ„ λ•Œλ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
but actually even before that.
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싀은 κ·Έ 이전이죠.
01:44
I think it's probably the case that, in the human evolutionary lineage,
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제 μƒκ°μ—λŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ μ§„ν™” 계톡에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
01:48
even before there were homo sapiens,
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호λͺ¨ μ‚¬ν”Όμ—”μŠ€κ°€ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κΈ° 전뢀터도
01:51
feelings like compassion and love and sympathy
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λ™μ •μ‹¬μ΄λ‚˜ μ‚¬λž‘, 곡감 같은 λŠλ‚Œλ“€μ΄
01:53
had earned their way into the gene pool,
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λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄, μœ μ „μž 풀에 μžλ¦¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ„ κ°€λŠ₯성이 있으며
01:57
and biologists have a pretty clear idea of how this first happened.
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λŠλ‚Œλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 졜초둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚  수 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ œλ²• λͺ…ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
It happened through a principle known as kin selection.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λŠλ‚Œλ“€μ€ ν˜ˆμ—°μ„ νƒ(kin selection)μ΄λΌλŠ” 원리λ₯Ό 톡해 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
And the basic idea of kin selection is that,
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ν˜ˆμ—°μ„ νƒ 이둠의 κΈ°λ³Έ κ°œλ…μ€ μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
if an animal feels compassion for a close relative,
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λ§Œμ•½ 동물이 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μΉœμ²™μ—κ²Œ 동정심을 느끼게 λœλ‹€λ©΄
02:13
and this compassion leads the animal to help the relative,
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그리고 동정심이 κ·Έ λ™λ¬Όλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ μΉœμ²™μ„ λ•κ²Œ λ§Œλ“ λ‹€λ©΄
02:17
then, in the end, the compassion actually winds up helping the genes
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κ²°κ΅­ 동정심은 λ™μ •μ‹¬μ˜ 기저에 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό
02:22
underlying the compassion itself.
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λ•κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
So, from a biologist's point of view, compassion is actually
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그럼, μƒλ¬Όν•™μžμ˜ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ™μ •μ‹¬μ΄λž€ 사싀
02:29
a gene's way of helping itself. OK.
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μœ μ „μžκ°€ 자기 μžμ‹ μ„ λ•λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ’‹μ•„μš”.
02:33
I warned you this was not going to be very warm and fuzzy.
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μ œκ°€ 강연이 λ”°λœ»ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λ‹€μ •ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 거라고 κ²½κ³ ν–ˆμ—ˆμ£ . μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
I'll get there -- I hope to get a little fuzzier.
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κ·Έ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λ„˜μ–΄κ°ˆ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. 쑰금 더 λ‹€μ •ν•΄μ‘ŒμœΌλ©΄ μ’‹κ² κ΅°μš”.
02:40
This doesn't bother me so much,
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μ €μ—κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 사싀은 λ³„λ‘œ κ±°μŠ¬λ¦¬μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ°,
02:42
that the underlying Darwinian rationale of compassion
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λ°”λ‘œ λ™μ •μ‹¬μ˜ 근본적인 μ§„ν™”λ‘ μ˜ κ·Όκ±°λŠ”
02:46
is kind of self-serving at the genetic level.
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μœ μ „μž μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ μ–΄λŠμ •λ„ 이기적인 κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
Actually, I think the bad news about kin selection
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사싀, ν˜ˆμ—° 선택에 λŒ€ν•œ λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ€
02:51
is just that it means that this kind of compassion
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 동정심은 κ·Έμ €
02:55
is naturally deployed only within the family.
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μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ‘± λ‚΄μ—μ„œλ§Œ λ°°μΉ˜λœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
That's the bad news. The good news is compassion is natural.
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그것이 λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ€ 동정심이 μžμ—° λ°œμƒμ μ΄λΌλŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
The bad news is that this kin selected compassion
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λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ€ 이 ν˜ˆμ—° μ„ νƒλœ 동정심이
03:04
is naturally confined to the family.
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μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ 가쑱에 ν•œμ •λœλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
03:06
Now, there's more good news that came along later in evolution,
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그럼, λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μ§„ν™”μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 쒋은 λ‰΄μŠ€λ“€μ΄ 더 μžˆλŠ”λ°
03:10
a second kind of evolutionary logic.
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두 번째 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 진화적 λ…Όλ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
Biologists call that "reciprocal altruism." OK.
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이것을 호혜적 μ΄νƒ€μ£Όμ˜λΌκ³  λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ .
03:16
And there, the basic idea is that
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κ±°κΈ°μ—μ„œ 기본적인 κ°œλ…μ€,
03:19
compassion leads you to do good things for people who then will return the favor.
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동정심이 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ μžμ‹ μ—κ²Œ λ‚˜μ€‘μ— μΉœμ ˆμ„ 보닡할 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 쒋은 일을 ν•˜λ„λ‘ μœ λ„ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
Again, I know this is not as inspiring a notion of compassion
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄, λ™μ •μ‹¬μ΄λΌλŠ” 관념이
03:32
as you may have heard in the past,
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과거에 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ“€μ–΄μ˜¨ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ κ³ λ¬΄μ μ΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
03:34
but from a biologist's point of view, this reciprocal altruism kind of compassion
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μƒλ¬Όν•™μžμ˜ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ, 이 호혜적 μ΄νƒ€μ£Όμ˜λΌλŠ” μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 동정심은
03:39
is ultimately self-serving too.
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κΆκ·Ήμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 이기적이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
It's not that people think that, when they feel the compassion.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 동정심을 λŠλ‚„ λ•Œ 그것을 μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ£ .
03:44
It's not consciously self-serving, but to a biologist, that's the logic.
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μ˜μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ μ΄κΈ°μ μ΄μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ, μƒλ¬Όν•™μžμ—κ²ŒλŠ” 그것이 νƒ€λ‹Ήν•œ 논리가 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
And so, you wind up most easily extending compassion to friends and allies.
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이에 λ”°λΌμ„œ, μΉœκ΅¬μ™€ λ™λ£Œλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ°€μž₯ μ‰½κ²Œ 동정심을 ν™•μž₯ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
I'm sure a lot of you, if a close friend has something really terrible happen to them,
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 쀑 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄, κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μΉœκ΅¬μ—κ²Œ μ •λ§λ‘œ λ”μ°ν•œ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚œλ‹€λ©΄
04:01
you feel really bad.
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ꡉμž₯히 기뢄이 μ’‹μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ¦¬λΌ ν™•μ‹ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
But if you read in the newspaper
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ‹ λ¬Έμ—μ„œ
04:04
that something really horrible happened to somebody you've never heard of,
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μ „ν˜€ λ“€μ–΄λ³Έ 적 μ—†λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ 무언가 μ •λ§λ‘œ λ”μ°ν•œ 일이 일어났닀고 μ½μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄,
04:07
you can probably live with that.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ λ³„λ‘œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ .
04:09
That's just human nature.
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그것이 κ·Έμ € 인간 λ³Έμ„±μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
So, it's another good news/bad news story.
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그럼, 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹ λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
It's good that compassion was extended beyond the family
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동정심이 가쑱을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„œκΉŒμ§€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 진화적 논리에 λ”°λΌμ„œ
04:15
by this kind of evolutionary logic.
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ν™•μž₯λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 건 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
The bad news is this doesn't bring us universal compassion by itself.
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λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ€ 이 μžμ²΄λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” 보편적인 동정심을 κ°€μ Έλ‹€μ£Όμ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
04:22
So, there's still work to be done.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, μ—¬μ „νžˆ ν•  일은 남아 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
Now, there's one other result of this dynamic called reciprocal altruism,
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그럼, 호혜적 μ΄νƒ€μ£Όμ˜λΌλŠ” 이 원동λ ₯의 κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜ 더 μžˆλŠ”λ°
04:29
which I think is kind of good news,
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μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°μ—” 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μœΌλ‘œ,
04:31
which is that the way that this is played out in the human species,
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인λ₯˜μ—κ²Œ 이것이 μœ λ°œλ˜λŠ” 방법이,
04:35
it has given people an intuitive appreciation of the golden rule.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ–΄λ– ν•œ 직관적인 곡감을 μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
I don't quite mean that the golden rule itself is written in our genes,
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μ €λŠ” ν™©κΈˆλ₯  κ·Έ μžμ²΄κ°€ 우리의 μœ μ „μžμ— μ“°μ—¬ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 뜻이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:43
but you can go to a hunter gatherer society
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μˆ˜λ ΅μ±„μ§‘ μ‚¬νšŒμ— κ°€μ„œ,
04:47
that has had no exposure to any of the great religious traditions,
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ 쒅ꡐ 전톡에도 λ…ΈμΆœλ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜,
04:50
no exposure to ethical philosophy,
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도덕 철학에도 λ…ΈμΆœλ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ 그런 μ‚¬νšŒμ— κ°„λ‹€λ©΄
04:52
and you'll find, if you spend time with these people,
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κ±°κΈ°μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό μ‹œκ°„μ„ λ³΄λ‚΄κ²Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄
04:54
that, basically, they believe that one good turn deserves another,
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기본적으둜, 그듀은 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 선행은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 것을 받을 자격이 있으며
04:57
and that bad deeds should be punished.
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λ‚˜μœ ν–‰μœ„λŠ” μ²˜λ²Œλ°›μ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ―ΏλŠ” 것을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
And evolutionary psychologists think that these intuitions have a basis in the genes.
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그리고 μ§„ν™” μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 직관이 μœ μ „μžμ— κΈ°λ°˜ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
So, they do understand that if you want to be treated well,
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, 쒋은 λŒ€μ ‘μ„ λ°›κ³  μ‹ΆμœΌλ©΄
05:09
you treat other people well.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œλ„ 쒋은 λŒ€μ ‘μ„ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
And it's good to treat other people well.
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그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ 잘 λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” 것은 쒋은 일이죠.
05:13
That's close to being a kind of built-in intuition.
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그것은 λ‚΄μž¬λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” 직관에 κ°€κΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:17
So, that's good news. Now, if you've been paying attention,
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이게 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그럼, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 주의λ₯Ό 기울이고 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄
05:20
you're probably anticipating that there's bad news here;
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μ•„λ§ˆ μ—¬κΈ°μ―€ λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ΄ 기닀리고 있으리라 μ˜ˆμƒν•˜κ³  있겠죠, μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€,
05:23
we still aren't to universal love,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ 보편적인 μ‚¬λž‘μ„ κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ€λ°
05:25
and it's true because, although an appreciation of the golden rule is natural,
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ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ— λŒ€ν•œ 인정이 μžμ—°μ μž„μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ ,
05:30
it's also natural to carve out exceptions to the golden rule.
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ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ—μ„œ μ˜ˆμ™Έλ₯Ό 잘라 λ‚΄λŠ” 것도 μžμ—°μ μ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:35
I mean, for example, none of us, probably, want to go to prison,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 우리 쀑 λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ 감μ˜₯μ—λŠ” κ°€κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
05:39
but we all think that there are some people who should go to prison. Right?
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감μ˜₯에 κ°€μ•Ό ν•  μΌλΆ€μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžˆλ‹€κ³  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 맞죠?
05:42
So, we think we should treat them differently than we would want to be treated.
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그럼, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λŒ€μš°λ°›κ³  싢은 κ²ƒκ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ 그듀을 λŒ€μš°ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
Now, we have a rationale for that.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 그럴 μ΄μœ κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
We say they did these bad things that make it just that they should go to prison.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그듀이 λ‚˜μœ 짓을 ν•΄μ„œ 감μ˜₯에 κ°€μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:53
None of us really extends the golden rule in truly diffuse and universal fashion.
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우리 쀑 λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ„ μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ 널리 퍼진, 보편적인 μœ ν–‰μœΌλ‘œ ν™•λŒ€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:57
We have the capacity to carve out exceptions,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ˜ˆμ™Έλ₯Ό 잘라 λ‚΄λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯κ³Ό
06:00
put people in a special category.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 범주에 λ„£λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:02
And the problem is that -- although in the case of sending people to prison,
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그리고 λ¬Έμ œλŠ”, μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 감μ˜₯에 λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” μ‚¬λ‘€μ—μ„œ
06:06
you have this impartial judiciary
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κ³΅μ •ν•œ 법관이 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
06:09
determining who gets excluded from the golden rule --
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λˆ„κ°€ ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ—μ„œ μ œμ™Έλ  μ§€λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•œλ‹€ 할지라도
06:13
that in everyday life, the way we all make these decisions
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일상 μƒν™œμ—μ„œ, 우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€
06:17
about who we're not going to extend the golden rule to,
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λˆ„κ΅¬μ—κ²ŒκΉŒμ§€ ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ„ μ—°μž₯ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 것인지에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 결정을 내릴 λ•Œ
06:20
is we use a much rougher and readier formula.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 훨씬 κ±°μΉ κ³  κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 곡식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”λ°
06:23
Basically it's just like, if you're my enemy, if you're my rival --
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그건 κ·Έμ € λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ‚΄ 적이라면, λ‚΄ 경쟁자라면
06:27
if you're not my friend, if you're not in my family --
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ‚΄ μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλ©΄, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ‚΄ 가쑱에 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šλ‹€λ©΄
06:29
I'm much less inclined to apply the golden rule to you.
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μ €λŠ” ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ„ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ μ μš©ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄μ§ˆ ν™•λ₯ μ΄ 훨씬 μ μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:34
We all do that,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ 이런 행동을 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
06:36
and you see it all over the world.
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μ „ 세계에 걸쳐 보싀 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
You see it in the Middle East:
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, μ€‘λ™μ—μ„œ 보싀 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
people who, from Gaza, are firing missiles at Israel.
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κ°€μžμ—μ„œ 온 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ΄μŠ€λΌμ—˜μ— 미사일을 λ°œν¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:45
They wouldn't want to have missiles fired at them, but they say,
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그듀은 μžμ‹ λ“€μ—κ²Œ 미사일이 λ°œμ‚¬λ˜λŠ” 것을 바라지 μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ,
06:47
"Well, but the Israelis, or some of them have done things
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"뭐, μ΄μŠ€λΌμ—˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€, μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ κ·Έλ“€ 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ”
06:49
that put them in a special category."
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 범주에 λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ λ§Œν•œ 일을 ν–ˆμ–΄." 라고 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:51
The Israelis would not want to have an economic blockade imposed on them,
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μ΄μŠ€λΌμ—˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μžμ‹ λ“€μ—κ²Œ 경제적 봉쇄가 λΆ€κ³Όλ˜λŠ” 것을 μ›ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ ν…Œμ§€λ§Œ
06:54
but they impose one on Gaza, and they say,
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κ°€μžμ— λΆ€κ³Όν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
"Well, the Palestinians, or some of them, have brought this on themselves."
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"νŒ”λ ˆμŠ€νƒ€μΈ 인듀은, ν˜Ήμ€ κ·Έλ“€ 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ” κ·Έλ“€ μžμ‹ μ—κ²Œ 이걸 μ•ΌκΈ°ν•œ κ±°μ•Ό."
06:59
So, it's these exclusions to the golden rule that amount to a lot of the world's trouble.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 이같은 ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ—μ„œμ˜ μ œμ™ΈλŠ” μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 골칫거리λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:07
And it's natural to do that.
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그리고 이런 행동은 μžμ—°μ μ΄λΌλŠ” λ§μ΄μ§€μš”.
07:10
So, the fact that the golden rule is in some sense built in to us
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œ ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ΄ μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ λ‚΄μž¬λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀은
07:13
is not, by itself, going to bring us universal love.
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κ·Έ 자체만으둜, 보편적인 μ‚¬λž‘μ„ κ°€μ Έλ‹€ μ£Όμ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
It's not going to save the world.
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그것이 세계λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ›ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:21
Now, there's one piece of good news I have that may save the world. Okay.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 저에겐 세계λ₯Ό ꡬ원할 ν•œ κ°€μ§€ 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
Are you on the edges of your seats here?
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 여기에 μ™„μ „νžˆ λ§€λ£Œλ˜μ…¨λ‚˜μš”?
07:29
Good, because before I tell you about that good news,
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μ’‹μ•„μš”, μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ—κ²Œ 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ„ μ•Œλ €λ“œλ¦¬κΈ° 전에
07:31
I'm going to have to take a little excursion through some academic terrain.
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학문적인 μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ 짧은 여행을 λ– λ‚˜μ•Ό ν•˜κ±°λ“ μš”.
07:36
So, I hope I've got your attention with this promise of good news
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세계λ₯Ό ꡬ할 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ•½μ†μœΌλ‘œ
07:39
that may save the world.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ£Όλͺ©μ„ λŒμ—ˆκΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:42
It's this non-zero-sumness stuff you just heard a little bit about.
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λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬(non-zero) 합계에 λŒ€ν•œ 것듀을 쑰금 듀어보셨을 ν…λ°μš”.
07:45
It's just a quick introduction to game theory.
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κ·Έμ € κ²Œμž„ 이둠의 짧은 μ†Œκ°œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:48
This won't hurt. Okay.
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ν•΄μΉ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”. μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ .
07:50
It's about zero-sum and non-zero-sum games.
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μ œλ‘œμ„¬κ³Ό λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ κ²Œμž„μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
If you ask what kind of a situation
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ–΄λ–€ 상황이
07:56
is conducive to people becoming friends and allies,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μΉœκ΅¬λ‚˜ ν˜‘λ ₯μžκ°€ λ˜κΈ°μ— 쒋냐고 λ¬Όμ–΄ λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄
07:59
the technical answer is a non-zero-sum situation.
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기술적인 λŒ€λ‹΅μ€ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ μƒν™©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
And if you ask what kind of situation
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그리고 λ§Œμ•½ μ–΄λ–€ 상황이
08:04
is conducive to people defining people as enemies,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 적으둜 μ •μ˜ν•˜κΈ°μ— 쒋냐고 λ¬»λŠ”λ‹€λ©΄
08:06
it's a zero-sum situation.
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μ œλ‘œμ„¬ κ²Œμž„κ³Ό 같은 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:08
So, what do those terms mean?
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그럼, 이 두 κ°€μ§€ μš©μ–΄λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―ΈμΌκΉŒμš”?
08:10
Basically, a zero-sum game is the kind you're used to in sports,
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기본적으둜, μ œλ‘œμ„¬ κ²Œμž„μ΄λž€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μŠ€ν¬μΈ μ—μ„œ μ΅μˆ™ν–ˆμ„ 것인데
08:13
where there's a winner and a loser.
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μŠΉμžμ™€ νŒ¨μžκ°€ μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:15
So, their fortunes add up to zero.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μž¬μ‚°μ€ λ‹€ ν•©μ³μ„œ 영이 λ˜λŠ” 것이죠.
08:18
So, in tennis, every point is either good for you and bad for the other person,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, ν…Œλ‹ˆμŠ€μ—μ„œλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ μˆ˜κ°€ λ‹Ήμ‹ μ—κ²Œ μ’‹κ³  λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ λ‚˜μ˜κ±°λ‚˜,
08:23
or good for them, bad for you.
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μ €λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ’‹κ³  λ‹Ήμ‹ μ—κ²Œ λ‚˜μ˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:25
Either way, your fortunes add up to zero. That's a zero-sum game.
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μ–΄λ–€ μͺ½μœΌλ‘œλ“ , μž¬μ‚°μ€ ν•©μ³μ„œ 영이 되겠죠. 그것이 μ œλ‘œμ„¬ κ²Œμž„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:28
Now, if you're playing doubles,
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그럼, μ΄λ²ˆμ—” λ³΅μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μΉœλ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•˜λ©΄
08:30
then the person on your side of the net
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λ‹Ήμ‹  μͺ½ λ„€νŠΈμ— μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ€
08:32
is in a non-zero-sum relationship with you,
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λ‹Ήμ‹ κ³Ό λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ 관계에 있게 λ˜λŠ”λ°
08:35
because every point is either good for both of you -- positive, win-win --
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λͺ¨λ“  μ μˆ˜λŠ” 두 μ‚¬λžŒ λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ μ’‹μ•„μ„œ, κΈμ •μ μ΄κ²Œ, 이기고, 또 μ΄κΈ°κ±°λ‚˜
08:38
or bad for both of you, it's lose-lose.
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두 μ‚¬λžŒ λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ λ‚˜λΉ μ„œ, μ§€κ³ , 또 μ§€κ±°λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ .
08:40
That's a non-zero-sum game.
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이것이 λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ κ²Œμž„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:42
And in real life, there are lots of non-zero-sum games.
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ν˜„μ‹€μ—λŠ” λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ κ²Œμž„μ΄ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:45
In the realm of economics, say, if you buy something:
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κ²½μ œν•™μ˜ μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ”, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 무엇을 μ‚°λ‹€κ³  해보죠,
08:48
that means you'd rather have the merchandise than the money,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 돈 λŒ€μ‹  μƒν’ˆμ„,
08:51
but the merchant would rather have the money than the merchandise.
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상인은 μƒν’ˆ λŒ€μ‹  λˆμ„ κ°€μ§€κ² λ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:54
You both feel you've won.
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두 μ‚¬λžŒ λͺ¨λ‘ 이긴 기뢄이 λ“€κ² μ£ . μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ .
08:56
In a war, two allies are playing a non-zero-sum game.
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μ „μŸμ—μ„œλŠ”, 두 동맹ꡭ듀이 λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ κ²Œμž„μ— μ°Έκ°€ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:59
It's going to either be win-win or lose-lose for them.
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ 윈-윈이 λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ 루즈-λ£¨μ¦ˆκ°€ 되겠죠.
09:02
So, there are lots of non-zero-sum games in real life.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, ν˜„μ‹€μ—λŠ” λ§Žμ€ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ κ²Œμž„μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:09
And you could basically reformulate what I said earlier,
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μ œκ°€ μ•žμ„œ λ§ν•œ 것을 달리 ν‘œν˜„ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
09:13
about how compassion is deployed and the golden rule is deployed,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 동정심이 배치되고 ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ΄ λ°°μΉ˜λ˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄,
09:16
by just saying, well, compassion most naturally flows along non-zero-sum channels
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동정심은 κ°€μž₯ μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬μ˜ 물길을 따라 흐λ₯Έλ‹€κ³  이야기할 수 μžˆλŠ”λ°,
09:22
where people perceive themselves as being in a potentially win-win situation
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μ΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžμ‹ μ΄ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μΉœκ΅¬λ‚˜ λ™λ£Œμ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ 잠재적으둜
09:25
with some of their friends or allies.
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윈-윈 상황에 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 곳이죠.
09:28
The deployment of the golden rule
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ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ˜ λ°°μΉ˜λŠ”
09:30
most naturally happens along these non-zero-sum channels.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ 물길을 따라 κ°€μž₯ μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
So, kind of webs of non-zero-sumness
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μΌμ’…μ˜ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬μ˜ 망은
09:35
are where you would expect compassion and the golden rule
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동정심과 ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ΄
09:39
to kind of work their magic.
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λ§ˆλ²•μ„ λΆ€λ €μ£ΌκΈ°λ₯Ό κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” κ³³μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:41
With zero-sum channels you would expect something else.
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μ œλ‘œμ„¬ λ¬ΌκΈΈμ—μ„œλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 것을 κΈ°λŒ€ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:43
Okay. So, now you're ready for the good news that I said might save the world.
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μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그럼 이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ œκ°€ λ§ν–ˆλ˜ 세상을 ꡬ할 μ†Œμ‹μ„ 듀을 μ€€λΉ„κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆκ΅°μš”.
09:47
And now I can admit that it might not too,
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그리고 μ΄μ œλŠ” 그것이 세상을 κ΅¬ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 인정해야 ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
now that I've held your attention for three minutes of technical stuff.
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기술적인 것듀에 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ 주의λ₯Ό μ‚Ό λΆ„μ΄λ‚˜ λŒμ—ˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
09:56
But it may. And the good news is that history
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ꡬ할 μˆ˜λ„ 있겠죠. 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹μ€ 역사가
10:01
has naturally expanded these webs of non-zero-sumness,
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μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ 망을 ν™•μž₯μ‹œμΌ°λ‹€λŠ” 것이고
10:05
these webs that can be these channels for compassion.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 망듀은 동정심을 μœ„ν•œ 물길이 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:09
You can go back all the way to the stone age:
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석기 μ‹œλŒ€λ‘œ ν•œμ°Έ λŒμ•„κ°€ 보면
10:12
technological evolution -- roads, the wheel, writing,
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제 생각에, 기술 μ§„ν™”λΆ€ν„°, κΈΈ, 바퀴, κΈ€,
10:20
a lot of transportation and communication technologies --
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ κ΅ν†΅μˆ˜λ‹¨κ³Ό μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅ κΈ°μˆ λ“€μ΄
10:23
has just inexorably made it so that more people
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거침없이 더 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
10:26
can be in more non-zero-sum relationships
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더 λ§Žμ€ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ 관계λ₯Ό κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘,
10:29
with more and more people at greater and greater distances.
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더 많고 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 더 λ©€κ³  λ¨Ό 거리λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄μ„œ 관계λ₯Ό κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
That's the story of civilization.
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이것이 μΌμ’…μ˜ λ¬Έλͺ…에 λŒ€ν•œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:35
It's why social organization has grown from the hunter-gatherer village
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이것이 μ‚¬νšŒ 쑰직이 수렡 채집 μ΄Œλ½μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°
10:40
to the ancient state, the empire, and now here we are in a globalized world.
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κ³ λŒ€ κ΅­κ°€, 제ꡭ, 그리고 μ§€κΈˆμ˜ μ„Έκ³„ν™”λœ μ„Έκ³„κΉŒμ§€ μ„±μž₯ν•œ μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:43
And the story of globalization is largely a story of non-zero-sumness.
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λ˜ν•œ μ„Έκ³„ν™”μ˜ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬μ— κ΄€ν•œ 이야기죠.
10:47
You've probably heard the term "interdependence"
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ•„λ§ˆ ν˜„λŒ€ μ‚¬νšŒμ— 적용된 μƒν˜Έ μ˜μ‘΄μ΄λΌλŠ” 단어λ₯Ό
10:49
applied to the modern world. Well, that's just another term for non-zero-sum.
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듀어보셨을 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그것이 κ·Έμ € λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬μ˜ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν‘œν˜„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:53
If your fortunes are interdependent with somebody,
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μž¬μ‚°μ΄ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€μ™€ μƒν˜Έ 의쑴적이라면,
10:56
then you live in a non-zero-sum relationship with them.
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κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒκ³Ό λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ κ΄€κ³„λ‘œ μ‚΄κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
And you see this all the time in the modern world.
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ν˜„λŒ€ μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ 이런 것을 항상 보싀 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:01
You saw it with the recent economic crash,
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μ΅œκ·Όμ— μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 경제 νŒŒνƒ„μ—μ„œ 보셨을 텐데
11:03
where bad things happen in the economy --
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κ²½μ œμ— λ‚˜μœ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ©΄
11:06
bad for everybody, for much of the world.
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λͺ¨λ‘μ—κ²Œ λ‚˜μœ 일이 되고, μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜μ—λ„ λ‚˜μœ 일이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:09
Good things happen, and it's good for much of the world.
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쒋은 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ©΄, μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜μ—λ„ 쒋은 일이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
And, you know, I'm happy to say, I think there's really evidence
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그리고, μ €λŠ” 기쁘게 λ§ν•˜κ±΄λŒ€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ
11:15
that this non-zero-sum kind of connection
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이런 λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ 같은 연결이
11:18
can expand the moral compass.
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도덕적 μž£λŒ€λ₯Ό ν™•μž₯μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 증거가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
I mean, if you look at the American attitudes
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2μ°¨ μ„Έκ³„λŒ€μ „λ™μ•ˆμ˜ 일본인에 λŒ€ν•œ
11:24
toward Japanese during World War II --
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λ―Έκ΅­μΈλ“€μ˜ νƒœλ„λ₯Ό λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄,
11:28
look at the depictions of Japanese
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일본인에 λŒ€ν•œ
11:30
in the American media as just about subhuman,
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λ―Έκ΅­ λ―Έλ””μ–΄μ˜ μ„œμˆ μ„ λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄, 거의 인간 μ΄ν•˜μΈλ°
11:32
and look at the fact that we dropped atomic bombs,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›μž 폭탄을
11:34
really without giving it much of a thought --
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별 생각 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ Έλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 λ³΄μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.
11:37
and you compare that to the attitude now,
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κ·Έ νƒœλ„λ₯Ό ν˜„μž¬μ™€ 비ꡐ해 λ³΄μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€
11:39
I think part of that is due to a kind of economic interdependence.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ³€ν™”μ˜ μ–΄λ–€ 뢀뢄은 경제적 μƒν˜Έ μ˜μ‘΄μ— κΈ°μΈν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:42
Any form of interdependence, or non-zero-sum relationship
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μ–΄λ–€ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ μƒν˜Έ μ˜μ‘΄μ΄λ“ , λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ κ΄€κ³„λŠ”
11:45
forces you to acknowledge the humanity of people.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 인간성을 μΈμ •ν•˜λ„λ‘ κ°•μ œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:48
So, I think that's good.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ, 쒋은 것이죠.
11:50
And the world is full of non-zero-sum dynamics.
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세상은 λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬μ˜ 원동λ ₯으둜 가득차 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:53
Environmental problems, in many ways, put us all in the same boat.
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ν™˜κ²½ λ¬Έμ œλŠ”, μ—¬λŸ¬ λ°©λ©΄μ—μ„œ 우리λ₯Ό 같은 μ²˜μ§€μ— μœ„μΉ˜μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:57
And there are non-zero-sum relationships that maybe people aren't aware of.
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λ˜ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 잘 λˆˆμΉ˜μ±„μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ 관계도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:02
For example, probably a lot of American Christians
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μžλ©΄ λ§Žμ€ λ―Έκ΅­ 기독ꡐ인듀은 μ•„λ§ˆλ„
12:06
don't think of themselves as being in a non-zero-sum relationship
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κ·Έλ“€ μžμ‹ μ΄ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ 관계에 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 생각을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 텐데
12:10
with Muslims halfway around the world,
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지ꡬ λ°˜λŒ€νŽΈμ— μžˆλŠ” 이슬람ꡐ μ‹ μžλ“€κ³Ό λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:12
but they really are, because if these Muslims become happier and happier
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ·Έ λ‘˜μ€ 이런 관계에 μžˆλŠ”λ° μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ΄μŠ¬λžŒκ΅λ„λ“€μ΄ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ 행볡해지면 ν–‰λ³΅ν•΄μ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘,
12:17
with their place in the world and feel that they have a place in it,
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그듀이 μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 곡간이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  느끼게 되면
12:20
that's good for Americans, because there will be fewer terrorists
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λ―Έκ΅­μΈμ—κ²Œ 쒋은 μ…ˆμ΄ λ˜λŠ”λ°, μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 더 적은 수의
12:23
to threaten American security.
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미ꡭ의 μ•ˆλ³΄λ₯Ό μœ„ν˜‘ν•˜λŠ” ν…ŒλŸ¬λ¦¬μŠ€νŠΈκ°€ μžˆμ„ ν…Œλ‹ˆ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:25
If they get less and less happy, that will be bad for Americans.
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λ§Œμ•½ 그듀이 점점 더 λΆˆν–‰ν•΄μ§„λ‹€λ©΄, λ―Έκ΅­μΈμ—κ²Œλ„ λ‚˜μ˜κ² μ£ .
12:29
So, there's plenty of non-zero-sumness.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ, λ§Žμ€ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:32
And so, the question is: If there's so much non-zero-sumness,
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그러면 λ¬Έμ œλŠ”: λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
12:37
why has the world not yet been suffused in love, peace, and understanding?
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μ™œ μ„Έκ³„λŠ” μ‚¬λž‘, 평화, 그리고 μ΄ν•΄λ‘œ λ„λ°°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ€ κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
12:41
The answer's complicated. It's the occasion for a whole other talk.
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정닡은 λ³΅μž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„λ§ˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°•μ—° 전체λ₯Ό ν• μ• ν•  정도가 되겠죠,
12:44
Certainly, a couple of things are that,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν™•μ‹€ν•œ λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€λŠ”
12:48
first of all, there are a lot of zero-sum situations in the world.
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첫째둜, μ„Έμƒμ—λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ œλ‘œμ„¬ κ²Œμž„μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:52
And also, sometimes people don't recognize
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λ˜ν•œ μ–΄λ–€ λ•ŒλŠ”, λ‹€μ‹œ, μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
12:56
the non-zero-sum dynamics in the world.
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μ„Έμƒμ˜ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ 역학을 κΉ¨λ‹«μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:01
In both of these areas,
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그리고 제 생각에, μ–‘μͺ½ λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ
13:03
I think politicians can play a role.
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μ •μΉ˜μΈλ“€μ΄ 역할을 ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:06
This isn't only about religion.
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이건 쒅ꡐ에 λŒ€ν•œ κ²ƒλ§Œμ€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:08
I think politicians can help foster non-zero-sum relationships,
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μ •μΉ˜μΈλ“€μ΄ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ 관계λ₯Ό μ‘°μ„±ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ„μšΈ 수 있으리라 μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
13:13
Economic engagement is generally better than blockades and so on,
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경제적 μ—°λŒ€λŠ” 일반적으둜 λ΄‰μ‡„λ‚˜ 기타 λ‹€λ₯Έ 것듀보닀 λ‚«λ‹€κ³ 
13:16
in this regard.
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬κΈ°κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:18
And politicians can be aware, and should be aware that,
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그리고 μ •μΉ˜μΈλ“€μ€
13:21
when people around the world are looking at them,
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μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μžμ‹ λ“€μ„,
13:23
are looking at their nation
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μžμ‹ μ˜ κ΅­κ°€λ₯Ό 쳐닀보고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 점을,
13:25
and picking up their cues
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그리고 μžμ‹ μ΄ ꡭ가와 μ œλ‘œμ„¬, ν˜Ήμ€
13:27
for whether they are in a zero-sum or a non-zero-sum relationship with a nation --
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λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ 관계에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„μ±„κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것도 μžκ°ν•  수, μ•„λ‹ˆ μžκ°ν•΄μ•Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
like, say, America, or any other nation --
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λ―Έκ΅­, μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ ꡭ가라고 ν•΄ 보죠,
13:34
human psychology is such that they use cues like:
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인간 심리학은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 건데:
13:37
Do we feel we're being respected?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 쑴쀑받고 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λŠλΌλ‚˜?
13:39
Because, you know, historically, if you're not being respected,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, μ—­μ‚¬μ μœΌλ‘œ, 당신이 쑴쀑받지 λͺ»ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄
13:42
you're probably not going to wind up in a non-zero-sum,
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λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ λ„Œμ œλ‘œμ„¬ κ²Œμž„μ—,
13:45
mutually profitable relationship with people.
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κ³΅ν†΅μœΌλ‘œ 이득이 λ˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Όμ˜ 관계에 μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:48
So, we need to be aware of what kind of signals we're sending out.
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내고 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 잘 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:53
And some of this, again, is in the realm of political work.
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그리고 이 쀑 μΌλΆ€λŠ”, λ‹€μ‹œ, μΌμ’…μ˜ μ •μΉ˜μ  ν–‰λ™μ˜ μ˜μ—­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:58
If there's one thing I can encourage everyone to do,
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€, μ •μΉ˜μΈλ“€, μ’…κ΅μ§€λ„μžλ“€, 그리고 μš°λ¦¬λ“€μ΄
14:00
politicians, religious leaders, and us,
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ν•˜λ„λ‘ μ œκ°€ κ³ λ¬΄μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλŠ” ν•œκ°€μ§€κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
14:03
it would be what I call "expanding the moral imagination" --
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그것은 μ œκ°€ 도덕적 상상을 ν™•μž₯ν•˜λŠ” 것이라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:08
that is to say, your ability to put yourself in the shoes
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ§ν•΄μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μžμ‹ μ΄ ꡉμž₯히 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν™˜κ²½μ—
14:11
of people in very different circumstances.
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μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μž…μž₯이 λ˜μ–΄λ³΄λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:14
This is not the same as compassion,
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그것은 동정심과 κ°™μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ
14:16
but it's conducive to compassion. It opens the channels for compassion.
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동정심이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κΈ° μ‰½κ²Œ ν•΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ™μ •μ‹¬μ˜ 물길을 ν„° μ£ΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
14:22
And I'm afraid we have another good news/bad news story,
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μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„ 이제 또 ν•œ κ°€μ§€ 쒋은 μ†Œμ‹κ³Ό λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹ 이야기가 μžˆλŠ”λ°
14:25
which is that the moral imagination is part of human nature.
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도덕적 상상은 인간 λ³Έμ„±μ˜ μΌλΆ€λΌλŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:28
That's good, but again we tend to deploy it selectively.
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쒋은 점이죠, ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„ νƒμ μœΌλ‘œ 이λ₯Ό λ°°μΉ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:33
Once we define somebody as an enemy,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•œ 번 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λ₯Ό 적으둜 κ·œμ •ν•˜κ³  λ‚˜λ©΄,
14:35
we have trouble putting ourselves in their shoes, just naturally.
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κ·Έμ € μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μž…μž₯μ—μ„œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 데 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:40
So, if you want to take a particularly hard case for an American:
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, νŠΉνžˆλ‚˜ μ–΄λ €μš΄ 사둀λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 보고 μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄, 미ꡭ인이라고 κ°€μ •ν•˜λ©΄
14:44
somebody in Iran who is burning an American flag, and you see them on TV.
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μ΄λž€μ— μžˆλŠ” λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€, λ―Έκ΅­ κ΅­κΈ°λ₯Ό νƒœμš°λŠ”λ° 그듀을 TVμ—μ„œ λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€κ³  μΉ©μ‹œλ‹€.
14:48
Well, the average American is going to resist
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ 평균적인 미ꡭ인은
14:51
the moral exercise of putting themselves in that person's head
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κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μž…μž₯μ—μ„œ 생각해보렀고 ν•˜λŠ” 도덕적 μ—°μŠ΅μ— λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜κ³ 
14:55
and is going to resist the idea that they have much in common with that person.
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κ·Έλ“€κ³Ό 곡톡점이 λ§Žλ‹€λŠ” μƒκ°μ—λŠ” μ €ν•­ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:58
And if you tell them, "Well, they think America disrespects them
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λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ, μ΄λž€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 미ꡭ이 μžμ‹ λ“€μ—κ²Œ λ¬΄λ‘€ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ 
15:02
and even wants to dominate them, and they hate America.
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심지어 μ§€λ°°ν•˜λ € ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 미ꡭ을 μ‹«μ–΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이라고 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
15:05
Has there ever been somebody who disrespected you so much
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ μžμ‹ μ—κ²Œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ¬΄λ‘€ν•΄μ„œ
15:07
that you kind of hated them briefly"?
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κ°„λ‹¨νžˆ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ‹«μ–΄ν•˜κ²Œ 된 적이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ? 라고 λ¬Όμ–΄λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄
15:09
You know, they'll resist that comparison and that's natural, that's human.
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그듀은 이같은 λΉ„μœ λ₯Ό κ±°λΆ€ν•  것이고, 그건 μžμ—°μ μΈ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그게 인간이죠.
15:12
And, similarly, the person in Iran:
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그리고, 이와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ μ΄λž€μ— μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ
15:14
when you try to humanize somebody in America who said that Islam is evil,
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μ΄μŠ¬λžŒκ΅κ°€ μ‚¬μ•…ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ§ν•œ 미ꡭ의 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€μ—κ²Œ 인정을 보이도둝 ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
15:18
they'll have trouble with that.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 데 어렀움을 κ²ͺ을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:20
So, it's a very difficult thing to get people to expand the moral imagination
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 도덕적 상상을 μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ³³κΉŒμ§€
15:25
to a place it doesn't naturally go.
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ν™•λŒ€μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것은 ꡉμž₯히 μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:28
I think it's worth the trouble because,
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그것은 μ–΄λ €μš΄λ§ŒνΌ κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆλŠ”λ°, μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄
15:31
again, it just helps us to understand.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것을 도와주기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄κ³ ,
15:33
If you want to reduce the number of people who are burning flags,
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κ΅­κΈ°λ₯Ό λΆˆνƒœμš°λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 숫자λ₯Ό 쀄이고 μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄
15:35
it helps to understand what makes them do it.
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무엇이 κ·Έλ“€λ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ 그런 행동을 ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 데 도움을 μ£ΌκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:37
And I think it's good moral exercise.
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이것이 쒋은 도덕적 μ—°μŠ΅μ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:40
I would say here is where religious leaders come in,
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μ € κ°™μœΌλ©΄ 이 뢀뢄이 쒅ꡐ μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ΄ λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λŠ” 뢀뢄이라고 ν•  ν…λ°μš”,
15:43
because religious leaders are good at reframing issues for people,
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쒅ꡐ μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 이슈λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ ꡬ성해 μ£ΌλŠ” 데 λŠ₯ν•œλ°
15:50
at harnessing the emotional centers of the brain
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λ‡Œμ˜ 감정 쀑좔듀을 λ¬Άμ–΄ λ†“μ•„μ„œ
15:52
to get people to alter their awareness and reframe the way they think.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μ˜μ‹μ„ 고치고 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 생각을 λ‹€μ‹œ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κ³ , 그러죠.
15:57
I mean, religious leaders are kind of in the inspiration business.
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제 말은 쒅ꡐ μ§€λ„μžλ“€μ΄ μΌμ’…μ˜ 영감 λΉ„μ¦ˆλ‹ˆμŠ€μ— 속해 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:01
It's their great calling right now,
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μ§€κΈˆ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 큰 μ†Œλͺ…은
16:03
to get people all around the world better at expanding their moral imaginations,
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세계 각ꡭ의 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 도덕적 상상을 ν™•λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” 데 더 λ‚˜μ•„μ§€κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
16:07
appreciating that in so many ways they're in the same boat.
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ°©λ©΄μ—μ„œ 그듀이 같은 μ²˜μ§€μ— μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μΈμ‹ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•΄ μ£ΌλŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:11
I would just sum up the way things look, at least from this secular perspective,
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λŒ€μΆ© 정리해 λ³Ό 텐데, 적어도 이 λŒ€μ€‘μ μΈ μ‹œκ°μ—μ„œ
16:17
as far as compassion and the golden rule go,
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동정심과 ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ 정리해 보자면,
16:21
by saying that it's good news that compassion and the golden rule
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동정심과 ν™©κΈˆλ₯ μ΄ μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 인간 본성에
16:27
are in some sense built into human nature.
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λ‚΄μž¬λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:32
It's unfortunate that they tend to be selectively deployed.
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그듀이 μ„ νƒμ μœΌλ‘œ λ°°μΉ˜λ˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것은 μ•ˆνƒ€κΉŒμš΄ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:37
And it's going to take real work to change that.
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κ·Έ 점을 λ°”κΎΈλ €λ©΄ μƒλ‹Ήν•œ λ…Έλ ₯이 ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:41
But, nobody ever said that doing God's work was going to be easy. Thanks.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 아무도 μ‹ μ˜ 일이 μ‰½λ‹€κ³ λŠ” λ§ν•œ 적은 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:46
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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