The problem with race-based medicine | Dorothy Roberts

189,180 views ใƒป 2016-03-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: hila scherba ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
15 years ago, I volunteered to participate in a research study
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-15 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ืชื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ
00:18
that involved a genetic test.
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ืฉื›ืœืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
00:20
When I arrived at the clinic to be tested,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืจืคืื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืง,
00:22
I was handed a questionnaire.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืŸ.
00:25
One of the very first questions asked me to check a box for my race:
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ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืžื ื™ ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื™:
00:29
White, black, Asian, or Native American.
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ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืืกื™ื™ืืชื™ ืื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™.
00:33
I wasn't quite sure how to answer the question.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืื™ืš ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:37
Was it aimed at measuring the diversity
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
00:39
of research participants' social backgrounds?
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ?
00:43
In that case, I would answer with my social identity,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื ื” ืขื ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™,
00:46
and check the box for "black."
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ื•ืžืกืžื ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ื‘ื” ืœ"ืฉื—ื•ืจ".
00:49
But what if the researchers were interested in investigating
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
00:53
some association between ancestry and the risk for certain genetic traits?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช?
00:59
In that case, wouldn't they want to know something about my ancestry,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ืจืฆื• ืœื“ืขืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœื™,
01:03
which is just as much European as African?
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™?
01:07
And how could they make scientific findings about my genes
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™
01:11
if I put down my social identity as a black woman?
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ืื ืื ื™ ืืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื›ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”?
01:16
After all, I consider myself a black woman with a white father
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืขื ืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ
01:21
rather than a white woman with a black mother
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฉืจ ื›ืื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืขื ืื ืฉื—ื•ืจื”
01:25
entirely for social reasons.
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ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
01:27
Which racial identity I check
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ืœืื™ื–ื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืžื ืช
01:30
has nothing to do with my genes.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
01:34
Well, despite the obvious importance of this question
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ืื–, ืคืจื˜ ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•
01:37
to the study's scientific validity,
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ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
01:40
I was told, "Don't worry about it,
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื™, "ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”,
01:42
just put down however you identify yourself."
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืกืžื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืช ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ืขืฆืžืš."
01:46
So I check "black,"
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ืื– ืกื™ืžื ืชื™ "ืฉื—ื•ืจ",
01:48
but I had no confidence in the results of a study
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
01:52
that treated a critical variable so unscientifically.
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ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉืชื ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
01:58
That personal experience with the use of race in genetic testing
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื–ืข ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
02:02
got me thinking:
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ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘:
02:04
Where else in medicine is race used to make false biological predictions?
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ืื™ืคื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื–ืข ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช?
02:10
Well, I found out that race runs deeply throughout all of medical practice.
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ืื–, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื”ื’ื–ืข ื ืžืฆื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืจืคื•ืื™.
02:17
It shapes physicians' diagnoses,
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ื–ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื,
02:20
measurements, treatments,
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ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื,
02:22
prescriptions,
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ืžืจืฉืžื™ื,
02:24
even the very definition of diseases.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
02:28
And the more I found out, the more disturbed I became.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:33
Sociologists like me have long explained
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ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
02:36
that race is a social construction.
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ืฉื’ื–ืข ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
02:39
When we identify people as black, white, Asian, Native American, Latina,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืืกื™ื™ืืชื™ื, ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื, ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
02:46
we're referring to social groupings
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
02:49
with made up demarcations that have changed over time
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ืขื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืžืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ
02:52
and vary around the world.
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ื•ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:55
As a legal scholar, I've also studied
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ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื’ื ื—ืงืจืชื™
02:58
how lawmakers, not biologists,
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ืื™ืš ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื,
03:01
have invented the legal definitions of races.
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื–ืขื™ื.
03:06
And it's not just the view of social scientists.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
03:10
You remember when the map of the human genome
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ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ ืžืคืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
03:12
was unveiled at a White House ceremony in June 2000?
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ื ื’ืœืชื” ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2000?
03:17
President Bill Clinton famously declared,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
03:20
"I believe one of the great truths
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"ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื—ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
03:22
to emerge from this triumphant expedition
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ืฉื™ืขืœื• ืžื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื”ื–ื”
03:26
inside the human genome
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
03:27
is that in genetic terms,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
03:29
human beings, regardless of race,
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืข,
03:32
are more than 99.9 percent the same."
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-99.9% ื“ื•ืžื™ื."
03:36
And he might have added
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ
03:38
that that less than one percent of genetic difference
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ืฉื”ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™
03:42
doesn't fall into racial boxes.
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ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืžืกื’ืจืช ื’ื–ืขื™ืช.
03:45
Francis Collins, who led the Human Genome Project
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ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
03:49
and now heads NIH,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ NIH,
03:50
echoed President Clinton.
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ื ืชืŸ ื”ื“ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ.
03:52
"I am happy that today,
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"ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉื”ื™ื•ื,
03:54
the only race we're talking about is the human race."
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ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™."
04:00
Doctors are supposed to practice evidence-based medicine,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืจืื™ื•ืช,
04:04
and they're increasingly called to join the genomic revolution.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
04:08
But their habit of treating patients by race lags far behind.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžืคื’ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
04:14
Take the estimate
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื”
04:15
of glomerular filtration rate, or GFR.
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ืฉืœ ืงืฆื‘ ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืื• GFR.
04:18
Doctors routinely interpret GFR,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื GFR,
04:22
this important indicator of kidney function, by race.
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ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื–ืข.
04:27
As you can see in this lab test,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:31
the exact same creatinine level,
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ืจืžืช ืงืจืื˜ื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
04:36
the concentration in the blood of the patient,
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ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
04:40
automatically produces a different GFR estimate
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ืช GFR ืฉื•ื ื”
04:45
depending on whether or not the patient is African-American.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ืื ืืชื” ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืื• ืœื.
04:51
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
04:53
I've been told it's based on an assumption
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื ื—ื”
04:56
that African-Americans have more muscle mass
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ืฉืœืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืช ืฉืจื™ืจ
04:59
than people of other races.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื–ืข ืื—ืจ.
05:02
But what sense does it make
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื”
05:04
for a doctor to automatically assume
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ืฉืจื•ืคื ืžื ื™ื— ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช
05:08
I have more muscle mass than that female bodybuilder?
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืช ืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืฉืจื™ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•?
05:12
Wouldn't it be far more accurate and evidence-based
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืก
05:16
to determine the muscle mass of individual patients
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืกืช ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
05:20
just by looking at them?
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื?
05:24
Well, doctors tell me they're using race as a shortcut.
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ืื–, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืข ื›ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืจืš.
05:27
It's a crude but convenient proxy
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ื–ื• ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื’ืกื” ืืš ื ื•ื—ื”
05:30
for more important factors, like muscle mass,
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ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืกืช ืฉืจื™ืจ,
05:33
enzyme level, genetic traits
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ืจืžืช ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
05:36
they just don't have time to look for.
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืคืฉ.
05:39
But race is a bad proxy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื–ืข ื”ื•ื ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื”.
05:42
In many cases, race adds no relevant information at all.
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื, ื’ื–ืข ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื›ืœืœ.
05:46
It's just a distraction.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื”ื™ืกื— ื“ืขืช.
05:49
But race also tends to overwhelm the clinical measures.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื–ืข ื ื•ื˜ื” ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:55
It blinds doctors to patients' symptoms,
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ื–ื” ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืžืจื•ืคืื™ื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
05:59
family illnesses,
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช,
06:02
their history, their own illnesses they might have --
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฆืžื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ --
06:06
all more evidence-based than the patient's race.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื”.
06:11
Race can't substitute for these important clinical measures
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ื’ื–ืข ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
06:16
without sacrificing patient well-being.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
06:21
Doctors also tell me race is just one of many factors
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื’ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ ืฉื’ื–ืข ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
06:25
they take into account,
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ืฉื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ,
06:27
but there are numerous medical tests,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช,
06:29
like the GFR,
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ื›ืžื• GFR,
06:30
that use race categorically
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ืฉื’ื–ืข ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ื™
06:34
to treat black, white, Asian patients differently
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ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืืกื™ื™ืืชื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”
06:38
just because of their race.
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื”ื.
06:41
Race medicine also leaves patients of color especially vulnerable
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ืจืคื•ืื” ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ื’ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
06:47
to harmful biases and stereotypes.
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ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื.
06:50
Black and Latino patients are twice as likely
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ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื
06:53
to receive no pain medication as whites
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ืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืฉื™ื›ื•ืš ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื
06:57
for the same painful long bone fractures
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ืœืื•ืชื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช
07:02
because of stereotypes
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื
07:04
that black and brown people feel less pain,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื”ื™ ืขื•ืจ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืื‘,
07:08
exaggerate their pain,
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ืžื’ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื”ื,
07:10
and are predisposed to drug addiction.
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ื•ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืกืžื™ื.
07:14
The Food and Drug Administration has even approved a race-specific medicine.
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ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืฉืจื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœื’ื–ืข.
07:20
It's a pill called BiDil
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ื–ื• ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืฉื ืงืจืื™ืช "ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืœ"
07:22
to treat heart failure in self-identified African-American patients.
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื–ื“ื”ื™ื ื›ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
07:27
A cardiologist developed this drug without regard to race or genetics,
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ืงืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื’ื–ืข ืื• ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”,
07:33
but it became convenient
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื ื•ื—
07:36
for commercial reasons
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช
07:38
to market the drug to black patients.
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ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
07:42
The FDA then allowed
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ื”-FDA ืื™ืฉืจ ืื–
07:44
the company, the drug company,
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื”, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
07:47
to test the efficacy in a clinical trial
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ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช
07:51
that only included African-American subjects.
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ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืจืง ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
07:56
It speculated
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืขืจ
07:58
that race stood in as a proxy for some unknown genetic factor
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ืฉื’ื–ืข ืžื™ืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข
08:04
that affects heart disease
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘
08:07
or response to drugs.
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ืื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
08:11
But think about the dangerous message it sent,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ืœื—,
08:15
that black people's bodies are so substandard,
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืชืช ืจืžื”,
08:19
a drug tested in them
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ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื” ื‘ื”ื
08:21
is not guaranteed to work in other patients.
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ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:26
In the end, the drug company's marketing scheme failed.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ื›ืฉืœื”.
08:30
For one thing, black patients were understandably wary
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื
08:34
of using a drug just for black people.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื” ืจืง ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
08:38
One elderly black woman stood up in a community meeting and shouted,
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ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืงืฉื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ื ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ื•ืฆืขืงื”,
08:42
"Give me what the white people are taking!"
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"ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื!"
08:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:47
And if you find race-specific medicine surprising,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื–ืข ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช,
08:52
wait until you learn
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ื—ื›ื• ืขื“ ืฉืชืœืžื“ื•
08:54
that many doctors in the United States
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ืฉืจื•ืคืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
08:57
still use an updated version
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช
09:00
of a diagnostic tool
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
09:02
that was developed by a physician during the slavery era,
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ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืคื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
09:06
a diagnostic tool that is tightly linked
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ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืงืœื•ืช
09:09
to justifications for slavery.
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ืœื”ืฆื“ืงื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
09:13
Dr. Samuel Cartwright graduated
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ื“"ืจ ืกืžื•ืืœ ืงืืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืกื™ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•
09:16
from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”.
09:19
He practiced in the Deep South before the Civil War,
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ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
09:23
and he was a well-known expert on what was then called "Negro medicine."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืื– "ืจืคื•ืืช ื›ื•ืฉื™ื".
09:28
He promoted the racial concept of disease,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื“ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
09:31
that people of different races suffer from different diseases
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื–ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
09:35
and experience common diseases differently.
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ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”.
09:39
Cartwright argued in the 1850s
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ืงืืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
09:43
that slavery was beneficial for black people
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
09:47
for medical reasons.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช.
09:49
He claimed that because black people have lower lung capacity than whites,
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืจื™ืื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืœื‘ื ื™ื,
09:54
forced labor was good for them.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคืจืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื.
09:57
He wrote in a medical journal,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™,
10:00
"It is the red vital blood sent to the brain
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"ื–ื” ื”ื“ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืœืžื•ื—
10:03
that liberates their minds when under the white man's control,
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ืฉืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืœื‘ืŸ,
10:07
and it is the want of sufficiency of red vital blood
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ื ืื“ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
10:11
that chains their minds to ignorance and barbarism when in freedom."
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ืฉืงื•ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื."
10:17
To support this theory, Cartwright helped to perfect
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืงืืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืขื–ืจ ืœืฉื›ืœืœ
10:20
a medical device for measuring breathing called the spirometer
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืกืคื™ืจื•ืžื˜ืจ
10:26
to show the presumed deficiency in black people's lungs.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
10:31
Today, doctors still uphold Cartwright's claim
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜
10:37
the black people as a race
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ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื–ืข
10:40
have lower lung capacity than white people.
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ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
10:44
Some even use a modern day spirometer
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ื—ืœืง ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
10:48
that actually has a button labeled "race"
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืฉืžืกื•ืžืŸ "ื’ื–ืข"
10:52
so the machine adjusts the measurement
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช
10:55
for each patient according to his or her race.
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ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื• ืื• ืฉืœื”.
10:59
It's a well-known function called "correcting for race."
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ื–ื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ืช "ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื’ื–ืข".
11:05
The problem with race medicine extends far beyond misdiagnosing patients.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืจืคื•ืื” ืœืคื™ ื’ื–ืข ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
11:11
Its focus on innate racial differences in disease
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ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื–ืขื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื”
11:16
diverts attention and resources
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ืžืกื™ื—ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
11:19
from the social determinants
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ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื
11:21
that cause appalling racial gaps in health:
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคืขืจื™ื ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช:
11:25
lack of access to high-quality medical care;
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ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”;
11:29
food deserts in poor neighborhoods;
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ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™;
11:33
exposure to environmental toxins;
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ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืจืขืœื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื;
11:37
high rates of incarceration;
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื›ืœื™ืื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื;
11:39
and experiencing the stress of racial discrimination.
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ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ืฉืœ ืืคืœื™ื™ื” ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช.
11:45
You see, race is not a biological category
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื’ื–ื–ืข ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
11:48
that naturally produces these health disparities
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
11:52
because of genetic difference.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
11:55
Race is a social category
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ื’ื–ืข ื”ื•ื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
11:57
that has staggering biological consequences,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื•ืช,
12:01
but because of the impact of social inequality on people's health.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
12:07
Yet race medicine pretends the answer to these gaps in health
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
12:11
can be found in a race-specific pill.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœื’ื–ืข.
12:14
It's much easier and more lucrative
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื™
12:17
to market a technological fix
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ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
12:20
for these gaps in health
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ืœืคืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
12:22
than to deal with the structural inequities that produce them.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืื™ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื.
12:29
The reason I'm so passionate about ending race medicine
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื” ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ืช
12:34
isn't just because it's bad medicine.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืจืคื•ืื” ืจืขื”.
12:37
I'm also on this mission
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•
12:39
because the way doctors practice medicine
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”
12:42
continues to promote a false and toxic view of humanity.
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืงื“ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื•ืจืขื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
12:48
Despite the many visionary breakthroughs in medicine we've been learning about,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•,
12:54
there's a failure of imagination
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ
12:57
when it comes to race.
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื–ืข.
13:00
Would you imagine with me, just a moment:
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืชื™, ืจืง ืœืจื’ืข:
13:04
What would happen if doctors stopped treating patients by race?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื–ืข?
13:12
Suppose they rejected
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื—ื•
13:14
an 18th-century classification system
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-18
13:18
and incorporated instead the most advanced knowledge
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ื•ื™ืฉืœื‘ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:22
of human genetic diversity and unity,
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ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
13:25
that human beings cannot be categorized into biological races?
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื?
13:32
What if, instead of using race as a crude proxy
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ืžื” ืื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื–ืข ื›ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ื’ืก
13:37
for some more important factor,
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:39
doctors actually investigated and addressed that more important factor?
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื—ืงืจื• ื•ื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
13:46
What if doctors joined the forefront
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ืžื” ืื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื—ื–ื™ืช
13:49
of a movement to end the structural inequities
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ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืกื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื“ืง ืžื‘ื ื™
13:53
caused by racism,
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ืฉื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช,
13:55
not by genetic difference?
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ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™?
14:01
Race medicine is bad medicine,
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ืจืคื•ืื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ื–ืข ื”ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”,
14:05
it's poor science
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ื–ื” ืžื“ืข ื“ืœ
14:07
and it's a false interpretation of humanity.
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ื•ื–ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
14:11
It is more urgent than ever
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ื–ื” ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“
14:14
to finally abandon this backward legacy
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ื”ื–ื•
14:18
and to affirm our common humanity
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ื•ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœื ื•
14:22
by ending the social inequalities that truly divide us.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืคืฆืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
14:28
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
14:29
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:31
Thank you. Thanks.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. ืชื•ื“ื”.
14:34
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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