The problem with race-based medicine | Dorothy Roberts

187,373 views ใƒป 2016-03-04

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Ju Hye Lim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jessica Park
00:12
15 years ago, I volunteered to participate in a research study
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15๋…„ ์ „์— ์ €๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—
00:18
that involved a genetic test.
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์ž์›ํ•ด์„œ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
When I arrived at the clinic to be tested,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฐ›์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ
00:22
I was handed a questionnaire.
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์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
One of the very first questions asked me to check a box for my race:
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ ์ธ์ข…์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
White, black, Asian, or Native American.
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๋ฐฑ์ธ์ธ์ง€, ํ‘์ธ์ธ์ง€, ์•„์‹œ์•„์ธ์ธ์ง€, ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ธ์ง€์š”.
00:33
I wasn't quite sure how to answer the question.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
Was it aimed at measuring the diversity
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜
00:39
of research participants' social backgrounds?
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๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ?
00:43
In that case, I would answer with my social identity,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด
00:46
and check the box for "black."
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"ํ‘์ธ"์— ์ฒดํฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
00:49
But what if the researchers were interested in investigating
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์ด ์ œ ์กฐ์ƒ๊ณผ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์œ ์ „ํ˜•์งˆ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜
00:53
some association between ancestry and the risk for certain genetic traits?
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๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉด
00:59
In that case, wouldn't they want to know something about my ancestry,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ์ธ
01:03
which is just as much European as African?
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์ œ ์กฐ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
And how could they make scientific findings about my genes
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์œผ๋ฉด
01:11
if I put down my social identity as a black woman?
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์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:16
After all, I consider myself a black woman with a white father
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ‘์ธ ์—„๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋‘” ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:21
rather than a white woman with a black mother
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๋ฐฑ์ธ ์•„๋น ๋ฅผ ๋‘” ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ
01:25
entirely for social reasons.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
01:27
Which racial identity I check
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋Š ์ธ์ข…์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ์ฒดํฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
01:30
has nothing to do with my genes.
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์ œ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Well, despite the obvious importance of this question
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ
01:37
to the study's scientific validity,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„
01:40
I was told, "Don't worry about it,
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์ €๋Š” "๊ฑฑ์ •๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์„
01:42
just put down however you identify yourself."
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์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ ์œผ์„ธ์š”"๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
So I check "black,"
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ํ‘์ธ์— ์ฒดํฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
but I had no confidence in the results of a study
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋น„๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜
01:52
that treated a critical variable so unscientifically.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
That personal experience with the use of race in genetic testing
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์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ์ธ์ข… ์ •๋ณด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ
02:02
got me thinking:
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
Where else in medicine is race used to make false biological predictions?
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์˜ํ•™์˜ ๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ถ”์ธก์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ธ์ข…์„ ์“ธ๊นŒ?
02:10
Well, I found out that race runs deeply throughout all of medical practice.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„์— ์ธ์ข…์ด ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์—ฌ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
It shapes physicians' diagnoses,
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ
02:20
measurements, treatments,
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์ธก์ •, ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ „์—
02:22
prescriptions,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š”
02:24
even the very definition of diseases.
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๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ •์˜์—๊นŒ์ง€ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
And the more I found out, the more disturbed I became.
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๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ €๋Š” ๋” ๋ถˆํŽธํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
Sociologists like me have long explained
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์ € ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ
02:36
that race is a social construction.
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์ธ์ข…์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
When we identify people as black, white, Asian, Native American, Latina,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ‘์ธ, ๋ฐฑ์ธ, ๋™์–‘์ธ, ์›์ฃผ๋ฏผ, ๋ผํ‹ด๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋•Œ
02:46
we're referring to social groupings
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ง‘๋‹จ์„
02:49
with made up demarcations that have changed over time
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์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด์™”๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
02:52
and vary around the world.
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์นญํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
As a legal scholar, I've also studied
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์ €๋„ ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ
02:58
how lawmakers, not biologists,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์ด
03:01
have invented the legal definitions of races.
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์ธ์ข…์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
And it's not just the view of social scientists.
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์ด๊ฑด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
You remember when the map of the human genome
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ 2000๋…„ 6์›”์—
03:12
was unveiled at a White House ceremony in June 2000?
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๋ฐฑ์•…๊ด€ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
03:17
President Bill Clinton famously declared,
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๋นŒ ํด๋ฆฐํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:20
"I believe one of the great truths
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"์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ
03:22
to emerge from this triumphant expedition
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์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํƒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:26
inside the human genome
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์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
03:27
is that in genetic terms,
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์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€
03:29
human beings, regardless of race,
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์ธ์ข…์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด
03:32
are more than 99.9 percent the same."
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99.9% ์ด์ƒ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
03:36
And he might have added
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๋˜ํ•œ 1%๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€
03:38
that that less than one percent of genetic difference
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์ธ์ข…์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ง“์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง๋„
03:42
doesn't fall into racial boxes.
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๋ง๋ถ™์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
Francis Collins, who led the Human Genome Project
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ด๊ด„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋ณด๊ฑด์›์žฅ์ธ
03:49
and now heads NIH,
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ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์Šค๋„
03:50
echoed President Clinton.
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ํด๋ฆฐํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
"I am happy that today,
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"์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”
03:54
the only race we're talking about is the human race."
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ธ์ข…์ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
04:00
Doctors are supposed to practice evidence-based medicine,
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:04
and they're increasingly called to join the genomic revolution.
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์ ์  ๋” ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ํ˜๋ช…์— ๋™์ฐธํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
But their habit of treating patients by race lags far behind.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ์Šต๊ด€์€ ํ•œ์ฐธ ๋‚™ํ›„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
Take the estimate
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์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ฒด์—ฌ๊ณผ์œจ์ธ GFR์˜
04:15
of glomerular filtration rate, or GFR.
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์ถ”์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:18
Doctors routinely interpret GFR,
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ด€๋ก€์ ์œผ๋กœ
04:22
this important indicator of kidney function, by race.
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์‹ ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ GFR์„ ์ธ์ข…์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ํ•ด์„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
As you can see in this lab test,
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด
04:31
the exact same creatinine level,
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ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ํฌ๋ ˆ์•„ํ‹ฐ๋‹Œ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€
04:36
the concentration in the blood of the patient,
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•„๋„
04:40
automatically produces a different GFR estimate
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
04:45
depending on whether or not the patient is African-American.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ GFR ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
Why?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
04:53
I've been told it's based on an assumption
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด
04:56
that African-Americans have more muscle mass
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์—
04:59
than people of other races.
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๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
But what sense does it make
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
05:04
for a doctor to automatically assume
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ž ๋ฐ”๋””๋นŒ๋”๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰์„
05:08
I have more muscle mass than that female bodybuilder?
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๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:12
Wouldn't it be far more accurate and evidence-based
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ™˜์ž ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
05:16
to determine the muscle mass of individual patients
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
05:20
just by looking at them?
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์•„๋‹๊นŒ์š”?
05:24
Well, doctors tell me they're using race as a shortcut.
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ข…์„ ์ง€๋ฆ„๊ธธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
It's a crude but convenient proxy
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์–ด์„คํ”„๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:30
for more important factors, like muscle mass,
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๋ฐ”๋น ์„œ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜, ํšจ์†Œ ์ˆ˜์น˜,
05:33
enzyme level, genetic traits
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์œ ์ „ํ˜•์งˆ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์šฉ์œผ๋กœ
05:36
they just don't have time to look for.
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๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
05:39
But race is a bad proxy.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ์ข…์€ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
In many cases, race adds no relevant information at all.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
It's just a distraction.
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๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•  ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
05:49
But race also tends to overwhelm the clinical measures.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ์ข…์€ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์••๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
It blinds doctors to patients' symptoms,
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋” ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด๋‚˜,
05:59
family illnesses,
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๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ,
06:02
their history, their own illnesses they might have --
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๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:06
all more evidence-based than the patient's race.
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๋”์šฑ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ชป ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:11
Race can't substitute for these important clinical measures
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์ธ์ข…์€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ํฌ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ๊ธฐ์ค€๋“ค์„
06:16
without sacrificing patient well-being.
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๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
Doctors also tell me race is just one of many factors
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ข…์€ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘
06:25
they take into account,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
but there are numerous medical tests,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒ€์ง„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด
06:29
like the GFR,
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์•ž์—์„œ ๋งํ•œ GFR์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:30
that use race categorically
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์ธ์ข…์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์„œ
06:34
to treat black, white, Asian patients differently
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ํ‘์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ์ธ, ๋™์–‘์ธ์„ ์ธ์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด
06:38
just because of their race.
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์ธ์ข…์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:41
Race medicine also leaves patients of color especially vulnerable
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์ธ์ข…์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„
06:47
to harmful biases and stereotypes.
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์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋…์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
Black and Latino patients are twice as likely
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ํ‘์ธ๊ณผ ๋ผํ‹ด๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์žฅ๊ณจ ๊ณจ์ ˆ์—๋„
06:53
to receive no pain medication as whites
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์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋ฐ›์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด
06:57
for the same painful long bone fractures
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๋ฐฑ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค 2๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
because of stereotypes
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ํ‘์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์ธ์ข…์€
07:04
that black and brown people feel less pain,
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๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋œ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์—„์‚ด์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
07:08
exaggerate their pain,
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ์ค‘๋…๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
07:10
and are predisposed to drug addiction.
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๊ณ ์ •๊ด€๋… ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
The Food and Drug Administration has even approved a race-specific medicine.
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์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ธ์ข… ๋งž์ถค์•ฝ์ธ
07:20
It's a pill called BiDil
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"๋น„๋”œ"์„ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
to treat heart failure in self-identified African-American patients.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
A cardiologist developed this drug without regard to race or genetics,
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ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘ ์ „๋ฌธ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ด ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:33
but it became convenient
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์ƒ์—…์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ
07:36
for commercial reasons
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ํ‘์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์•ฝ์„ ๊ด‘๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
07:38
to market the drug to black patients.
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๋” ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
The FDA then allowed
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์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์€ ์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€
07:44
the company, the drug company,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋งŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”
07:47
to test the efficacy in a clinical trial
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์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ฝ์˜ ํšจ๋Šฅ์„
07:51
that only included African-American subjects.
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์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
It speculated
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ธ์ข…์ด
07:58
that race stood in as a proxy for some unknown genetic factor
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‚˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”
08:04
that affects heart disease
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๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์œ ์ „์  ์š”์ธ ๋Œ€์‹ 
08:07
or response to drugs.
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์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
But think about the dangerous message it sent,
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์ด ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:15
that black people's bodies are so substandard,
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ํ‘์ธ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ดํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹คํ—˜๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด
08:19
a drug tested in them
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋„
08:21
is not guaranteed to work in other patients.
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ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด์žฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:26
In the end, the drug company's marketing scheme failed.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์ „๋žต์€ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
For one thing, black patients were understandably wary
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์šฐ์„  ํ‘์ธ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ํ‘์ธ๋งŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
08:34
of using a drug just for black people.
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๋งค์šฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
08:38
One elderly black woman stood up in a community meeting and shouted,
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ํ•œ ๋Š™์€ ํ‘์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋งˆ์„ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ
08:42
"Give me what the white people are taking!"
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"๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋จน๋Š” ์•ฝ์„ ์ค˜!"๋ผ๊ณ  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:47
And if you find race-specific medicine surprising,
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์ธ์ข… ๋งž์ถค์•ฝ์ด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:52
wait until you learn
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์ด๊ฑด ๋” ๋†€๋ผ์šฐ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
that many doctors in the United States
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ง๋„
08:57
still use an updated version
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๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—
09:00
of a diagnostic tool
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ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋œ,
09:02
that was developed by a physician during the slavery era,
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๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ •๋‹นํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”
09:06
a diagnostic tool that is tightly linked
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์ง„๋‹จ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ๋ฒ„์ „์„
09:09
to justifications for slavery.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
Dr. Samuel Cartwright graduated
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์‚ฌ๋ฌด์—˜ ์นดํŠธ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š”
09:16
from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School.
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ํŽœ์‹ค๋ฒ ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:19
He practiced in the Deep South before the Civil War,
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๋‚จ๋ถ์ „์Ÿ ์ด์ „์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ตœ๋‚จ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
and he was a well-known expert on what was then called "Negro medicine."
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ "๊ฒ€๋‘ฅ์ด ์˜ํ•™"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜€์ฃ .
09:28
He promoted the racial concept of disease,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
09:31
that people of different races suffer from different diseases
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์•“๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”
09:35
and experience common diseases differently.
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์ธ์ข…์  ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์„ ๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
Cartwright argued in the 1850s
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์นดํŠธ๋ผ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” 1850๋…„๋Œ€์—
09:43
that slavery was beneficial for black people
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๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ‘์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ต์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ 
09:47
for medical reasons.
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์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
He claimed that because black people have lower lung capacity than whites,
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ํ‘์ธ์ด ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํํ™œ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ•์ œ ๋…ธ์—ญ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ 
09:54
forced labor was good for them.
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์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
He wrote in a medical journal,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™ ํ•™์ˆ ์ง€์—
10:00
"It is the red vital blood sent to the brain
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"๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ช…๋ น ์•„๋ž˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
10:03
that liberates their minds when under the white man's control,
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๋‡Œ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€ ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์‹ ์„ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
10:07
and it is the want of sufficiency of red vital blood
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šธ ๋•Œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ถ‰์€ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์š•๋ง์ด
10:11
that chains their minds to ignorance and barbarism when in freedom."
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์‹ ์„ ๋ฌด์ง€์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ฐœํ•จ์— ์†๋ฐ•์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค."
10:17
To support this theory, Cartwright helped to perfect
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์นดํŠธ๋ผ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์ด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ‘์ธ์˜ ํํ™œ๋Ÿ‰์ด
10:20
a medical device for measuring breathing called the spirometer
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๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํํ™œ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜ธํก์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š”
10:26
to show the presumed deficiency in black people's lungs.
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์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
Today, doctors still uphold Cartwright's claim
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํ‘์ธ์ด ์ธ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:37
the black people as a race
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์ ์€ ํํ™œ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
10:40
have lower lung capacity than white people.
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์นดํŠธ๋ผ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
Some even use a modern day spirometer
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด "์ธ์ข…"๋ฒ„ํŠผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”
10:48
that actually has a button labeled "race"
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ํํ™œ๋Ÿ‰๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
so the machine adjusts the measurement
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ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ธ์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
10:55
for each patient according to his or her race.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งž์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:59
It's a well-known function called "correcting for race."
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"์ธ์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋งž์ถ”๋Š” ๊ฒƒ"์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
The problem with race medicine extends far beyond misdiagnosing patients.
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์ธ์ข… ๋งž์ถค์•ฝ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์˜ค์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
Its focus on innate racial differences in disease
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ธ ์ธ์ข…์  ์ฐจ์ด์ ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:16
diverts attention and resources
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์˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ธ์ข…์  ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š”
11:19
from the social determinants
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
11:21
that cause appalling racial gaps in health:
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๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ž์›์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
lack of access to high-quality medical care;
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์งˆ ๋†’์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ,
11:29
food deserts in poor neighborhoods;
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์‹ ์„ ํ•œ ์Œ์‹์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๋™๋„ค,
11:33
exposure to environmental toxins;
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋…์†Œ์—์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ,
11:37
high rates of incarceration;
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๋†’์€ ๊ฐ๊ธˆ๋ฅ ,
11:39
and experiencing the stress of racial discrimination.
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์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์ธ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
You see, race is not a biological category
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์ธ์ข…์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์œ ์ „์  ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ
11:48
that naturally produces these health disparities
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์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š”
11:52
because of genetic difference.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
Race is a social category
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์ธ์ข…์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜
11:57
that has staggering biological consequences,
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์˜๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š”
12:01
but because of the impact of social inequality on people's health.
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์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
Yet race medicine pretends the answer to these gaps in health
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ๋„ ์ธ์ข…์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด
12:11
can be found in a race-specific pill.
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์˜๋ฃŒ ๋งž์ถค์•ฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒ™ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
It's much easier and more lucrative
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์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
12:17
to market a technological fix
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
12:20
for these gaps in health
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„
12:22
than to deal with the structural inequities that produce them.
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ๋” ๋ˆ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:29
The reason I'm so passionate about ending race medicine
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ข…์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์„ ์ข…์‹์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์—ด์ •์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
12:34
isn't just because it's bad medicine.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋‚˜์œ ์˜ํ•™์ด๋ผ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
I'm also on this mission
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
12:39
because the way doctors practice medicine
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด
12:42
continues to promote a false and toxic view of humanity.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๊ณ„์† ์กฐ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
Despite the many visionary breakthroughs in medicine we've been learning about,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์— ์„ ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์› ์ง€๋งŒ
12:54
there's a failure of imagination
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์ธ์ข…์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
12:57
when it comes to race.
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์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
Would you imagine with me, just a moment:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ž ๊น๋งŒ ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
13:04
What would happen if doctors stopped treating patients by race?
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
13:12
Suppose they rejected
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋˜
13:14
an 18th-century classification system
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๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:18
and incorporated instead the most advanced knowledge
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์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ธ์ข…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š”
13:22
of human genetic diversity and unity,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง„๋ณด๋œ ์ง€์‹์ธ
13:25
that human beings cannot be categorized into biological races?
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
13:32
What if, instead of using race as a crude proxy
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๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์ธ์ข…์„ ๋Œ€์ถฉ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
13:37
for some more important factor,
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
13:39
doctors actually investigated and addressed that more important factor?
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๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ์ง„์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
13:46
What if doctors joined the forefront
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์œ ์ „์  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ
13:49
of a movement to end the structural inequities
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์ธ์ข… ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ค์„
13:53
caused by racism,
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์ข…์‹์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šด๋™์˜ ์„ ๋‘์—
13:55
not by genetic difference?
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋™์ฐธํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
14:01
Race medicine is bad medicine,
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์ธ์ข…์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์€ ๋‚˜์œ ์˜ํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
it's poor science
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ํ˜•ํŽธ์—†๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
and it's a false interpretation of humanity.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
It is more urgent than ever
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์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด๋Š”
14:14
to finally abandon this backward legacy
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์ข…์‹์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ
14:18
and to affirm our common humanity
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์ด ํ‡ด๋ณด์ ์ธ ์œ ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
14:22
by ending the social inequalities that truly divide us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:31
Thank you. Thanks.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:34
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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