David Agus: A new strategy in the war against cancer

76,760 views ใƒป 2010-02-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Etai Yaffe ืžื‘ืงืจ: Amit segal
00:15
I'm a cancer doctor, and I walked out of my office
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื™
00:18
and walked by the pharmacy in the hospital three or four years ago,
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ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจืงื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื,
00:22
and this was the cover of Fortune magazine
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจืฆ'ืŸ
00:25
sitting in the window of the pharmacy.
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ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจืงื—ืช.
00:27
And so, as a cancer doctor, you look at this,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ืจื•ืคื ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืืชื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
00:29
and you get a little bit downhearted.
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ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืžื“ื•ื›ื“ืš.
00:31
But when you start to read the article by Cliff,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™ ืงืœื™ืฃ,
00:34
who himself is a cancer survivor,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืจื“ ืืช ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
00:36
who was saved by a clinical trial
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ื•ื ื™ืฆืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™,
00:38
where his parents drove him from New York City to upstate New York
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ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
00:42
to get an experimental therapy for --
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ--
00:44
at the time -- Hodgkin's disease, which saved his life,
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื•-- ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื•ื“ื’'ืงื™ื ืก, ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.
00:47
he makes remarkable points here.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
00:50
And the point of the article was that we have gotten
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•
00:53
reductionist in our view of biology,
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ืจื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:56
in our view of cancer.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
00:58
For the last 50 years, we have focused on treating
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
01:01
the individual gene
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ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื‘ื“ื•ืืœื™ื,
01:03
in understanding cancer, not in controlling cancer.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืืš ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื”.
01:06
So, this is an astounding table.
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ื–ื• ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
01:09
And this is something that sobers us in our field everyday
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืงื•ื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื.
01:12
in that, obviously, we've made remarkable impacts
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉ.., ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช
01:14
on cardiovascular disease,
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ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืจื“ื™ื•ื•ืกืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
01:16
but look at cancer. The death rate in cancer
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ
01:19
in over 50 years hasn't changed.
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ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”.
01:22
We've made small wins in diseases like chronic myelogenous leukemia,
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ืžื™ืืœื•ืื™ื“ื™ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช,
01:26
where we have a pill that can put 100 percent of people in remission,
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ืื•ืชื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืคื ื‘ื› 100 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืข"ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื•.
01:29
but in general, we haven't made an impact at all in the war on cancer.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ ืจืฉืžื ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
01:35
So, what I'm going to tell you today,
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
01:38
is a little bit of why I think that's the case,
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ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื›ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš,
01:41
and then go out of my comfort zone
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ื•ืื– ืืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ื—ื”
01:43
and tell you where I think it's going,
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ื•ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
01:46
where a new approach -- that we hope to push forward
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ื‘ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืื•ืชื” ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืงื“ื
01:49
in terms of treating cancer.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
01:53
Because this is wrong.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืคืกื•ืœ.
01:56
So, what is cancer, first of all?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ?
01:58
Well, if one has a mass or an abnormal blood value, you go to a doctor,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืฉ ืื• ืขืจื›ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื ืœื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืจื•ืคื.
02:03
they stick a needle in.
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ื•ืืœื” ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืœื• ืžื—ื˜.
02:05
They way we make the diagnosis today is by pattern recognition:
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื.
02:09
Does it look normal? Does it look abnormal?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™? ืื• ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™?
02:13
So, that pathologist is just like looking at this plastic bottle.
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ืื–, ื”ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื–ื”.
02:16
This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™. ื•ื–ื” ืชื ืกืจื˜ื ื™.
02:19
That is the state-of-the-art today in diagnosing cancer.
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ื–ื• ืงื™ื“ืžืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
02:24
There's no molecular test,
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™.
02:27
there's no sequencing of genes that was referred to yesterday,
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ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืืชืžื•ืœ.
02:30
there's no fancy looking at the chromosomes.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื.
02:33
This is the state-of-the-art and how we do it.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
02:36
You know, I know very well, as a cancer doctor, I can't treat advanced cancer.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื›ืจื•ืคื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ื.
02:42
So, as an aside, I firmly believe in the field of trying to identify cancer early.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืกื’ืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื.
02:49
It is the only way you can start to fight cancer, is by catching it early.
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ื–ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื’ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืงื“ื.
02:54
We can prevent most cancers.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
02:57
You know, the previous talk alluded to preventing heart disease.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘.
03:00
We could do the same in cancer.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:02
I co-founded a company called Navigenics,
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ืื ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื ืื‘ื™ื’'ื ื™ืงืก,
03:04
where, if you spit into a tube --
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ื”ืžืคืชื—ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื” ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ืจืงื™ื ืœืžื‘ื—ื ื”,
03:06
and we can look look at 35 or 40 genetic markers for disease,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื› 35 ืื• 40 ืžืจืงืจื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช,
03:12
all of which are delayable in many of the cancers --
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื.
03:14
you start to identify what you could get,
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ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื–ื”ื•ื™ ืžื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ,
03:18
and then we can start to work to prevent them.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืื•ืชื.
03:21
Because the problem is, when you have advanced cancer,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืชืงื“ื,
03:24
we can't do that much today about it, as the statistics allude to.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื”.
03:28
So, the thing about cancer is that it's a disease of the aged.
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ืื– ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื• ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช
03:32
Why is it a disease of the aged?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื• ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช?
03:34
Because evolution doesn't care about us after we've had our children.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
03:39
See, evolution protected us during our childbearing years
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ืชืจืื•, ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:42
and then, after age 35 or 40 or 45,
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ื•ืื– ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืœ 35 ืื• 40 ืื• 45,
03:46
it said "It doesn't matter anymore, because they've had their progeny."
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืžื™ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื• ื‘ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:50
So if you look at cancers, it is very rare -- extremely rare --
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ืจ, ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:55
to have cancer in a child, on the order of thousands of cases a year.
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ืœืžืฆื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
04:00
As one gets older? Very, very common.
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ืื•ืœื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื“ื ืžื–ื“ืงืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ.
04:04
Why is it hard to treat?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ?
04:06
Because it's heterogeneous,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ืช,
04:08
and that's the perfect substrate for evolution within the cancer.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฆืข ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
04:13
It starts to select out for those bad, aggressive cells,
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืกืœืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืชืื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื•ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื,
04:17
what we call clonal selection.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืกืœืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ื ื™ื (ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื).
04:21
But, if we start to understand
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ืื•ืœื, ืื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:24
that cancer isn't just a molecular defect, it's something more,
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ื›ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืคื’ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš,
04:29
then we'll get to new ways of treating it, as I'll show you.
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื.
04:33
So, one of the fundamental problems we have in cancer
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
04:35
is that, right now, we describe it by a number of adjectives, symptoms:
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ื”ื™ื, ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื: ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื.
04:39
"I'm tired, I'm bloated, I have pain, etc."
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ืื ื™ ืขื™ื™ืฃ, ืื ื™ ื ืคื•ื—, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•'
04:42
You then have some anatomic descriptions,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
04:44
you get that CT scan: "There's a three centimeter mass in the liver."
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ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืกืจื™ืงืช ื”ืกื™.ื˜ื™... "ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ื“".
04:48
You then have some body part descriptions:
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉื ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:51
"It's in the liver, in the breast, in the prostate."
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"ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื“, ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื“, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช".
04:53
And that's about it.
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ื•ื–ื”, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื›ืœ.
04:56
So, our dictionary for describing cancer is very, very poor.
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ื›ืš, ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:00
It's basically symptoms.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
05:02
It's manifestations of a disease.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
05:05
What's exciting is that over the last two or three years,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจื’ืฉ ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
05:08
the government has spent 400 million dollars,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” 400 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
05:10
and they've allocated another billion dollars,
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฆื™ื‘ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
05:13
to what we call the Cancer Genome Atlas Project.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื˜ืœืก ื”ื’ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
05:15
So, it is the idea of sequencing all of the genes in the cancer,
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ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
05:19
and giving us a new lexicon, a new dictionary to describe it.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืœื ื• ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืืจ ืื•ืชื”.
05:24
You know, in the mid-1850's in France,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 1850 ื‘ืฆืจืคืช,
05:27
they started to describe cancer by body part.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืชืืจ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืข"ืค ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ.
05:30
That hasn't changed in over 150 years.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 150 ืฉื ื”.
05:34
It is absolutely archaic that we call cancer
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ื–ื” ืืจื›ืื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
05:38
by prostate, by breast, by muscle.
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ื›...ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื“, ืฉืจื™ืจ.
05:42
It makes no sense, if you think about it.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
05:45
So, obviously, the technology is here today,
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ืื–, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆืืช,
05:48
and, over the next several years, that will change.
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื™ืฉืชื ื”.
05:51
You will no longer go to a breast cancer clinic.
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ืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืชืœื›ื• ืœืžืจืคืื” ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“.
05:53
You will go to a HER2 amplified clinic, or an EGFR activated clinic,
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ืืชื ืชืœื›ื• ืœืžืจืคืื” ืœ HER2 ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ, ืื• ืœืžืจืคืื” ืฉืœ EGFR ืคืขื™ืœ,
05:58
and they will go to some of the pathogenic lesions
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื
06:00
that were involved in causing this individual cancer.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื ื™.
06:04
So, hopefully, we will go from being the art of medicine
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ืื–, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื• ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื”
06:07
more to the science of medicine,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื“ืข ื”ืจืคื•ืื”,
06:09
and be able to do what they do in infectious disease,
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ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
06:12
which is look at that organism, that bacteria,
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื, ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง,
06:15
and then say, "This antibiotic makes sense,
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ,
06:18
because you have a particular bacteria that will respond to it."
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ ืืœื™ื”.
06:22
When one is exposed to H1N1, you take Tamiflu,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœ H1N1, ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ืชืžื™ืคืœื•,
06:26
and you can remarkably decrease the severity of symptoms
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื
06:29
and prevent many of the manifestations of the disease.
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ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
06:32
Why? Because we know what you have, and we know how to treat it --
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื•, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื–ื”,
06:37
although we can't make vaccine in this country, but that's a different story.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
06:41
The Cancer Genome Atlas is coming out now.
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ื”ืื˜ืœืก ื”ื’ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
06:44
The first cancer was done, which was brain cancer.
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ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื”, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—.
06:48
In the next month, the end of December, you'll see ovarian cancer,
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ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื‘ื, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, ืชืจืื• ืืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืœื•ืช,
06:52
and then lung cancer will come several months after.
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ื•ืื– ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ื’ื™ืข ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™.
06:56
There's also a field of proteomics that I'll talk about in a few minutes,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ืื•ืžื™ืงื” (ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื), ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช,
06:59
which I think is going to be the next level
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ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื
07:02
in terms of understanding and classifying disease.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
07:06
But remember, I'm not pushing genomics,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ื’ื ื•ืžื™ืงื” (ื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ื),
07:08
proteomics, to be a reductionist.
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ืคืจื•ื˜ืื•ืžื™ืงื”, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื.
07:11
I'm doing it so we can identify what we're up against.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื” ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
07:14
And there's a very important distinction there that we'll get to.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื , ืืœื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ื ื’ื™ืข.
07:18
In health care today, we spend most of the dollars --
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
07:21
in terms of treating disease --
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ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” -
07:24
most of the dollars in the last two years of a person's life.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื.
07:28
We spend very little, if any, dollars in terms of identifying what we're up against.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื” ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
07:33
If you could start to move that, to identify what you're up against,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ื–ืืช ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื” ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
07:37
you're going to do things a hell of a lot better.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:40
If we could even take it one step further and prevent disease,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
07:44
we can take it enormously the other direction,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื“ื™ืจื”.
07:47
and obviously, that's where we need to go, going forward.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช, ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
07:51
So, this is the website of the National Cancer Institute.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
07:54
And I'm here to tell you, it's wrong.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื, ื–ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™.
07:57
So, the website of the National Cancer Institute
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ืื–, ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ
07:59
says that cancer is a genetic disease.
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ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
08:03
The website says, "If you look, there's an individual mutation,
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ื”ืืชืจ ืื•ืžืจ, ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืคืจื˜ื ื™ืช,
08:07
and maybe a second, and maybe a third,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช,
08:09
and that is cancer."
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ื•ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
08:11
But, as a cancer doc, this is what I see.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื–ืืช:
08:15
This isn't a genetic disease.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื—ืœื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
08:17
So, there you see, it's a liver with colon cancer in it,
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื–ื”ื• ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื‘ื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก,
08:20
and you see into the microscope a lymph node
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื“ืจืš ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค, ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ืœื™ืžืคื”
08:22
where cancer has invaded.
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ืืœื™ื” ืคืœืฉ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
08:24
You see a CT scan where cancer is in the liver.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืกืจื™ืงื” ืกื™.ื˜ื™. ื•ื‘ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ื“.
08:28
Cancer is an interaction of a cell
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื,
08:31
that no longer is under growth control with the environment.
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ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืงืจื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื”, ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
08:36
It's not in the abstract; it's the interaction with the environment.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜; ื–ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
08:40
It's what we call a system.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช.
08:43
The goal of me as a cancer doctor is not to understand cancer.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจืช ืฉืœื™ ื›ืจื•ืคื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
08:47
And I think that's been the fundamental problem over the last five decades,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
08:50
is that we have strived to understand cancer.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ืชืจื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
08:53
The goal is to control cancer.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
08:56
And that is a very different optimization scheme,
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ื•ื–ื• ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืกื›ืžืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
08:58
a very different strategy for all of us.
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ืขื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
09:01
I got up at the American Association of Cancer Research,
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ืงืžืชื™ ื‘ื›ื ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
09:03
one of the big cancer research meetings, with 20,000 people there,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืขื 20,000 ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:07
and I said, "We've made a mistake.
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™: ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช.
09:10
We've all made a mistake, myself included,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื˜ืขื™ื ื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื ื™,
09:13
by focusing down, by being a reductionist.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื™, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
09:15
We need to take a step back."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
09:17
And, believe it or not, there were hisses in the audience.
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ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ื”ื™ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ.
09:19
People got upset, but this is the only way we're going to go forward.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืขืฆื‘ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
09:23
You know, I was very fortunate to meet Danny Hillis a few years ago.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ืก ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
09:27
We were pushed together, and neither one of us really wanted to meet the other.
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ื“ื—ืงื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืจืฆื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ.
09:31
I said, "Do I really want to meet a guy from Disney, who designed computers?"
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™: "ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ืกื ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื?"
09:35
And he was saying: Does he really want to meet another doctor?
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ืคื.
09:38
But people prevailed on us, and we got together,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื ืขื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ื•ื ืคื’ืฉื ื•,
09:40
and it's been transformative in what I do, absolutely transformative.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”, ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
09:46
We have designed, and we have worked on the modeling --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื•, ื•ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื”-
09:49
and much of these ideas came from Danny and from his team --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื• ืžื“ื ื™ ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื• -
09:53
the modeling of cancer in the body as complex system.
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ื”ื”ื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
09:56
And I'll show you some data there
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื
09:58
where I really think it can make a difference and a new way to approach it.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
10:02
The key is, when you look at these variables and you look at this data,
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื•ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:06
you have to understand the data inputs.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื ื™ื.
10:10
You know, if I measured your temperature over 30 days,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžืขืœ 30 ื™ืžื™ื,
10:14
and I asked, "What was the average temperature?"
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืืœ, ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช?
10:16
and it came back at 98.7, I would say, "Great."
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช 37, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ.
10:20
But if during one of those days
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื
10:22
your temperature spiked to 102 for six hours,
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ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœืชื” ืœ 39 ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช,
10:25
and you took Tylenol and got better, etc.,
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ื•ืœืงื—ืชื ืืงืžื•ืœ ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ื• ',
10:27
I would totally miss it.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืคืกืคืก ืืช ื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
10:29
So, one of the problems, the fundamental problems in medicine
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”
10:32
is that you and I, and all of us,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื•ืื ื™, ื•ื›ื•ืœื,
10:34
we go to our doctor once a year.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจื•ืคื ืฉืœื ื• ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
10:36
We have discrete data elements; we don't have a time function on them.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื; ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
10:40
Earlier it was referred to this direct life device.
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื™ื—ืกื• ืœื–ื” ื›ื”ืชืงืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
10:43
You know, I've been using it for two and a half months.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™.
10:46
It's a staggering device, not because it tells me
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ื–ื” ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืœื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™
10:48
how many kilocalories I do every day,
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ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืœื•ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืจืฃ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
10:51
but because it looks, over 24 hours, what I've done in a day.
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ืืœื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืงื‘, ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 24 ืฉืขื•ืช, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข.
10:55
And I didn't realize that for three hours I'm sitting at my desk,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืชืืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™,
10:58
and I'm not moving at all.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื–ื– ื›ืœืœ.
11:00
And a lot of the functions in the data that we have as input systems here
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ื ื” ื›ืืŸ
11:05
are really different than we understand them,
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ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ,
11:08
because we're not measuring them dynamically.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™.
11:10
And so, if you think of cancer as a system,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช,
11:15
there's an input and an output and a state in the middle.
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ื™ืฉ ืงืœื˜ ื•ืคืœื˜ ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื”ื.
11:19
So, the states, are equivalent classes of history,
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉืงื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
11:22
and the cancer patient, the input, is the environment,
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื”ืงืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
11:25
the diet, the treatment, the genetic mutations.
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ื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื”, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
11:29
The output are our symptoms:
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ื•ื”ืคืœื˜ ื”ื ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
11:32
Do we have pain? Is the cancer growing? Do we feel bloated, etc.?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื›ืื‘? ื”ืื ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื’ื“ืœ? ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื ืคื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•'?
11:36
Most of that state is hidden.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืกืชืจ.
11:40
So what we do in our field is we change and input,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืœื˜,
11:43
we give aggressive chemotherapy,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™.
11:45
and we say, "Did that output get better? Did that pain improve, etc.?"
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื, ื”ืื ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ? ื”ืื ื™ืฉืชืคืจ ื”ื›ืื‘, ื•ื›ื•'?
11:50
And so, the problem is that it's not just one system,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื—ืช,
11:54
it's multiple systems on multiple scales.
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ื–ื” ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
11:57
It's a system of systems.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช.
12:00
And so, when you start to look at emergent systems,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืชื”ื•ื•ืช,
12:02
you can look at a neuron under a microscope.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืชื ืขืฆื‘ ืชื—ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
12:05
A neuron under the microscope is very elegant
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ืชื ืขืฆื‘ ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™
12:07
with little things sticking out and little things over here,
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ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ,
12:10
but when you start to put them together in a complex system,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
12:14
and you start to see that it becomes a brain,
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ื•ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—,
12:16
and that brain can create intelligence,
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ื•ืฉืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”,
12:19
what we're talking about in the body,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,
12:21
and cancer is starting to model it like a complex system.
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ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
12:24
Well, the bad news is that these robust --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืืœื•
12:27
and robust is a key word --
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ื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืช ืžืคืชื—
12:29
emergent systems are very hard to understand in detail.
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื.
12:33
The good news is you can manipulate them.
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ.
12:36
You can try to control them
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ
12:38
without that fundamental understanding of every component.
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ืœืœื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘.
12:41
One of the most fundamental clinical trials in cancer
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ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ
12:44
came out in February in the New England Journal of Medicine,
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ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“.
12:47
where they took women who were pre-menopausal with breast cancer.
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ื‘ื• ืœืงื—ื• ื ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“.
12:51
So, about the worst kind of breast cancer you can get.
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ.
12:54
They had gotten their chemotherapy,
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ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”,
12:56
and then they randomized them,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืงืจืื™ืช,
12:58
where half got placebo,
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชืจื•ืคืช ื“ืžื”,
13:00
and half got a drug called Zoledronic acid that builds bone.
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ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื–ื•ืœื“ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื ื” ืขืฆื.
13:04
It's used to treat osteoporosis,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก,
13:06
and they got that twice a year.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
13:08
They looked and, in these 1,800 women,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื“ืงื•, ืžืชื•ืš 1,800 ื”ื ืฉื™ื,
13:12
given twice a year a drug that builds bone,
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ืืœื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”, ืฉื‘ื•ื ื” ืขืฆื, ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
13:15
you reduce the recurrence of cancer by 35 percent.
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ื ื™ืฆืคืชื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›-35%.
13:21
Reduce occurrence of cancer by a drug
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ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื”
13:23
that doesn't even touch the cancer.
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ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
13:25
So the notion, you change the soil, the seed doesn't grow as well.
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืœื ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
13:30
You change that system,
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ืืชื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
13:33
and you could have a marked effect on the cancer.
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
13:35
Nobody has ever shown -- and this will be shocking --
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื™ ืคืขื - ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื–ืขื–ืข -
13:38
nobody has ever shown that most chemotherapy
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื™ ืคืขื ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”
13:41
actually touches a cancer cell.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
13:43
It's never been shown.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื—.
13:45
There's all these elegant work in the tissue culture dishes,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืชืื™ื,
13:48
that if you give this cancer drug, you can do this effect to the cell,
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ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืื™ื,
13:51
but the doses in those dishes are nowhere near
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ืื•ืœื ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื
13:54
the doses that happen in the body.
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ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
13:58
If I give a woman with breast cancer a drug called Taxol
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ืื ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืื™ืฉื” ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื“ ืชืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ื˜ืงืกื•ืœ
14:01
every three weeks, which is the standard,
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ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜,
14:03
about 40 percent of women with metastatic cancer
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ื› - 40 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืจืชื™
14:05
have a great response to that drug.
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ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืชืจื•ืคื”.
14:08
And a response is 50 percent shrinkage.
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ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื˜ืžืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
14:10
Well, remember that's not even an order of magnitude,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชื–ื›ืจื• ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
14:12
but that's a different story.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
14:14
They then recur, I give them that same drug every week.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
14:18
Another 30 percent will respond.
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30 ืื—ื•ื– ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื•
14:21
They then recur, I give them that same drug
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื” ืชืจื•ืคื”
14:23
over 96 hours by continuous infusion,
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ืœืžืฉืš 96 ืฉืขื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื™ ืžืชืžืฉืš,
14:26
another 20 or 30 percent will respond.
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ืขื•ื“ 20 ืื• 30 ืื—ื•ื– ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื•.
14:29
So, you can't tell me it's working by the same mechanism in all three size.
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ืื–, ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืข"ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื.
14:33
It's not. We have no idea the mechanism.
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ื–ื” ืœื. ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ.
14:36
So the idea that chemotherapy may just be disrupting
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืจืง ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข
14:39
that complex system,
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ืœืื•ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
14:42
just like building bone disrupted that system and reduced recurrence,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขืฆื ืฉื™ื‘ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
14:47
chemotherapy may work by that same exact way.
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ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš.
14:50
The wild thing about that trial also,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื™ื”,
14:53
was that it reduced new primaries, so new cancers, by 30 percent also.
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ืฉื ืฆืคืชื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
15:02
So, the problem is, yours and mine, all of our systems are changing.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืฉืœื™, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช.
15:07
They're dynamic.
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ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื•ืช.
15:09
I mean, this is a scary slide, not to take an aside,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื–ื• ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื”,
15:12
but it looks at obesity in the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืžื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
15:14
And I'm sorry if you can't read the numbers, they're kind of small.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ื”ื ื“ื™ ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
15:17
But, if you start to look at it, that red, that dark color there,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื›ื”ื” ืฉื,
15:21
more than 75 percent of the population
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 75 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
15:24
of those countries are obese.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ.
15:27
Look a decade ago, look two decades ago: markedly different.
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ืชืจืื• ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ, ืชืจืื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.
15:31
So, our systems today are dramatically different
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™
15:34
than our systems a decade or two ago.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
15:38
So the diseases we have today,
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ืื– ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
15:41
which reflect patterns in the system over the last several decades,
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ื”ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
15:45
are going to change dramatically over the next decade or so
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืขืจืš
15:49
based on things like this.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
15:52
So, this picture, although it is beautiful, is a 40-gigabyte picture
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ืื–, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืคื”, ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ 40 ื’'ื™ื’ื”
16:02
of the whole proteome.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืื•ื.
16:04
So this is a drop of blood that has gone through a superconducting magnet,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืช ื“ื, ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืžื’ื ื˜ ืžื•ืœื™ืš-ืขืœ,
16:08
and we're able to get resolution
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
16:10
where we can start to see all of the proteins in the body.
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ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
16:14
We can start to see that system.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
16:16
Each of the red dots are where a protein has actually been identified.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื•ื”ื”.
16:20
The power of these magnets, the power of what we can do here,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
16:22
is that we can see an individual neutron with this technology.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื ื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
16:27
So, again, this is stuff we're doing with Danny Hillis
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ืื–, ืฉื•ื‘, ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ืก
16:30
and a group called Applied Proteomics,
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืืคืœื™ื™ื“ ืคืจื•ื˜ืื•ืžื™ืงืก,
16:32
where we can start to see individual neutron differences,
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ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
16:36
and we can start to look at that system like we never have before.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœืคื ื™.
16:40
So, instead of a reductionist view, we're taking a step back.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
16:44
So this is a woman, 46 years old,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื™ืฉื”, ื‘ืช 46,
16:48
who had recurrent lung cancer.
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ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืื•ืช.
16:51
It was in her brain, in her lungs, in her liver.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื”, ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื”.
16:55
She had gotten Carboplatin Taxol, Carboplatin Taxotere,
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ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” Carboplatin Taxol, Taxotere Carboplatin,
16:59
Gemcitabine, Navelbine:
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Gemcitabene, Navelbine.
17:01
Every drug we have she had gotten, and that disease continued to grow.
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ื›ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื”, ื•ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
17:06
She had three kids under the age of 12,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 12,
17:10
and this is her CT scan.
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ื–ื• ืกืจื™ืงืช ื”ืกื™.ื˜ื™. ืฉืœื”.
17:12
And so what this is, is we're taking a cross-section of her body here,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ืช ื—ืชืš ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื” ื›ืืŸ.
17:15
and you can see in the middle there is her heart,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”,
17:18
and to the side of her heart on the left there is this large tumor
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ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘ ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
17:22
that will invade and will kill her, untreated, in a matter of weeks.
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ืืฉืจ ืœืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ืคืœื•ืฉ ื•ื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
17:28
She goes on a pill a day that targets a pathway,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘,
17:33
and again, I'm not sure if this pathway was in the system, in the cancer,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื ื ืชื™ื‘ ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
17:37
but it targeted a pathway, and a month later, pow, that cancer's gone.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ืคืœื ื•ืคืœื, ืื•ืชื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื ืขืœื.
17:43
Six months later it's still gone.
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ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื•.
17:46
That cancer recurred, and she passed away three years later from lung cancer,
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ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช,
17:51
but she got three years from a drug
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ื ืชื ื” ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
17:55
whose symptoms predominately were acne.
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื ื”ื™ื• ืคืฆืขื™ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
17:57
That's about it.
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ื•ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื›ืœ.
17:59
So, the problem is that the clinical trial was done,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ ื ืขืฉื”,
18:03
and we were a part of it,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•,
18:05
and in the fundamental clinical trial --
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™,
18:07
the pivotal clinical trial we call the Phase Three,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
18:09
we refused to use a placebo.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื™ืจื‘ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืœืฆื‘ื• (ืชืจื•ืคืช ื“ืžื”).
18:12
Would you want your mother, your brother, your sister
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืืžื ืฉืœื›ื, ืื—ื™ื›ื, ืื—ื•ืชื›ื
18:14
to get a placebo if they had advanced lung cancer and had weeks to live?
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ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ื ื•ื ืฉืืจื• ืœื”ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช?
18:18
And the answer, obviously, is not.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืœื.
18:20
So, it was done on this group of patients.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
18:22
Ten percent of people in the trial had this dramatic response that was shown here,
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ืœ 10 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื›ื–ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื›ืืŸ,
18:28
and the drug went to the FDA,
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ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”-FDA (ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™),
18:31
and the FDA said, "Without a placebo,
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ื•ื”-FDA ืฉืืœื•, ื‘ืœื™ ืคืœืฆื‘ื•,
18:33
how do I know patients actually benefited from the drug?"
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ื”ื ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”?
18:38
So the morning the FDA was going to meet,
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ื”-FDA,
18:40
this was the editorial in the Wall Street Journal.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื’ 'ื•ืจื ืœ.
18:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:45
And so, what do you know, that drug was approved.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืžื” ืชื’ื™ื“ื•, ืื•ืชื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจ.
18:49
The amazing thing is another company did the right scientific trial,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
18:53
where they gave half placebo and half the drug.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื—ืฆื™ ืคืœืฆื‘ื• ื•ืœื—ืฆื™ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”.
18:56
And we learned something important there.
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ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
18:58
What's interesting is they did it in South America and Canada,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืงื ื“ื”,
19:01
where it's "more ethical to give placebos."
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ืฉื ื–ื” "ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืช ืคืœืฆื‘ื•."
19:04
They had to give it also in the U.S. to get approval,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืช ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ,
19:06
so I think there were three U.S. patients
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
19:08
in upstate New York who were part of the trial.
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
19:10
But they did that, and what they found
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ื™ื”
19:12
is that 70 percent of the non-responders
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ื›ื™ 70 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื• ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
19:15
lived much longer and did better than people who got placebo.
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ื—ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืคืœืฆื‘ื•.
19:20
So it challenged everything we knew in cancer,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
19:23
is that you don't need to get a response.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
19:25
You don't need to shrink the disease.
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ืืชื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
19:27
If we slow the disease, we may have more of a benefit
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ืื ื ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช
19:31
on patient survival, patient outcome, how they feel,
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ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ื‘ืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
19:35
than if we shrink the disease.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
19:37
The problem is that, if I'm this doc, and I get your CT scan today
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืื ื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืจื•ืคื, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืกืจื™ืงืช ื”ืกื™.ื˜ื™. ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื,
19:40
and you've got a two centimeter mass in your liver,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœืš,
19:43
and you come back to me in three months and it's three centimeters,
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ื•ืืชื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœื™ ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
19:46
did that drug help you or not?
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ื”ืื ืื•ืชื” ืชืจื•ืคื” ืขื–ืจื” ืœืš ืื• ืœื?
19:48
How do I know?
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ืื™ืš ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช?
19:50
Would it have been 10 centimeters, or am I giving you a drug
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” 10 ืก"ืž, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืชืจื•ืคื”
19:54
with no benefit and significant cost?
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ืœืœื ืชื•ืขืœืช ื•ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื?
19:57
So, it's a fundamental problem.
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ืื–, ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
19:59
And, again, that's where these new technologies can come in.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืก ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
20:04
And so, the goal obviously is that you go into your doctor's office --
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื, ืฉืชื›ื ืก ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœืš -
20:08
well, the ultimate goal is that you prevent disease, right?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
20:11
The ultimate goal is that you prevent any of these things from happening.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืงืจื•.
20:15
That is the most effective, cost-effective,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืœืžืช
20:18
best way we can do things today.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
20:20
But if one is unfortunate to get a disease,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืจื•ืข ืžื–ืœื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื—ืœื”,
20:23
you'll go into your doctor's office, he or she will take a drop of blood,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื\ื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืงื—ื• ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื“ื,
20:26
and we will start to know how to treat your disease.
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ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœื•.
20:31
The way we've approached it is the field of proteomics,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืชื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืื•ืžื™ืงื”,
20:34
again, this looking at the system.
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ืฉื•ื‘,ื–ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
20:36
It's taking a big picture.
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ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
20:38
The problem with technologies like this is
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื
20:41
that if one looks at proteins in the body,
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ืฉืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,
20:43
there are 11 orders of magnitude difference
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ 11 ืกื™ื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ
20:46
between the high-abundant and the low-abundant proteins.
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ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืข ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื ื™ื—ื•ืช.
20:49
So, there's no technology in the world that can span 11 orders of magnitude.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ 11 ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
20:54
And so, a lot of what has been done with people like Danny Hillis and others
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขื ื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ืก ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
20:59
is to try to bring in engineering principles, try to bring the software.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื, ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื”.
21:03
We can start to look at different components along this spectrum.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
21:08
And so, earlier was talked about cross-discipline, about collaboration.
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ื•ืงื•ื“ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
21:13
And I think one of the exciting things that is starting to happen now
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื
21:16
is that people from those fields are coming in.
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ื•ื ืจืชืžื™ื.
21:19
Yesterday, the National Cancer Institute announced a new program
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ืืชืžื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
21:22
called the Physical Sciences and Oncology,
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืื•ื ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
21:25
where physicists, mathematicians, are brought in to think about cancer,
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ืฉื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
21:29
people who never approached it before.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืœื ื•ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
21:32
Danny and I got 16 million dollars, they announced yesterday,
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ื“ื ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• 16 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืืชืžื•ืœ,
21:35
to try to attach this problem.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
21:37
A whole new approach, instead of giving high doses of chemotherapy
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืช ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”
21:41
by different mechanisms,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
21:43
to try to bring technology to get a picture of what's actually happening in the body.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
21:49
So, just for two seconds, how these technologies work --
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ืื–, ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืš ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช-
21:53
because I think it's important to understand it.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช.
21:56
What happens is every protein in your body is charged,
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื”, ืฉืœื›ืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืขืŸ,
21:59
so the proteins are sprayed in, the magnet spins them around,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื•ืกืกื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืกื‘ื™ื‘,
22:03
and then there's a detector at the end.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ืœืื™ ื‘ืงืฆื”.
22:05
When it hit that detector is dependent on the mass and the charge.
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ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ืœืื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืกื” ื•ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
22:10
And so we can accurately -- if the magnet is big enough,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง,
22:13
and your resolution is high enough --
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ื•ื”ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง,
22:15
you can actually detect all of the proteins in the body
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
22:18
and start to get an understanding of the individual system.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืจื˜.
22:22
And so, as a cancer doctor,
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ืื ื›ืš, ื›ืจื•ืคื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
22:24
instead of having paper in my chart, in your chart, and it being this thick,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืง ืฉืœื™, ื‘ืชื™ืง ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื”,
22:29
this is what data flow is starting to look like in our offices,
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ื›ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
22:33
where that drop of blood is creating gigabytes of data.
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ื›ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื“ื ืžื™ืฆืจืช ื’ 'ื™ื’ื” ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
22:36
Electronic data elements are describing every aspect of the disease.
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ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
22:40
And certainly the goal is we can start to learn from every encounter
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ
22:44
and actually move forward, instead of just having encounter and encounter,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื•ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
22:49
without fundamental learning.
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ืœืœื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™.
22:51
So, to conclude, we need to get away from reductionist thinking.
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ืœื›ืŸ,ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
22:57
We need to start to think differently and radically.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
23:01
And so, I implore everyone here: Think differently. Come up with new ideas.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืžืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ืคื”, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืื—ืจืช. ื‘ื•ืื• ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
23:05
Tell them to me or anyone else in our field,
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ืชื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื™ ืื•ืชื ืื• ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•,
23:08
because over the last 59 years, nothing has changed.
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ื›ื™, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 59 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
23:11
We need a radically different approach.
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
23:14
You know, Andy Grove stepped down as chairman of the board at Intel --
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื‘ ืคืจืฉ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœ
23:17
and Andy was one of my mentors, tough individual.
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ืื ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืื“ื ืงืฉื•ื— -
23:20
When Andy stepped down, he said,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื“ื™ ืคืจืฉ, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
23:22
"No technology will win. Technology itself will win."
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"ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื ืชื ืฆื—. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ."
23:25
And I'm a firm believer, in the field of medicine and especially cancer,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
23:29
that it's going to be a broad platform of technologies
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
23:32
that will help us move forward
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ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”
23:34
and hopefully help patients in the near-term.
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ.
23:36
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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