How Ethics Can Help You Make Better Decisions | Michael Schur | TED

319,764 views ใƒป 2022-07-07

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:04
I've been a television comedy writer for almost 25 years.
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ 25 ืฉื ื”.
00:08
I have written sketches and animated shows
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืขื™ ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื”
00:11
and sitcoms,
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ื•ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื˜ืงื•ื,
00:12
but for the last decade,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
00:13
my real passion has been the study of ethics.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืืชื™ืงื”.
00:17
It's a classic cautionary tale, right?
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ื–ื” ืชืžืจื•ืจ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืงืœืืกื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:20
You move to Hollywood,
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ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“
00:21
you get seduced by the bright lights and the fast cars,
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ืžืชืคืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข,
00:24
and before you know it,
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ืืชื” ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18.
00:25
you're reading 18-century German philosophy.
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00:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:29
I've always been an intense rule follower.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืœืœื™ื.
00:31
When I was in kindergarten,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืŸ,
00:33
our teacher would tell everyone to line up,
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ื”ื’ื ื ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืืžืจื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ,
00:35
and I would immediately line up
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฉืจ ืงื•
00:36
and then I would look at all the other kids
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
00:38
who were still goofing off,
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื•
ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, โ€œืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
00:40
and I would think, "What are they doing?
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ื”ื ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ืื•ืชื”, ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ.โ€
00:42
Did they not hear her, she said to line up."
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00:44
I rinsed my mouth with mouthwash for at least 30 seconds every night,
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ืฉื˜ืคืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคื” ืขื ืžื™ ืคื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช 30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”,
ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ โ€œื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืžืฉืš 30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.โ€
00:48
because on the label, it says "Use for 30 seconds."
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00:53
I know, I'm irritated by me, too.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื’ื ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื™.
00:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:57
But the real reason that I became interested in ethics
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืชื™ืงื”
01:01
is because in 2005,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 2005,
01:02
I royally and epically screwed something up.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืืคื™ ื“ืคืงืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื•.
01:07
So, 2005, my wife JJ,
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ืื–, ื‘-2005, ืืฉืชื™ ื’โ€˜ื™ื™ ื’โ€™ื™ื™,
01:10
driving along in slow-moving traffic bumps into the guy in front of her.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืชื ื’ืฉืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”.
01:14
Police officer looks everything over, doesn't see any damage,
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ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืฉื•ื ื ื–ืง,
01:17
they exchange numbers and they go on their way.
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ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื.
01:19
A couple days later,
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
01:20
we get a notice that the guy wants 836 dollars
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืจื•ืฆื” 836 ื“ื•ืœืจ
01:24
because, according to him, the entire fender needs to be replaced.
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ื›ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื’ื•ืฉ.
01:30
This is happening during Hurricane Katrina.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืชืจื™ื ื”.
01:33
JJ and I had just been to New Orleans on a trip,
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ื’โ€˜ื™ื™ ื’โ€™ื™ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก,
01:36
we had really fallen in love with this beautiful city,
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ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:38
which was now literally under water.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
01:40
I was very riled up.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืข.
01:42
This was hitting me really hard.
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ื–ื” ืคื’ืข ื‘ื™ ืžืื•ื“.
01:44
So I went and I looked at the guy's car,
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ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ,
01:46
and if I got very close,
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ื•ืื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“,
01:48
and I strained my eyes,
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ื•ืื™ืžืฆืชื™ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™,
01:49
I could just barely see this little line on the crease.
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ืจืง ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืคืก ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
01:53
It looked like the mark you make with a pencil on the wall
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ
01:56
when you're trying to hang a picture.
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืœื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื”.
01:59
And I told the guy, essentially, that he shouldn't care about this.
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืื›ืคืช ืžื–ื”.
02:03
I told him that things like this
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืจื›ื‘
02:05
were why car insurance rates in LA were so expensive.
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ื‘ืœื•ืก ืื ื’โ€™ืœืก ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืงืจื™ื. ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื•
02:09
I told him that cars get little dings and dents all the time,
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ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:11
and he was stupid to care about that.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื• ืžื–ื”.
02:13
I told him that there were more important things in life than this,
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื”,
02:16
like Hurricane Katrina.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืชืจื™ื ื”.
02:18
And then I made him an offer.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื• ื”ืฆืขื”.
02:20
I said that I would donate 836 dollars to the Red Cross Katrina relief fund
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืืชืจื•ื 836 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืงืจืŸ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืงืชืจื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื
02:27
in his name,
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ื‘ืฉืžื•,
02:28
if he agreed not to file this claim and fix his car.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:32
He said he would think it over.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
02:34
So I went back to work,
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ืื– ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
02:36
and as very confident people want to do,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
02:39
I started telling all my friends about how awesome I was being.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™.
02:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:43
And then they jumped in
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืงืคืฆื• ืคื ื™ืžื”
02:44
and started pledging more and more money
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ
02:47
if this guy would agree not to fix his car.
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ืื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:49
So suddenly, it was 2,000 dollars,
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ืื– ืคืชืื•ื ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” 2,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
02:51
then it was 5,000 dollars.
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” 5,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
02:53
In like, a day and a half,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ืขืจืš,
02:55
I had pledges from hundreds of people, all across the country,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
02:58
of more than 25,000 dollars
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ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-25,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ
03:02
if this guy would agree not to file an insurance claim and fix his car.
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ืื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืจื›ื‘ื•.
03:06
And by the way, he has no idea this is happening.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
03:10
He is completely in the dark.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืืคื™ืœื”.
03:12
I started a blog,
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ืคืชื—ืชื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’,
03:13
where I gave people hourly updates -- yeah.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื ืชืชื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” -- ื›ืŸ.
03:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:16
It's beginning to dawn on you what a bad idea this is, right?
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืื™ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:20
I started a blog, gave people updates,
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ืคืชื—ืชื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’, ื ืชืชื™ ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
03:22
I got media inquires from news programs, from NPR.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืž-NPR.
03:27
I had a dream of rescuing New Orleans by myself,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื—ืœื•ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก ืœื‘ื“ื™,
03:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:33
with nothing more than my computer
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ืขื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื™
03:36
and a fire hose of self-righteous anger.
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ื•ื–ืจื ื•ืง ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ืฆื“ืงื ื™.
03:39
And then I started to feel sick to my stomach.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื”.
03:43
And so did JJ, at the exact same moment.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื’โ€˜ื™ื™ ื’โ€™ื™ื™, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข.
03:45
We both were suddenly overcome with this awful feeling
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ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื ื• ืคืชืื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ื”ื–ื•
03:49
that there was something very bad and wrong
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืฉื’ื•ื™
03:51
about what we were doing,
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•,
03:53
but we could not pinpoint what it was.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”.
03:55
I just remember thinking,
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
03:57
"Alright, I don't care about cars getting little dings and dents,
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โ€œื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื™ื˜ื•ืช.
04:00
but this guy does.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืŸ.
04:02
Is that wrong somehow?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•?
04:03
I don't think that's wrong.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
04:05
And also, is this little, tiny negotiation that we're in
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ื•ื’ื, ื”ืื ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื•
04:09
really worth all of this fury and rage and shame
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ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืขื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื›ืขืก ื•ื‘ื•ืฉื”
04:12
that I'm whipping up and sending in his direction?
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืœื‘ื” ื•ืฉื•ืœื— ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•?
04:14
I don't think it is."
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืŸโ€œ.
04:16
So I did what any rational person would do in this situation.
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ืื– ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
04:20
I started crying, and I hid under my bed.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืืชื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื™.
04:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:23
And then, I started reading philosophy.
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ื•ืื–, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
04:26
And I started calling philosophy professors
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”
04:28
and asking them to talk this out with me.
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ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:30
And in the process --
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš --
04:32
yeah, and they all, by the way, did it,
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ื›ืŸ, ื•ื›ื•ืœื, ืื’ื‘, ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”,
04:34
because philosophy professors love talking about philosophy.
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ื›ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
04:38
The drop of a hat,
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ื›ื”ืจืฃ ืขื™ืŸ,
04:39
they will all talk about philosophy with you.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืื™ืชื›ื.
04:42
So in the process,
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ืื– ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
04:43
I learn all of these incredibly wonderful theories
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ืื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•
04:46
that the smartest people who have ever lived
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ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ื™ื• ืื™ ืคืขื
04:49
have developed over the last 2,500 years
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ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2,500 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
04:52
that help us make better decisions and become better people.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:56
For example, I learned about Immanuel Kant
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงืื ื˜
04:58
and the categorical imperative.
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ื•ื”ืฆื• ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™.
05:00
So Kant says, when we're about to do something
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ืื– ืงืื ื˜ ืื•ืžืจ, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
05:02
we have to design a rule or a maxim
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ื›ืœืœ ืื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ
05:05
that we could will to be universal.
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
05:07
Meaning, we have to imagine,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
05:08
what if everyone did what we're about to do,
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ืžื” ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
05:11
what would happen to the world?
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื?
05:12
Would it be OK or would it get all screwed up?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื• ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ืคื•ืง?
05:14
So the maxim I'm designing here is something like,
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ืื– ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขืฆื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•,
05:17
anytime two people are in any kind of negotiation,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ,
05:20
one of them can drag into the negotiation
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ
05:23
an entirely unrelated global calamity
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ืืกื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
05:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:27
and tell the other person
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™
05:28
that they shouldn't care about whatever they care about,
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ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื›ืคืช ืœื• ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื•,
ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื–ื”.
05:31
because they should care about that instead.
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05:33
That world would suck, right?
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืืก, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:35
Like, your sister borrows five dollars from you,
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืื—ื•ืชืš ืœื•ื•ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžืžืš,
05:38
you ask for it back,
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ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”,
05:40
she says, "How dare you care about five dollars
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช,โ€œืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืขื– ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืœืจ
05:42
when the polar ice caps are melting?"
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ื›ืฉื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื ืžืกื•ืช?โ€
05:44
No one wants to live in this world, right?
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:46
Kant also says, by the way,
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ืงืื ื˜ ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ, ืื’ื‘,
05:48
that you should treat people as ends in themselves,
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ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžืŸ,
05:51
and not a means to an end,
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ื•ืœื ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื”,
05:52
meaning, you shouldn't use people to get what you want.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืชื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”.
05:55
Well, that's what I was doing.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™.
05:58
I also learned about Aristotle and the study of virtue ethics.
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื’ื ืขืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื•ื—ืงืจ ืืชื™ืงืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
06:01
So Aristotle says there's certain qualities we should all have.
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ืื– ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•.
06:04
Things like generosity and courage
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžืฅ
06:07
and friendliness and mildness,
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ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
06:09
and he wants us to practice them every day
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ืชืจื’ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
06:12
so that we not only have them,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ,
06:13
we have them in the exact right amount.
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
06:15
We don't have a deficiency of them,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ,
06:17
and we don't have an excess of them.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžื”ืŸ.
06:19
Now virtue ethics can be kind of, maddeningly imprecise,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื“,
06:23
but at the very least, it was pretty clear that I was exhibiting an excess of anger
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื›ืขืก
06:28
and maybe a deficiency of friendliness.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
06:30
I wasn't nailing it, is the point.
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ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™, ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
06:32
Like, I definitely was not getting it exactly right.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš.
06:36
Then I learned about utilitarianism,
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ื•ืื– ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื•ืช,
06:38
made famous by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
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ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’โ€˜ืจืžื™ ื‘ื ืชโ€˜ื ื•ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืœ.
06:41
And this one actually gave me a shred of hope
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืฉืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”
06:44
that I was doing something good,
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ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ื•ื‘,
ื›ื™ ืœืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ื ืจืง ืื›ืคืช ืžืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
06:46
because utilitarians only care about the results of our actions,
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06:49
they only care that we are creating more happiness and pleasure
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ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ืจืง ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื ืื”
06:53
than we are pain and suffering.
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ืžื›ืื‘ ื•ืกื‘ืœ.
06:54
So yes, I'm being obnoxious and moralistic,
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ืื– ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ื•ืžื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜,
06:58
and I hand it to this guy, causing him some amount of pain,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ื›ืื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
07:02
but an enormous amount of money
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ
07:04
is going to be given to people in great need.
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ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืจื‘ื”.
07:06
So the amount of happiness Iโ€™m creating
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ืื– ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ
07:09
outweighs the amount of pain and suffering.
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ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืœ.
07:12
But the utilitarians also said
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ื ื’ื ืืžืจื•
07:14
that when we're calculating the amount of happiness
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ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ
07:17
or pain we've created,
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ืื• ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•,
07:18
we can't just think about the one person we're dealing with,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ื“ ืื™ืชื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืกืง,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•
07:21
we have to think about the fact that everybody in our society
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07:24
will now both know this happened
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ื™ื“ืขื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื”
07:26
and will fear that it could someday happen to them.
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ื•ื™ืคื—ื“ื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื”ื.
07:29
And since we've already seen what a terrible, stinky world
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ื ื•ืจื ื•ืžืกืจื™ื—
07:32
I was trying to create,
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ,
07:34
everyone in our society would become a little bit bummed out and sad
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื
07:37
by what I did,
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ืžืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™
07:39
and so the total amount of pain and suffering I've created
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ ื•ืกื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืฆืจืชื™
07:41
might actually outweigh the happiness.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ.
07:45
I never got a straightforward answer, obviously,
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
07:48
because Aristotle never wrote
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ื›ื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื›ืชื‘
07:49
about, like, fender benders involving horse-drawn carriages
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ืฉืžืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืจื›ืจื•ืช ืจืชื•ืžื•ืช ืœืกื•ืกื™ื
07:53
in ancient Athens.
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ื‘ืืชื•ื ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
07:55
But at the very least,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช,
07:56
it sure felt like Jeremy Bentham
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ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื’โ€˜ืจืžื™ ื‘ื ืชโ€™ื
07:58
and John Stuart Mill would be a little disappointed in me.
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ื•ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆืช ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื ื™.
08:01
And it sure felt like Aristotle would be a little annoyed,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื™ืชืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืงืฆืช,
08:04
and it sure felt like Immanuel Kant would wave a disapproving finger at me.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงืื ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื™ืฃ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ ืืฆื‘ืข ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื”.
08:08
And if all of the world's greatest philosophers
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ื•ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
08:10
are on one side of a debate,
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—,
08:12
and you are on the other side ...
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ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™...
08:14
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:15
You fucked up, OK.
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ื“ืคืงืช ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
08:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:18
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:20
So I called the guy.
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ืื– ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ.
08:23
I apologized profusely,
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ื”ืชื ืฆืœืชื™ ืžืื•ื“,
08:24
I told him the entire story.
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ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
08:26
He was very kind and forgiving,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื“ื™ื‘ ื•ืกืœื—ืŸ,
08:29
which was an enormous relief to me.
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ืฉื’ืจื ืœื™ ื”ืงืœื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
08:31
I told him I had already cut him a check, which was in the mail.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืœื• ืฆโ€™ืง, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ.
08:34
I went back to the blog, I told everybody the outcome.
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ื’, ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”.
08:38
Most people, not all, but most of them,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœื ื›ื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื,
08:40
thought it was a pretty happy outcome.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ื“ื™ ืžืฉืžื—ืช.
08:42
I encouraged them to give money to the Red Cross anyway,
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ืขื•ื“ื“ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœืชืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
08:45
because giving money to hurricane victims is a nice thing to do,
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ื›ื™ ืœืชืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
08:48
and in the end,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
08:49
more than 25,000 dollars was indeed donated
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-25,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื›ืŸ ื ืชืจืžื•
08:52
to the Red Cross Hurricane Katrina relief efforts.
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ืœืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืชืจื™ื ื”.
08:57
Don't applaud that,
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ืืœ ืชืžื—ืื• ืœื–ื” ื›ืคื™ื™ื,
08:58
because that's the happy result of a bad event.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืจืข.
09:01
So why did this embarrassing, miserable mistake that I made
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžืœืœื” ื•ื”ืžื‘ื™ื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™
09:06
make me want to continue to study moral philosophy?
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ?
09:11
If I told you that you were going to be on Jeopardy,
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ืœื• ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื” โ€œื’โ€™ืคืจื“ื™โ€ ,
09:15
how would you prepare?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื?
09:16
You would read some trivia books and flip through a world atlas.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ืคื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืœืก ืขื•ืœืžื™.
09:20
If I told you that you were going to take a half-court shot
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ื–ืจื™ืงื” ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื’ืจืฉ
09:23
at an NBA game
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ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง NBA
09:24
for the chance to win 50,000 dollars,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘-50,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
09:26
how would you prepare?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื?
09:27
You would get a basketball,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ,
09:29
you would go to the YMCA
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืžืงโ€œื
09:30
and you would practice hucking up half-court shots.
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ื•ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื’ืจืฉ.
09:33
Well, you're probably never going to be on Jeopardy.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืœืš ื”ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื”.
09:38
You are probably never going to take a half-court shot
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ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืจื™ืงื” ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื’ืจืฉ
09:41
at an NBA game
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ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง NBA
09:42
for a chance to win 50,000 dollars.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘-50,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
09:43
But you will, I guarantee it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืชืขืฉื•, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื”,
09:47
at some point,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
09:48
become embroiled in a complicated,
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ืชื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
09:51
confusing, ugly, gut-wrenching moral dilemma.
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ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœืช, ืžื›ื•ืขืจืช, ืžื•ืจื˜ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
09:55
That is just a fact of life on Earth.
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ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:59
There will be a dilemma in which there is no clear rule to follow.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ืœืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ื•.
10:03
There is only a kind of, vague investigation
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ, ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืคืœืช
10:06
and everything you do seems like it might be wrong.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
10:10
So how do you prepare for that?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœื–ื”?
10:13
By reading theories of ethics
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืชื™ืงื”
10:15
and understanding what they say,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ืช,
10:18
what they mean,
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ืœืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช
10:19
how they purport to help us make better decisions
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ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:22
and become better people.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:23
And by the way,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
10:25
just reading these theories is no guarantee
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ืจืง ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ื• ืขืจื•ื‘ื”
10:27
that you will actually make the right choice
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ืฉืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
10:30
when you're inside one of these complicated
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื—ืช
10:33
and tangled ethical dilemmas.
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ืžื”ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื•ืช.
10:35
You can take all the practice half-court shots you want
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื
10:38
at the YMCA,
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ื‘ื™ืžืงโ€œื,
10:39
but when you set foot on the floor of the NBA arena,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื“ืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืจืช ื”-NBA,
10:42
and there are 15,000 screaming fans,
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ืขื 15,000 ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ืจื—ื™ื,
10:45
you're probably still going to throw up an air ball, right?
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ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืกืคืก, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:48
But if you've prepared,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ืชื,
10:51
you will increase your odds of success.
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ืืชื ืชื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
10:54
You will increase the chances that you sink the shot
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ืืชื ืชื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื˜ืจื”
10:57
or that you at least get the ball close enough to the rim
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ืื• ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืชื–ืจืงื• ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉืคื”
11:01
that you don't embarrass yourself and become a meme.
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ืฉืœื ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื•ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืžื™ื.
11:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:05
Understanding ethical theories
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืชื™ื•ืช
11:07
is how we increase our chances of success at simply being human beings
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ืื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
11:12
who have to negotiate with other human beings.
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:16
And to me, there is nothing more important than that.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื–ื”.
11:21
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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