How Ethics Can Help You Make Better Decisions | Michael Schur | TED

273,514 views ・ 2022-07-07

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Yi-Ping Cho (Marssi)
00:04
I've been a television comedy writer for almost 25 years.
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我當電視喜劇編劇 已經有快二十五年了。
00:08
I have written sketches and animated shows
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我寫過喜劇小品、動畫,
00:11
and sitcoms,
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及情境喜劇,但過去 十年間我真正的熱情
00:12
but for the last decade,
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00:13
my real passion has been the study of ethics.
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是在研究倫理。
00:17
It's a classic cautionary tale, right?
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這是個很典型的警世故事,對吧?
00:20
You move to Hollywood,
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你搬到好萊塢、被大都市生活 和跑車引誘,不知不覺間,
00:21
you get seduced by the bright lights and the fast cars,
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00:24
and before you know it,
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你就開始在讀 十八世紀的德國哲學了。
00:25
you're reading 18-century German philosophy.
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00:27
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:29
I've always been an intense rule follower.
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我一直都是非常守規矩的人。
00:31
When I was in kindergarten,
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讀幼兒園時,
00:33
our teacher would tell everyone to line up,
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老師叫大家排成一列,
00:35
and I would immediately line up
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我就會馬上去排,接著看著 其他還在東摸西摸的孩子,
00:36
and then I would look at all the other kids
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00:38
who were still goofing off,
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心想:「他們在幹嘛?
00:40
and I would think, "What are they doing?
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他們沒聽見她說排成一列嗎?」
00:42
Did they not hear her, she said to line up."
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00:44
I rinsed my mouth with mouthwash for at least 30 seconds every night,
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每晚我都會用漱口水 漱口至少三十秒,
00:48
because on the label, it says "Use for 30 seconds."
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因為標籤上寫著「使用三十秒」。
00:53
I know, I'm irritated by me, too.
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我知道,我也覺得我很煩。
00:55
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:57
But the real reason that I became interested in ethics
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但我對倫理產生興趣的真正原因,
01:01
is because in 2005,
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是因為 2005 年時,
01:02
I royally and epically screwed something up.
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我以很堂皇壯麗的方式 搞砸了某件事。
01:07
So, 2005, my wife JJ,
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2005 年,我的太太 JJ
01:10
driving along in slow-moving traffic bumps into the guy in front of her.
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在車速很慢的車流中開車, 撞到了她前面的傢伙,
01:14
Police officer looks everything over, doesn't see any damage,
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警察檢查了一切,
沒發現損壞,他們交換了電話,
01:17
they exchange numbers and they go on their way.
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就各自離開,幾天後,
01:19
A couple days later,
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01:20
we get a notice that the guy wants 836 dollars
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我們收到通知,這個傢伙 想索賠八百三十六元美金,
01:24
because, according to him, the entire fender needs to be replaced.
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因為,依他的說法,
整個擋泥板都得換掉。
01:30
This is happening during Hurricane Katrina.
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這件事發生在卡崔娜颶風的時候。
01:33
JJ and I had just been to New Orleans on a trip,
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我和 JJ 剛去過紐奧良一趟,
01:36
we had really fallen in love with this beautiful city,
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我們愛上了這個美麗的城市,
01:38
which was now literally under water.
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而它現在真的是泡在水中。
01:40
I was very riled up.
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我整個被惹毛了。
01:42
This was hitting me really hard.
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我受到很大的打擊。
01:44
So I went and I looked at the guy's car,
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所以我去看那個傢伙的車, 如果我非常近看,
01:46
and if I got very close,
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01:48
and I strained my eyes,
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盡力睜大眼睛,
01:49
I could just barely see this little line on the crease.
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我才能非常勉強看到一條細小的線
位在縫隙上,很像記號,
01:53
It looked like the mark you make with a pencil on the wall
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當你想把一幅畫掛在牆上時 用鉛筆畫上的記號。
01:56
when you're trying to hang a picture.
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01:59
And I told the guy, essentially, that he shouldn't care about this.
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我告訴這個傢伙,基本上,
他不該在乎這小痕跡。
02:03
I told him that things like this
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我跟他說,這種事就是為什麼
02:05
were why car insurance rates in LA were so expensive.
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洛杉磯的汽車保險費那麼貴的原因。
02:09
I told him that cars get little dings and dents all the time,
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我告訴他車難免會有些小刮痕 和小凹陷,會在乎就太蠢了。
02:11
and he was stupid to care about that.
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02:13
I told him that there were more important things in life than this,
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我告訴他人生有比這個更重要的事,
02:16
like Hurricane Katrina.
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比如卡崔娜颶風。
02:18
And then I made him an offer.
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接著,我對他提議,
02:20
I said that I would donate 836 dollars to the Red Cross Katrina relief fund
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我說,我願意捐贈
八百三十六元美金 給紅十字會的卡崔娜救濟基金,
02:27
in his name,
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用他的名字捐,
02:28
if he agreed not to file this claim and fix his car.
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只要他同意不提出索賠,
及不修車。
02:32
He said he would think it over.
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他說他會想想。
02:34
So I went back to work,
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我便回去工作,
02:36
and as very confident people want to do,
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並做了非常有自信的人會想做的事,
02:39
I started telling all my friends about how awesome I was being.
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我開始告訴所有的朋友我有多威。
02:42
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:43
And then they jumped in
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接著他們也跳進來,
02:44
and started pledging more and more money
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開始承諾加碼捐更多錢,
02:47
if this guy would agree not to fix his car.
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只要這個傢伙同意不修他的車。
02:49
So suddenly, it was 2,000 dollars,
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突然間,就提高到兩千元美金,
02:51
then it was 5,000 dollars.
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接著到了五千元美金。
02:53
In like, a day and a half,
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才花了大約一天半,
02:55
I had pledges from hundreds of people, all across the country,
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我就讓全國各地幾百個人承諾
02:58
of more than 25,000 dollars
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捐助超過總共兩萬五千元美金,
03:02
if this guy would agree not to file an insurance claim and fix his car.
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只要這個傢伙同意 不要提出索賠及修車。
03:06
And by the way, he has no idea this is happening.
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順道一提,他完全不知道有這檔事。
03:10
He is completely in the dark.
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他完全不知情。
03:12
I started a blog,
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我建立了一個部落格,
03:13
where I gave people hourly updates -- yeah.
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每小時更新資訊給大家——真的。
03:15
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:16
It's beginning to dawn on you what a bad idea this is, right?
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各位已經開始明白這個點子 有多糟糕了,對吧?
03:20
I started a blog, gave people updates,
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我建立了部落格 來提供大家更新的資訊,
03:22
I got media inquires from news programs, from NPR.
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還有媒體來探詢,包括 新聞節目和全國公共廣播電台。
03:27
I had a dream of rescuing New Orleans by myself,
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我有個夢想,
要靠我自己拯救紐奧良,
03:31
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:33
with nothing more than my computer
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且只需要用我的電腦
03:36
and a fire hose of self-righteous anger.
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以及自認正當的大量憤怒。
03:39
And then I started to feel sick to my stomach.
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接著,
我開始有了厭惡感。
03:43
And so did JJ, at the exact same moment.
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同時,JJ 也有同感。
03:45
We both were suddenly overcome with this awful feeling
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我們兩人都突然有種
相當糟糕的感受,覺得我們 做的事有非常不好的地方,
03:49
that there was something very bad and wrong
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03:51
about what we were doing,
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但我們又點不出是什麼地方。
03:53
but we could not pinpoint what it was.
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03:55
I just remember thinking,
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我只記得我當時想:
03:57
"Alright, I don't care about cars getting little dings and dents,
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「好,
我不在乎車有些小刮痕 和小凹陷,但這個傢伙在乎。
04:00
but this guy does.
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那有錯嗎?我不覺得那有錯。
04:02
Is that wrong somehow?
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04:03
I don't think that's wrong.
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04:05
And also, is this little, tiny negotiation that we're in
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此外,我們進行的這個 小小協商真的值得
04:09
really worth all of this fury and rage and shame
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我針對他激起這麼多 憤怒、怒火,及羞辱嗎?
04:12
that I'm whipping up and sending in his direction?
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04:14
I don't think it is."
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我不覺得值得。」
04:16
So I did what any rational person would do in this situation.
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於是,我做了任何理性的人 在這個情況下會做的事。
04:20
I started crying, and I hid under my bed.
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我開始躲在床底下哭。
04:22
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:23
And then, I started reading philosophy.
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接著,我開始讀哲學。
04:26
And I started calling philosophy professors
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我開始打電話給哲學教授, 請他們跟我談談這件事。
04:28
and asking them to talk this out with me.
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04:30
And in the process --
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過程中——
04:32
yeah, and they all, by the way, did it,
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是,順道一提,他們 都答應了,因為哲學教授
04:34
because philosophy professors love talking about philosophy.
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超愛談哲學。
04:38
The drop of a hat,
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轉眼間他們就都在和你談哲學了。
04:39
they will all talk about philosophy with you.
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04:42
So in the process,
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所以,過程中,我學到 許多非常棒的理論,
04:43
I learn all of these incredibly wonderful theories
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04:46
that the smartest people who have ever lived
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都是史上最聰明的人
04:49
have developed over the last 2,500 years
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在過去兩千五百年間發展出來的,
04:52
that help us make better decisions and become better people.
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協助我們做出更好的決策, 並成為更好的人。
04:56
For example, I learned about Immanuel Kant
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比如,我學到康德,
04:58
and the categorical imperative.
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以及「定言令式」。
05:00
So Kant says, when we're about to do something
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康德說,當我們打算做某件事時,
05:02
we have to design a rule or a maxim
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我們得設計一條規則或準則,
05:05
that we could will to be universal.
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把它一般化,套用到所有人。
05:07
Meaning, we have to imagine,
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意即,我們得想像, 如果人人去做我們打算做的事,
05:08
what if everyone did what we're about to do,
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05:11
what would happen to the world?
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世界會怎樣?會沒問題? 還是會整個搞砸?
05:12
Would it be OK or would it get all screwed up?
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05:14
So the maxim I'm designing here is something like,
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所以我設計的準則是:
05:17
anytime two people are in any kind of negotiation,
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任何時候,兩個人進行任何協商時,
05:20
one of them can drag into the negotiation
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其中一個人可以在協商中扯入
05:23
an entirely unrelated global calamity
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完全不相關的全球大災難,
05:26
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:27
and tell the other person
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並告訴對方,他們不該 在意他們在意的事,
05:28
that they shouldn't care about whatever they care about,
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因為他們應該改成在意那場災難。
05:31
because they should care about that instead.
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05:33
That world would suck, right?
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那種世界很鳥,對吧?比如,
05:35
Like, your sister borrows five dollars from you,
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你妹妹向你借了五塊錢美金,
05:38
you ask for it back,
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你請她還錢,
05:40
she says, "How dare you care about five dollars
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她說:「你好大膽竟然在乎五塊錢,
05:42
when the polar ice caps are melting?"
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北極的冰正在融化耶!」 沒人會想住在這種世界吧?
05:44
No one wants to live in this world, right?
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05:46
Kant also says, by the way,
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順道一提,康德也說,
05:48
that you should treat people as ends in themselves,
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你應該要把人視為是最終結果,
05:51
and not a means to an end,
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而非達成結果的手段。
05:52
meaning, you shouldn't use people to get what you want.
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意即,你不該利用人 來得到你想要的。
05:55
Well, that's what I was doing.
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嗯,
那就是我在做的事。
05:58
I also learned about Aristotle and the study of virtue ethics.
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我也學到亞里斯多德, 及德性倫理學的研究。
06:01
So Aristotle says there's certain qualities we should all have.
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亞里斯多德認為有些特質 是大家都該有的,比如
06:04
Things like generosity and courage
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慷慨、勇氣、友善,以及和善,
06:07
and friendliness and mildness,
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06:09
and he wants us to practice them every day
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他希望大家能天天練習這些,
06:12
so that we not only have them,
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才能不僅擁有這些特質, 份量也要正確,
06:13
we have them in the exact right amount.
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06:15
We don't have a deficiency of them,
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不會太多或太少。
06:17
and we don't have an excess of them.
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06:19
Now virtue ethics can be kind of, maddeningly imprecise,
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德性倫理學可能有點 不精確到讓人惱火,
06:23
but at the very least, it was pretty clear that I was exhibiting an excess of anger
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但至少可以很清楚看出來, 我展現出了過度的憤怒,
06:28
and maybe a deficiency of friendliness.
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友善則也許不太夠,
06:30
I wasn't nailing it, is the point.
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重點是,我做的不好。
06:32
Like, I definitely was not getting it exactly right.
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我肯定不是完全沒錯。
06:36
Then I learned about utilitarianism,
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接著,我學到功利主義,
06:38
made famous by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
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因為邊沁及彌爾而為人所知。
06:41
And this one actually gave me a shred of hope
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這套哲學可是給了我一線希望呢,
06:44
that I was doing something good,
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它讓我覺得我在做好事, 因為功利主義者只在乎行為的結果,
06:46
because utilitarians only care about the results of our actions,
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06:49
they only care that we are creating more happiness and pleasure
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他們只在乎我們創造出的 快樂和愉悅超過了
06:53
than we are pain and suffering.
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我們創造的痛苦和苦難。
06:54
So yes, I'm being obnoxious and moralistic,
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所以,是的,我很可憎且愛說教,
06:58
and I hand it to this guy, causing him some amount of pain,
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這個傢伙成了我的受害者, 我造成他一些痛苦,
07:02
but an enormous amount of money
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但,一筆為數不少的錢
07:04
is going to be given to people in great need.
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會被提供給非常有需要的人。
07:06
So the amount of happiness I’m creating
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所以,我創造的快樂量超過
07:09
outweighs the amount of pain and suffering.
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痛苦和苦難的量。
07:12
But the utilitarians also said
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但,功利主義者也說,
07:14
that when we're calculating the amount of happiness
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當我們在計算我們創造了 多少快樂或痛苦時,
07:17
or pain we've created,
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07:18
we can't just think about the one person we're dealing with,
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我們不能只是想著我們 處理的那個對象,我們得想想
07:21
we have to think about the fact that everybody in our society
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我們社會上的每個人 現在不僅知道這件事發生了,
07:24
will now both know this happened
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07:26
and will fear that it could someday happen to them.
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也會害怕同樣的事 有一天發生在他們身上。
07:29
And since we've already seen what a terrible, stinky world
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既然我們已經見識過了我那時想 創造的世界有多糟糕、討人厭,
07:32
I was trying to create,
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07:34
everyone in our society would become a little bit bummed out and sad
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我們社會的每個人都會對我 所做的事感到有點沮喪和感傷,
07:37
by what I did,
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那麼,我創造的痛苦和苦難 在總量上可能會超過
07:39
and so the total amount of pain and suffering I've created
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07:41
might actually outweigh the happiness.
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快樂的量。
07:45
I never got a straightforward answer, obviously,
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很顯然,我始終沒有 得到直接的答案,
07:48
because Aristotle never wrote
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因為亞里斯多德從來沒有寫過關於
07:49
about, like, fender benders involving horse-drawn carriages
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古雅典馬車小擦撞事故的事情。
07:53
in ancient Athens.
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07:55
But at the very least,
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但,最少,
07:56
it sure felt like Jeremy Bentham
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感覺確實是邊沁和彌爾 會對我有點失望。
07:58
and John Stuart Mill would be a little disappointed in me.
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08:01
And it sure felt like Aristotle would be a little annoyed,
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感覺確實是亞里斯多德會有點惱火,
08:04
and it sure felt like Immanuel Kant would wave a disapproving finger at me.
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感覺確實是康德會對我 搖搖手指頭表示不贊同。
08:08
And if all of the world's greatest philosophers
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如果全世界最偉大的哲學家 都站在辯論的同一邊,
08:10
are on one side of a debate,
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08:12
and you are on the other side ...
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而你站在另一邊……
08:14
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:15
You fucked up, OK.
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對,你就是搞砸了。
08:17
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)(掌聲)
08:18
(Applause)
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08:20
So I called the guy.
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於是,我打電話給那個傢伙。
08:23
I apologized profusely,
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我再三道歉,我把整個故事告訴他。
08:24
I told him the entire story.
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08:26
He was very kind and forgiving,
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他很仁慈且寬容, 讓我大大鬆一口氣。
08:29
which was an enormous relief to me.
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08:31
I told him I had already cut him a check, which was in the mail.
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我告訴他我已經開了 一張支票準備寄給他。
08:34
I went back to the blog, I told everybody the outcome.
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我回到部落格,告訴大家結果。
08:38
Most people, not all, but most of them,
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並非全部,但大部分的人 認為這算是挺讓人開心的結果。
08:40
thought it was a pretty happy outcome.
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08:42
I encouraged them to give money to the Red Cross anyway,
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我鼓勵他們還是要 把錢捐給紅十字會,
08:45
because giving money to hurricane victims is a nice thing to do,
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因為捐錢給颶風受害者 是做好事,而最後,
08:48
and in the end,
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08:49
more than 25,000 dollars was indeed donated
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大家總共捐了超過兩萬五千元美金
08:52
to the Red Cross Hurricane Katrina relief efforts.
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給紅十字會的卡崔娜颶風救濟工作。
這就別鼓掌了,因為那是 一件鳥事的快樂結果。
08:57
Don't applaud that,
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08:58
because that's the happy result of a bad event.
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09:01
So why did this embarrassing, miserable mistake that I made
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所以,
為什麼我犯下這個 丟臉又可悲的錯誤,
09:06
make me want to continue to study moral philosophy?
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會讓我想要繼續
研究道德哲學?
09:11
If I told you that you were going to be on Jeopardy,
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如果我告訴你,
你要上益智節目《危險邊緣》,
09:15
how would you prepare?
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你會怎麼準備?
09:16
You would read some trivia books and flip through a world atlas.
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你會去讀一些知識書籍, 翻一下世界地圖集。
09:20
If I told you that you were going to take a half-court shot
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如果我告訴你,
你要在 NBA 比賽上 從半場的位置投籃,
09:23
at an NBA game
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09:24
for the chance to win 50,000 dollars,
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成功就能贏得五萬元美金, 你會怎麼準備?
09:26
how would you prepare?
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09:27
You would get a basketball,
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你會弄來一顆籃球,
09:29
you would go to the YMCA
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你會到基督教青年會去練習
09:30
and you would practice hucking up half-court shots.
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從半場的位置投球。
09:33
Well, you're probably never going to be on Jeopardy.
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嗯,
你可能永遠不會上《危險邊緣》;
09:38
You are probably never going to take a half-court shot
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你可能永遠不會在 NBA 比賽上 從半場的位置投籃,
09:41
at an NBA game
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09:42
for a chance to win 50,000 dollars.
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試圖贏得五萬元美金。
09:43
But you will, I guarantee it,
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但我保證,你一定會
09:47
at some point,
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在某個時點
09:48
become embroiled in a complicated,
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被捲入一個複雜、
09:51
confusing, ugly, gut-wrenching moral dilemma.
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讓人困惑、醜陋、 難受的道德兩難情況中。
09:55
That is just a fact of life on Earth.
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在地球上的人生就是這麼一回事。
09:59
There will be a dilemma in which there is no clear rule to follow.
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一定會遇到沒有明確 規則可循的兩難情況。
10:03
There is only a kind of, vague investigation
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只會有某種模糊的調查,
10:06
and everything you do seems like it might be wrong.
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而你所做的一切,
似乎都是錯的。
10:10
So how do you prepare for that?
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你又要如何準備?
10:13
By reading theories of ethics
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可以閱讀倫理的理論,
10:15
and understanding what they say,
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了解它們在談什麼、
10:18
what they mean,
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有什麼意涵、
10:19
how they purport to help us make better decisions
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它們如何聲稱能夠協助 我們做出更佳的決定,
10:22
and become better people.
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成為更好的人。
10:23
And by the way,
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順道一提,
10:25
just reading these theories is no guarantee
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單單閱讀這些理論
無法保證你會做出對的選擇,
10:27
that you will actually make the right choice
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10:30
when you're inside one of these complicated
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讓你在這些複雜且糾結的 兩難情況中找對方向。
10:33
and tangled ethical dilemmas.
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10:35
You can take all the practice half-court shots you want
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你可以在基督教青年會盡情 從半場的位置練習投籃,
10:38
at the YMCA,
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10:39
but when you set foot on the floor of the NBA arena,
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但當你真正站在 NBA 球場上,
10:42
and there are 15,000 screaming fans,
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有一萬五千名粉絲在尖叫,
10:45
you're probably still going to throw up an air ball, right?
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你可能還是會投出 籃外空心球,對吧?
10:48
But if you've prepared,
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但,如果你有做準備,
10:51
you will increase your odds of success.
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你的成功機會會增加。
10:54
You will increase the chances that you sink the shot
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你會增加投籃命中的機會,
10:57
or that you at least get the ball close enough to the rim
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或者你至少能把球投到 很接近籃框的地方,
11:01
that you don't embarrass yourself and become a meme.
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不會讓你出糗,變成迷因。
11:04
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:05
Understanding ethical theories
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了解倫理理論
11:07
is how we increase our chances of success at simply being human beings
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讓我們可以更有機會成功地
扮演必須要
11:12
who have to negotiate with other human beings.
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和其他人類協商的人類。
11:16
And to me, there is nothing more important than that.
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對我而言,
沒什麼比那更重要了。
11:21
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:22
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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