Eleni Gabre-Madhin: Building a commodities market in Ethiopia

88,295 views ใƒป 2007-10-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Beto Maya
00:26
You know, there's a small country nestled in the Himalayan Mountains,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื”,
00:30
far from these beautiful mountains, where the people
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ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขื
00:32
of the Kingdom of Bhutan have decided to do something different,
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ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช:
00:35
which is to measure their gross national happiness
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ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื
00:38
rather than their gross national product.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
00:40
And why not?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื?
00:42
After all, happiness is not just a privilege for the lucky few,
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ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื™ ืœื ืจืง ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืฉืฉืคืจ ื—ืœืงื•,
00:46
but a fundamental human right for all.
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ืืœื ื–ื›ื•ืช-ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ื•ืœื.
00:49
And what is happiness?
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ืžื”ื• ืื•ืฉืจ?
00:51
Happiness is the freedom of choice.
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ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
00:53
The freedom to chose where to live,
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ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื™ืคื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช,
00:55
what to do, what to buy, what to sell,
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ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืžื” ืœืงื ื•ืช, ืžื” ืœืžื›ื•ืจ,
00:58
from whom, to whom, when and how.
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ืžืžื™, ืœืžื™, ืžืชื™ ื•ืื™ืš.
01:02
Where does choice come from?
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ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”?
01:05
And who gets to express it, and how do we express it?
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ืžื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืื•ืชื”?
01:08
Well, one way to express choice is through the market.
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง.
01:13
Well-functioning markets provide choices, and ultimately,
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ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
01:16
the ability to express one's pursuit for happiness.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืื•ืฉืจ.
01:21
The great Indian economist, Amartya Sen, was awarded the Nobel prize
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœ, ืืžืจื˜ื™ื” ืกืŸ, ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ
01:28
for demonstrating that famine is not so much about
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
01:31
the availability of food supply, but rather the ability to acquire
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ืฉืœ ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
01:35
or entitle oneself to that food through the market.
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ืื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžืš ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง.
01:39
In 1984, in what can only be considered one of the
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ื‘-1984, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:43
greatest crimes of humanity, nearly one million people died of starvation
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืžืชื• ืžืจืขื‘
01:47
in my country of birth, Ethiopia.
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ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™, ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.
01:49
Not because there was not enough food --
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ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ--
01:51
because there was actually a surplus of food
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ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
01:54
in the fertile regions of the south parts of the country --
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ--
01:58
but because in the north, people could not access
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ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
02:00
or entitle themselves to that food.
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ืื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
02:02
That was a turning point for my life.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
02:04
Most Africans today, by far, are farmers.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืื™ื›ืจื™ื.
02:07
And most of Africa's farmers are, by and large,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื,
02:11
small farmers in terms of land that they operate, and very, very small
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ื”ื ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืื“
02:15
farmers in terms of the capital they have at their disposal.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื.
02:19
African agriculture today is among, or is, the most under-capitalized in the world.
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ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื.
02:25
Only seven percent of arable land in Africa is irrigated,
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ืจืง 7 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžื•ืฉืงื™ืช,
02:30
compared to 40 percent in Asia.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœ-40 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืืกื™ื”.
02:32
African farmers only use some 22 kilograms of fertilizer per hectare,
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ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›-22 ืง"ื’ ื“ืฉืŸ ืœื“ื•ื ื,
02:39
compared to 144 in Asia.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœ-144 ื‘ืืกื™ื”.
02:43
Road density is six times greater in Asia than it is in rural Africa.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 6 ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช.
02:48
There are eight times more tractors in Latin America,
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืคื™ 8 ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื,
02:51
and three times more tractors in Asia, than in Africa.
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ื•ื‘ืืกื™ื” - ืคื™ 3, ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
02:56
The small farmer in Africa today lives a life without much choice,
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืจื‘,
03:00
and therefore without much freedom.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉ.
03:02
His livelihood is predetermined
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ืคืจื ืกืชื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืžืจืืฉ
03:04
by the conditions of grinding poverty.
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ืข"ื™ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื—ืง.
03:07
He comes to the market when prices are lowest,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื•ืง ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื,
03:10
with the meager fruits of his hard labor, just after the harvest,
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ืขื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืžืœื• ื”ืžืคืจืš, ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ,
03:13
because he has no choice.
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
03:15
She comes back to the market
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง
03:18
some months later, when prices are highest, in what we call
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ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš, ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืื, ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื”
03:21
the lean season -- when food is scarce --
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ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ื ื”-- ื›ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื--
03:24
because she has to feed her family and has no choice.
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ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
03:30
The real question is, how can markets be developed in rural Africa
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช
03:35
to harness the power of innovation and entrepreneurship
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื•ื”ื™ื–ืžื•ืช
03:38
that we know exists?
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื•?
03:40
Another notable economist, Theodore Schultz,
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ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ, ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืœืฅ,
03:45
in 1974 won the Nobel prize for demonstrating that farmers
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ื–ื›ื” ื‘-1974 ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื
03:49
are efficient, but poor.
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ื”ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื, ืืš ืขื ื™ื™ื.
03:51
Meaning, in fact, that farmers are rational
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
03:54
and profit-minded just like everybody else.
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ื•ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื™-ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ.
03:56
Well, we don't need, now,
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ืื– ืื ื• ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื›ืขืช
03:59
any more Nobel prizes to know that farmers want a fair shake
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ืœืขื•ื“ ื—ืชื ื™ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื”
04:02
at the market and want to make money, just like everyone else.
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ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื.
04:06
And one thing is clear, which is at least now we know
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืขืช ืื ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
04:10
that Africa is open for business.
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ืฉืืคืจื™ืงื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืขืกืงื™ื.
04:12
And that business is agriculture.
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ื•ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
04:16
Over two decades ago, the world insisted to Africa that markets
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืขืœ 20 ืฉื ื”, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”
04:20
must be liberalized, that economies must be structurally adjusted.
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ืœื ื”ืœ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช.
04:25
This meant that governments were to remove themselves
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข
04:27
from the business of buying and selling --
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ืžืงื ื™ื” ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ--
04:29
which they did rather inefficiently --
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืฉื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช--
04:31
and let the private market do its magic.
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ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืงืกื ืฉืœื•.
04:34
Well, what happened over the last 25 years?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘-25 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช?
04:37
Did Africa feed itself?
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ื”ืื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื™ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”?
04:39
Did our farmers turn into highly productive commercial actors?
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ื”ืื ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืกื—ืจ?
04:43
I think we're all in this room,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
04:46
probably, because we know that, in fact, Africa is the only region
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
04:50
in the world where hunger and malnutrition are projected to go up
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืจืขื‘ ื•ื”ืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช
04:54
over the next 10 years,
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ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
04:56
where the food import bill is now double
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ื›ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืขืช ื›ืคื•ืœ
04:59
what it was 20 years ago,
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ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”,
05:01
where food production per capita has
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ื›ืฉื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ืคืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
05:05
stagnated, and where fertilizer use has declined rather than increased.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืจื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืœื•ืช.
05:11
So why didn't agriculture markets perform to expectations?
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช?
05:14
The market reforms prompted by the West --
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ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื“ืจืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื‘--
05:16
and I've spent some 15 years traveling around the continent
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ 15 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช
05:21
doing research on agricultural markets, and have interviewed
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ื•ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื
05:24
traders in 10 to 15 countries in this continent, hundreds of traders --
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ื‘-10-15 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื–ื•, ืžืื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื--
05:29
trying to understand what went wrong with our market reform.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ืขื ืจืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœื ื•.
05:34
And it seems to me that the reforms might have
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”
05:38
thrown the baby out with the bath water.
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ืฉืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื™ื.
05:40
Like its agriculture,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
05:42
Africa's markets are highly under-capitalized and inefficient.
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ื’ื ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžืื™-ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
05:46
We know from our work around the continent
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช
05:48
that transaction costs of reaching the market,
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ืฉืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื•ืง,
05:51
and the risks of transacting in rural, agriculture markets,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื,
05:55
are extremely high.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื“.
05:57
In fact, only one third of agricultural output
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช
06:00
produced in Africa even reaches the market.
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ื”ืžื•ืคืงืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืฉื•ืง.
06:03
Africa's markets are weak not only because of weak infrastructure
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ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื”
06:07
in terms of roads and telecommunications, but also because
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ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ
06:11
of the virtual absence of necessary market institutions, such as
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ื”ืขื“ืจื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื›ื’ื•ืŸ
06:15
market information, grades and standards,
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ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ืง, ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื,
06:19
and reliable ways to connect buyers and sellers.
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ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.
06:22
Because of this, commodity buyers and sellers typically transact in small circles,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืงื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
06:27
in narrow networks of people they know and trust.
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ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื.
06:31
And because of that, as grain changes hands --
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืฉืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ื™ื“ื™ื™ื --
06:35
and I've measured that it changes hands four, five times in
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ื•ืžื“ื“ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืืจื‘ืข ื—ืžืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื
06:39
its trajectory from the farmer to the consumer --
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ --
06:42
every time it changes hands -- and I've seen this all over rural Africa --
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ื™ื“ื™ื™ื -- ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื” --
06:46
it also changes sacks.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืงื™ื.
06:48
And I thought that was incredibly peculiar.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:50
And really realized that that was because -- as traders would tell me
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ -- ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™
06:53
over and over -- that's the only way people know what they're getting
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ -- ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
06:56
in terms of the quantity and the product quality.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ.
07:00
And that actually has huge implications
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ื•ืœื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช
07:03
for the ability of markets to quickly respond to price signals,
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ,
07:08
and situations where there are deficits, for example.
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ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
07:11
It also has very high cost implications.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื•ืช.
07:14
I have measured that 26 percent of the marketing margin
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ืžื“ื“ืชื™ ืฉ 26 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ืง
07:17
is simply due to the fact that, because of the absence
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ
07:19
of grades and standards and market information,
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื’ ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ืง,
07:23
sacks have to be constantly changed.
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ืฉืงื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
07:26
And this leads to very high handling costs.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช.
07:29
For their part, small farmers, who produce the bulk of our agricultural output in Africa,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื, ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
07:34
come to the market with virtually no information at all -- blind --
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ื‘ืื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ -- ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื --
07:38
trusting that they're going to have
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ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื
07:41
some sort of demand for their produce,
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื”ื,
07:44
and completely at the mercy of the merchants
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ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืกื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื
07:48
in the only market, the nearest local market they know --
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ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื --
07:52
where they're unable to negotiate better prices or reduce their risk.
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ืฉื ื”ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
07:55
Speaking of risk, we have seen that price volatility
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ื•ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื›ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื
07:59
of food crops in Africa is the highest in the world.
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ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
08:01
In Africa, small farmers bear the brunt of this risk.
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
08:05
In fact, in my view, there is no region of the world and no period in history
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืฃ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
08:14
that farmers have been expected to bear the kind of market risk
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ืฉืฆื™ืคื• ืžื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื›ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืง
08:15
that Africa's farmers have to bear.
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ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื•.
08:18
And in my view, there is simply no place in the world
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
08:20
that has grown its agriculture on the kind of risk
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ืฉื’ื™ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื ื›ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
08:24
that our farmers in Africa today face.
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ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืœื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•.
08:27
In Ethiopia, for example, the variation in maize prices
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ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ืจืก
08:31
from year to year is as much as 50 percent annually.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ50 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉื ืชื™ืช.
08:34
This kind of market risk is mind-boggling, and has direct implications
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ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืชืคืก, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
08:38
for not only the incentives of farmers to invest
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ืœื ืจืง ืœืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข
08:42
in higher productivity technology, such as modern seeds and fertilizers,
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ื“ืฉื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื,
08:47
but also direct implications for food security.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™.
08:50
To give you an example, between 2001 and 2002,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ 2001 ื• 2002,
08:54
Ethiopian maize farmers produced two years of bumper harvest.
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ื—ืงืœืื™ ืชื™ืจืก ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืข.
08:57
That in turn, because of the weak marketing system,
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื“ื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื—ืœืฉื•ืช,
09:00
led to an 80 percent collapse in maize prices in the country.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ืคื™ืœื” ืฉืœ 80 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
09:05
This made it unprofitable for some farmers to even harvest the grain from the fields.
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืœืœื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื.
09:10
And we calculated that some 300,000 tons of grain
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ื•ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉ 300,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื
09:13
was left in the fields to rot in early 2002.
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ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืงื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2002.
09:17
Not six months later, in July 2002, Ethiopia announced a major food crisis,
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ื•ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2002, ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฃ,
09:23
to the same proportions as 1984: 14 million people at risk of starvation.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ 1984: 14 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ืจืขื‘.
09:28
What also happened that year
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ืงืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”
09:31
is in the areas where there were good rains, and where farmers
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื
09:35
had previously produced surplus grain, farmers had decided
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ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื, ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•
09:39
to withdraw from the fertilizer market, not use fertilizer
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ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ืฉืŸ, ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืฉืŸ
09:43
and actually had dropped their use of fertilizer by 27 percent.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื“ืฉืŸ ื‘ 27 ืื—ื•ื–.
09:47
This is a tragic example of arrested development,
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืช ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—,
09:53
or a budding green revolution stopped in its tracks.
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ืื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืช ืฉื ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืื™ื‘ื”.
09:56
And this is not just specific to Ethiopia,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”,
09:58
but happens over and over, all over Africa.
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ืืœื ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื›ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
10:02
Well, I'm not here today to lament about the situation, or wring my hands.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘, ืื• ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื.
10:09
I am here to tell you that change is in the air.
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ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
10:13
Africa today is not the Africa waiting for aid solutions,
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ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžื—ื›ื” ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
10:17
or cookie-cutter foreign expert policy prescriptions.
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ืื• ืœืžืจืฉื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืžื—ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
10:21
Africa has learned, or is learning somewhat slowly,
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ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืžื“ื”, ืื• ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืื ื›ื™ ืœืื˜,
10:25
that markets don't happen by themselves.
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ืฉืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื.
10:28
In the 1980s, it was very fashionable
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”80, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™
10:31
to talk about getting prices right.
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
10:33
There was a very influential book about that,
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ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื–ื”,
10:35
which was mainly about getting governments out of the market.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื•ืง.
10:39
We now recognize that getting markets right is about not just
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืœื ื ื•ื’ืข ืจืง
10:43
price incentives, but also investing in the right infrastructure
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ืœืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช
10:47
and the appropriate and necessary institutions to create
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
10:50
the conditions to unleash the power of innovation in the market.
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ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื.
10:55
When conditions are right, we know and see
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ืจื•ืื™ื
10:58
that that innovation is ready to explode in rural Africa,
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ืฉื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช,
11:02
just like anywhere else.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
11:04
Nearly three years ago, I decided to leave my comfortable job
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ื—ื”
11:08
as a World Bank senior economist in Washington
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ื›ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
11:11
and come back to my country of birth, Ethiopia,
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ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื™, ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”,
11:13
after nearly 30 years abroad.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ 30 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื ื™ื›ืจ.
11:15
I did so for a simple reason.
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
11:17
After having spent more than a decade
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ
11:21
understanding, studying, and trying to convince policymakers and donors
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื”, ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื
11:26
about what was wrong with Africa's agricultural markets,
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ื‘ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื,
11:28
I decided it was time to do something about it.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
11:32
I currently lead, in Ethiopia, an exciting new initiative
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ืื ื™ ื›ืจื’ืข ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื”, ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื”
11:37
to establish the first Ethiopia Commodity Exchange, or ECX.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ื•ืจืกืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ืื• ECX.
11:41
Now, the commodity exchange itself, that concept,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ืจืกืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
11:45
is not new to the world.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืขื•ืœื.
11:47
In fact, in 1848, 82 grain merchants and farmers got together
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ 1848, 82 ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•
11:51
in a small town at the crossroads of the Illinois River and Lake Michigan
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื”ืจ ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืื’ื ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ
11:56
to establish a way to trade better amongst themselves.
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ืœื”ืงื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœืกื—ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื ื”ื.
12:02
That was, of course, the birth of the Chicago Board of Trade,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
12:06
which is the most famous commodity exchange in the world.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจืกืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:10
The Chicago Board of Trade was established then
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ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืื–
12:12
for precisely the same reasons
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
12:14
that our farmers today would benefit from a commodity exchange.
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ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื‘ื•ืจืกืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
12:19
In the American Midwest, farmers used to load grain onto barges
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ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืขืœ ืืกื“ื•ืช
12:22
and send it upriver to the Chicago market.
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื ื”ืจ ืœืฉื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
12:25
But once it arrived, if no buyer was to be found,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข, ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ืžืฆื ืงื•ื ื”,
12:30
or if prices suddenly dropped, farmers would incur tremendous losses.
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ืื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ื ื— ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื.
12:35
And in fact, would even dump the grain in Lake Michigan,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืœืื’ื ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ,
12:37
rather than spend more money transporting it back to their farms.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืขื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืœืฉื ืข ืื•ืชื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
12:41
Well, the need to avoid these huge risks and tremendous losses
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
12:46
led to the birth of the futures market, and the underlying system
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืœื™ื“ืช ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช
12:49
of grading grain and receipting -- issuing warehouse receipts
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ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื’ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืงื‘ืœื•ืช -- ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืกืŸ
12:53
on the basis of which trade could be done.
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ืฉืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื–ื” ืกื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช.
12:55
From there, the greatest innovation of all came about in this market,
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ืžืฉื, ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื” ืžื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื–ื”,
13:01
which is that buyers and sellers could transact grain
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืจืขื™ื
13:04
without actually having to physically or visually inspect the grain.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช.
13:09
That meant that grain could be traded across tremendous distances,
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ื–ื” ืืžืจ ืฉื–ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกื—ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื,
13:12
and even across time -- as far forward as 18 months into the future.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ -- ืขื“ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“.
13:17
This innovation is at the heart of the transformation of American agriculture,
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ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
13:21
and the rise of Chicago to a global market,
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ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื,
13:25
agricultural market, superpower from where it was, a small regional town.
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ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืžืขืฆืžืช ืขืœ ืžืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื”, ืขื™ืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”.
13:30
Now, over the last century,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
13:33
we tend to think of commodity exchanges as the purview
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจืกื•ืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืงื“ื™ื
13:36
of Western industrialized countries,
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ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืขืฉื•ืช,
13:38
and that the reference prices for cotton, coffee, cocoa --
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ื•ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื•ืชื ื”, ืงืคื”, ื•ืงืงืื• --
13:41
products produced mainly in the south --
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ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื --
13:44
are actually a reference price, or a price discovered in these
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื™ื—ื•ืก, ืื• ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื”
13:49
organized commodity exchanges in the northern countries.
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื•ืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
13:53
But that is actually changing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”.
13:55
And we're seeing a shift --
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ --
13:57
powered mainly because of information technology --
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ืžื•ื ืขืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข --
14:00
a shift in market dominance towards the emerging markets.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื.
14:03
And over the last decade, you see that the share of Western exchanges --
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช --
14:08
and this is the U.S. share of exchanges in the world --
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ืชื— ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื --
14:14
has gone down by nearly half in just the last decade.
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ื™ืจื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืชื•ืš ืขืฉื•ืจ.
14:17
Similarly, there's been explosive growth in India, for example,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
14:21
where rural farmers are using exchanges -- growing here
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ืฉื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื•ืช -- ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื
14:25
over the last three years by 270 percent a year.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ 270 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืฉื ื”.
14:30
This is powered by low-cost VSAT technology,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช VSAT ื–ื•ืœื”,
14:33
aggressively trying to reach farmers to bring them into the market.
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ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื•ืง.
14:37
China's Dalian Commodity Exchange, three years ago,
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ื‘ื•ืจืกืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืœื™ืืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
14:41
2004, overtook the Chicago Board of Trade to become
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2004, ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื•ื”ืคื›ื”
14:44
the second largest commodity exchange in the world.
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ืœื‘ื•ืจืกืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
14:48
Now, in Ethiopia, we're in the process of designing
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ
14:52
the first organized Ethiopia Commodity Exchange.
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ื‘ื•ืจืกืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.
14:55
We're not trying to cut and paste the Chicago model
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื•
14:58
or the India model, but creating a system uniquely tailored
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ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืืœื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
15:01
to Ethiopia's needs and realities,
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ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”,
15:03
Ethiopia's small farmers.
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ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.
15:05
So, the ECX is an Ethiopian exchange for Ethiopia.
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ืื–, ื” ECX ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืืคื™ื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.
15:08
We're creating a system that serves all market actors,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง,
15:12
that creates integrity, trust, efficiency, transparency
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืืžื•ืŸ, ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช
15:18
and enables small farmers to manage the risks that I have described.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™.
15:22
In the design of our commodity exchange in Ethiopia,
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืกืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”,
15:25
we've done something rather unique, which is to
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ืฉื–ื”
15:27
take the approach of an integrated perspective,
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ืœืงื—ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช,
15:29
or what we call the ECX Edge.
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ืื• ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื”ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ECX.
15:32
The ECX Edge pretty much creates the entire ecosystem
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ื”ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ECX ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
15:36
in which the market will develop itself.
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ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื•ืง ื™ืคืชื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
15:39
And this is because one of the things we've learned
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื•
15:42
over the last decade of studying market development in Africa
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
15:45
is that the piecemeal approach does not work.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื’ืช ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
15:48
You've got one donor trying to develop market information,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืชื•ืจื ืื—ื“ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืคืชื— ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ืง,
15:51
another trying to work on or sponsor grades and standards,
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ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื,
15:55
another ICT, and yet another on warehousing, or warehouse receipts.
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ืื—ืจ ICT, ื•ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืกื ื™ื, ืื• ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืกืŸ.
16:01
In our approach in Ethiopia,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”,
16:03
we've decided to put together the entire ecosystem,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
16:07
or environment, in which trade takes place.
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื ืขืฉื”.
16:10
That means that the exchange will operate a trading system,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืชืคืขื™ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื—ืจ,
16:14
which will initially start as an open outcry,
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ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืงืจื™ืื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”,
16:18
because we don't think the country's ready for full electronic trading.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžืœืื”.
16:21
But at the same time, we'll do something which I think no exchange
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืฃ ื‘ื•ืจืกื”
16:23
in the world has ever done, which is itself to operate something like
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืฉื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•
16:28
an Internet cafe in the rural areas.
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ืงืคื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื.
16:30
So that farmers and small traders
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ื›ืš ืฉื—ืงืœืื™ื ื•ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
16:33
can actually come to a terminal center -- what we call
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืžืจื›ื– ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ื -- ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื
16:36
the remote access terminal centers -- and actually,
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ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง -- ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”,
16:39
without having to buy a computer or figure out how to dial up
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฆืชืจื›ื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ
16:41
or any of those things, simply see the trading
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ
16:44
that's happening on the Addis Ababa trading floor.
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ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืก ืื‘ื‘ื”.
16:48
At the same time, what's very fundamental to this market is that --
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ---
16:51
and again, an innovation that we've designed for our exchange --
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืชื›ื ื ื• ืœื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืฉืœื ื• --
16:55
is that the exchange will operate warehouses around the country,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืชืคืขื™ืœ ืžื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
16:58
in which grade certification and warehouse receipting will be done.
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ื‘ื”ื ื“ืจื•ื’ ื•ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืกืŸ ื™ืชื‘ืฆืขื•.
17:02
And in turn, we'll operate an in-house clearing system,
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืคืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช,
17:05
to assure that payment is done appropriately,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
17:09
in the right amount and at the right time,
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ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
17:12
so that basically, we create trust and integrity in the system.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
17:16
Obviously, we work with exchange actors,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื”,
17:19
and as we're developing the exchange market itself,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืขืฆืžื•,
17:22
we're also developing the regulatory infrastructure and legal framework,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžืคืงื—ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช,
17:26
the overarching legal framework for making this market work.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื ื ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
17:29
So, in fact, our proclamation
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ืื–, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•
17:32
is going to parliament next month.
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ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื.
17:35
What's really important is that the ECX will operate a market information system
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื” ECX ืชืคืขื™ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ืง
17:40
to disseminate prices in real time to farmers around the country,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.
17:44
using VSAT technology to bring an electronic price dissemination
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช VSAT ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืฆืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช
17:49
directly to farmers.
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ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื.
17:51
What this does is transforms, fundamentally,
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.ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
17:54
the farmers' relationship to the market.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืง.
17:57
Whereas before the farmer used to think local --
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช --
18:00
meaning that he or she would go to the nearest local market,
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
18:03
eight to 10 kilometers away on average,
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ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ 10 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
18:05
and sell whatever they happened to have,
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ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื,
18:07
without any idea of what the price premium or anything else was --
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ื‘ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ--
18:11
now farmers come with knowledge of what prices are at the national market.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืžื” ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
18:15
And they start to think national, and even global.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืžื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
18:18
They start to make not only commercial marketing decisions,
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ื•ืช,
18:22
but also planting decisions, on the basis of information
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ืืœื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืœืฉืชื•ืœ, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื™ื“ืข
18:25
coming from the futures price market.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
18:29
And they come to the market knowing what grades their products
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ืื™ื–ื” ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
18:33
will achieve in terms of a price premium.
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ื™ืฉื™ื’ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื•ืกืคืช ืžื—ื™ืจ.
18:36
So all of this will transform farmers.
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื.
18:38
It will also transform the way traders do business.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื.
18:41
It will stop them from doing simple, back-to-back, limited arbitrage
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ื–ื” ื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื’ื‘ ืืœ ื’ื‘,
18:47
to really thinking strategically about how to move grain
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ืœืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœืฉื ืข ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื”
18:50
across long distances from [surplus regions] to [deficit areas].
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ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ.
18:54
Can Ethiopia do this?
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ื”ืื ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
18:57
It seems very ambitious.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉืืคืชื ื™.
18:59
But it will create new opportunities.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
19:01
We believe that this initiative requires great political will,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
19:04
and we'll have to align the financial sector, as well as the ICT sector,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ืžื’ื–ืจ ื” ICT,
19:09
and really even the underlying legal framework.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช.
19:13
We believe that the winds of change are here, and that we can do it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื”, ื•ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
19:17
ECX is the market for Ethiopia's new millennium,
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ECX ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ ืœืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ,
19:21
which starts in about eight months.
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
19:25
The last parliament of our century opened with our president
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ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ืฉืœื ื• ื ืคืชื— ืขื ื ืฉื™ืื ื•
19:29
announcing to the country that this was the most important
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ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
19:32
economic initiative for the country today.
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ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
19:34
We believe that the stakes are high,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
19:37
but that the returns will be even greater.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:40
ECX, moreover, can become a trading platform for a pan-African market
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ECX ื’ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ืžืกื—ืจ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืคืืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™
19:45
in agricultural commodities.
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ื‘ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช.
19:47
Ethiopia's domestic market is about one billion dollars of value.
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ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
19:51
And we feel that over the next five years,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
19:55
if Ethiopia can capture even 40 percent, just 40 percent, of the domestic market,
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ืื ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• 40 ืื—ื•ื–, ืจืง 40 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™,
20:01
and add just 25 percent value to that market, the value of the market doubles.
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืจืง 25 ืื—ื•ื– ืขืจืš ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื™ื•ื›ืคืœ.
20:06
Ethiopia's agricultural market is 30 percent higher
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ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ 30 ืื—ื•ื–
20:09
than South Africa's grain production,
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ืžื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
20:13
and, in fact, Ethiopia is the second largest maize producer in Africa.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
20:16
So the potential is there.
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ืื– ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืงื™ื™ื.
20:18
The will is there.
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ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื.
20:20
The commitment is there.
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ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
20:22
So we feel that we have a winning value proposition
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืขืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืžื ืฆื—ืช
20:26
to transform farmers' choices, to grow our agriculture,
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
20:30
and to change Africa.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
20:32
So, we are in the business of finding our happiness.
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ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืกืง ืฉืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
20:36
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
20:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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