Eleni Gabre-Madhin: Building a commodities market in Ethiopia

87,526 views ใƒป 2007-10-26

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yukyung Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Young-ho Park
00:26
You know, there's a small country nestled in the Himalayan Mountains,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ž˜ ์•„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€๊ฐ™์ด ํžˆ๋ง๋ผ์•ผ ์‚ฐ๋งฅ์— ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก์€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
far from these beautiful mountains, where the people
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์ด๊ณณ์˜ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š”
00:32
of the Kingdom of Bhutan have decided to do something different,
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๋ถ€ํƒ„ ์™•๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
00:35
which is to measure their gross national happiness
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์ƒ์‚ฐ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณต์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ
00:38
rather than their gross national product.
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๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
And why not?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์„ ๊นŒ์š”?
00:42
After all, happiness is not just a privilege for the lucky few,
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๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ–‰๋ณต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์šด์ด ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŠน๊ถŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
00:46
but a fundamental human right for all.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
And what is happiness?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋ณต์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:51
Happiness is the freedom of choice.
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ํ–‰๋ณต์€ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
The freedom to chose where to live,
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์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์‚ด์ง€, ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ง€
00:55
what to do, what to buy, what to sell,
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ , ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํŒ”์ง€ -
00:58
from whom, to whom, when and how.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ, ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ, ์–ธ์ œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์œ ์ด์ฃ .
01:02
Where does choice come from?
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋Š” ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:05
And who gets to express it, and how do we express it?
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ , ๋˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
01:08
Well, one way to express choice is through the market.
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์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
Well-functioning markets provide choices, and ultimately,
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๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ
01:16
the ability to express one's pursuit for happiness.
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๊ถ๊ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ–‰๋ณต ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
01:21
The great Indian economist, Amartya Sen, was awarded the Nobel prize
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ธ๋„ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์ธ ์•„๋งˆ์ฑ  ์„ผ์”จ๋Š”
01:28
for demonstrating that famine is not so much about
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
01:31
the availability of food supply, but rather the ability to acquire
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์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋” ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
01:35
or entitle oneself to that food through the market.
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์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
In 1984, in what can only be considered one of the
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1984๋…„์— ์ €์˜ ์กฐ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„์—์„œ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ
01:43
greatest crimes of humanity, nearly one million people died of starvation
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋„์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
01:47
in my country of birth, Ethiopia.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๊ตถ์–ด ์ฃฝ๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
Not because there was not enough food --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ...
01:51
because there was actually a surplus of food
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-์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋†ํ† ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์˜ฅํ•œ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—๋Š”
01:54
in the fertile regions of the south parts of the country --
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์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”...
01:58
but because in the north, people could not access
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๋ถ์ชฝ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์•„ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰์— ์†์„ ๋Œˆ ์ˆ˜
02:00
or entitle themselves to that food.
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์—†์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:02
That was a turning point for my life.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ œ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
Most Africans today, by far, are farmers.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋†๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
And most of Africa's farmers are, by and large,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€
02:11
small farmers in terms of land that they operate, and very, very small
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๋†์‚ฌ ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ๋•Œ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋†์žฅ์ฃผ์ด๋ฉฐ
02:15
farmers in terms of the capital they have at their disposal.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ๋•Œ๋„ ๊ทนํžˆ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋†์žฅ์ฃผ์ด์ฃ .
02:19
African agriculture today is among, or is, the most under-capitalized in the world.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋†์—…์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ ํ—ˆ๋•์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
Only seven percent of arable land in Africa is irrigated,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋•…์˜ 7%๋งŒ์ด ๊ด€๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:30
compared to 40 percent in Asia.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ 40%์™€ ๋น„๊ต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
African farmers only use some 22 kilograms of fertilizer per hectare,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด ๋‹น 22kg์˜ ๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ,
02:39
compared to 144 in Asia.
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์•„์‹œ์•„๋Š” 144kg์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:43
Road density is six times greater in Asia than it is in rural Africa.
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๋„๋กœ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„์‹œ์•„๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋†์ดŒ๋ณด๋‹ค 6๋ฐฐ ๋” ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
There are eight times more tractors in Latin America,
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๋ผํ‹ด ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์—๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ณด๋‹ค ํŠธ๋Ÿญํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ 8๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
02:51
and three times more tractors in Asia, than in Africa.
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์•„์‹œ์•„์—๋Š” 3๋ฐฐ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
The small farmer in Africa today lives a life without much choice,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:00
and therefore without much freedom.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ์˜์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
His livelihood is predetermined
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ผˆ์— ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
03:04
by the conditions of grinding poverty.
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์ƒ๊ณ„ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋ผ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
He comes to the market when prices are lowest,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ถ”์ˆ˜ ์งํ›„์— ๋†์‚ฐํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์Œ€๋•Œ
03:10
with the meager fruits of his hard labor, just after the harvest,
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๊ณ ๋œ ๋…ธ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ์•ฝ์†Œํ•œ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋ฌผ์„ ํŒŒ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
because he has no choice.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:15
She comes back to the market
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋ช‡๋‹ฌ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด
03:18
some months later, when prices are highest, in what we call
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๋‹ค ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
03:21
the lean season -- when food is scarce --
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๋น„์‹ผ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๊ณก์‹์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
03:24
because she has to feed her family and has no choice.
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๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋จน์—ฌ ์‚ด๋ ค์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ ์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€์š”.
03:30
The real question is, how can markets be developed in rural Africa
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ
03:35
to harness the power of innovation and entrepreneurship
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๊ธฐ์—… ์šด์˜์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋†์—… ์‹œ์žฅ์„
03:38
that we know exists?
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
Another notable economist, Theodore Schultz,
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์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์ธ ํ…Œ์˜ค๋„๋ฅด ์Š์ธ ์”จ๋Š” ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€
03:45
in 1974 won the Nobel prize for demonstrating that farmers
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ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋„ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž…์ฆ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ 1974๋…„์—
03:49
are efficient, but poor.
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๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
Meaning, in fact, that farmers are rational
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
03:54
and profit-minded just like everybody else.
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์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ด์ต์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Well, we don't need, now,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด์ œ ๋” ์ด์ƒ์˜
03:59
any more Nobel prizes to know that farmers want a fair shake
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๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค๋„ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜
04:02
at the market and want to make money, just like everyone else.
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๊ณตํ‰ํ•œ ๋ชซ์„ ๋ฒŒ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•„์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
And one thing is clear, which is at least now we know
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์–ด์จ‹๊ฑด, ์ง€๊ธˆ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜
04:10
that Africa is open for business.
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๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์ง ์—ด๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:12
And that business is agriculture.
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ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
Over two decades ago, the world insisted to Africa that markets
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20๋…„๋„ ๋” ์ „์—, ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์„
04:20
must be liberalized, that economies must be structurally adjusted.
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์ž์œ ํ™” ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ๋„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
04:25
This meant that governments were to remove themselves
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฆ‰ ์ •๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์ƒํ–‰์œ„์—
04:27
from the business of buying and selling --
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๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
04:29
which they did rather inefficiently --
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์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
04:31
and let the private market do its magic.
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ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•ด ์ฃผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
Well, what happened over the last 25 years?
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์ง€๋‚œ 25๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์‹ค์ •์€ ์–ด๋– ํ–ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
04:37
Did Africa feed itself?
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๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ž๊ธ‰์ž์กฑ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
04:39
Did our farmers turn into highly productive commercial actors?
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์—…๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์š”?
04:43
I think we're all in this room,
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๋ณธ ํšŒ์˜์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€
04:46
probably, because we know that, in fact, Africa is the only region
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ์•„์™€ ์˜์–‘์‹ค์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
04:50
in the world where hunger and malnutrition are projected to go up
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์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
04:54
over the next 10 years,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹ค ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
where the food import bill is now double
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์ด ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ž…์•ก์€
04:59
what it was 20 years ago,
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20๋…„ ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด 2๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
where food production per capita has
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์ธ๊ตฌ๋‹น ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ •์ฒด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
05:05
stagnated, and where fertilizer use has declined rather than increased.
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๋น„๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ปค๋…• ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
So why didn't agriculture markets perform to expectations?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์™œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:14
The market reforms prompted by the West --
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐœํ˜์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
and I've spent some 15 years traveling around the continent
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์ €๋Š” 15๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ณณ์„ ์—ฌํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
05:21
doing research on agricultural markets, and have interviewed
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๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  10๋‚ด์ง€ 15๊ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ
05:24
traders in 10 to 15 countries in this continent, hundreds of traders --
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜
05:29
trying to understand what went wrong with our market reform.
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๊ฐœํ˜์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
And it seems to me that the reforms might have
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ์ €ํฌ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ๋ชฉ์š•๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
05:38
thrown the baby out with the bath water.
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์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์€๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋์ง€์š”.
05:40
Like its agriculture,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋†์—…์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
05:42
Africa's markets are highly under-capitalized and inefficient.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ๋„ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ณธ๋‚œ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
05:46
We know from our work around the continent
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์„ ๋Œ๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
05:48
that transaction costs of reaching the market,
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์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋†์‚ฐํ’ˆ์„ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ
05:51
and the risks of transacting in rural, agriculture markets,
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๋†์ดŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ
05:55
are extremely high.
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๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:57
In fact, only one third of agricultural output
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜
06:00
produced in Africa even reaches the market.
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1/3 ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
Africa's markets are weak not only because of weak infrastructure
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์—๋Š” ํŒ๋งค์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:07
in terms of roads and telecommunications, but also because
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๊ตํ†ต๊ณผ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ทจ์•ฝํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:11
of the virtual absence of necessary market institutions, such as
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์‹œ์žฅ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ
06:15
market information, grades and standards,
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ํŒ๋งค์ž์™€ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ๋Š”
06:19
and reliable ways to connect buyers and sellers.
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์‹œ์žฅ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
Because of this, commodity buyers and sellers typically transact in small circles,
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์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ ํŒ๋งค์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
06:27
in narrow networks of people they know and trust.
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์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
And because of that, as grain changes hands --
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ค์ • ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์ธ ๋†๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
06:35
and I've measured that it changes hands four, five times in
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์†Œ๋น„์ž๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์ด ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด 4-5๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ์ธ์ด
06:39
its trajectory from the farmer to the consumer --
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๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
every time it changes hands -- and I've seen this all over rural Africa --
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๊ทธ๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งค๋ฒˆ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€”๋•Œ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ณก๋ฌผ์ด ๋‹ด๊ธด ์ž๋ฃจ๋ฅผ
06:46
it also changes sacks.
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๋ฐ”๊พผ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
And I thought that was incredibly peculiar.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:50
And really realized that that was because -- as traders would tell me
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์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งค๋ฒˆ ์ž๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
06:53
over and over -- that's the only way people know what they're getting
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๋“ค์ด ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ์งˆ์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ
06:56
in terms of the quantity and the product quality.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
07:00
And that actually has huge implications
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€ํ–‰์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณก๋ฌผ๋ถ€์กฑ๋“ฑ์˜
07:03
for the ability of markets to quickly respond to price signals,
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์‹ค์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
07:08
and situations where there are deficits, for example.
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๋“ฑ์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ
07:11
It also has very high cost implications.
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๋น„์šฉ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
I have measured that 26 percent of the marketing margin
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์œ ํ†ต๋งˆ์ง„์˜ 26%๊ฐ€
07:17
is simply due to the fact that, because of the absence
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์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰, ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์žฅ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ ๋ฐ
07:19
of grades and standards and market information,
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๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ž๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:23
sacks have to be constantly changed.
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๋‚ญ๋น„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:26
And this leads to very high handling costs.
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๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
For their part, small farmers, who produce the bulk of our agricultural output in Africa,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ
07:34
come to the market with virtually no information at all -- blind --
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ํŒ”๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ์žฅ๋‹˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
07:38
trusting that they're going to have
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ง‰์—ฐํžˆ ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜
07:41
some sort of demand for their produce,
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๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฉฐ
07:44
and completely at the mercy of the merchants
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ธ ์ œ์ผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด
07:48
in the only market, the nearest local market they know --
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์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์˜ ์ƒ์ธ๊ณผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ํ˜‘์ƒ๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ 
07:52
where they're unable to negotiate better prices or reduce their risk.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๋„ ์ค„์ด์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
Speaking of risk, we have seen that price volatility
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™, ์ฆ‰, ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€
07:59
of food crops in Africa is the highest in the world.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ณณ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
In Africa, small farmers bear the brunt of this risk.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
In fact, in my view, there is no region of the world and no period in history
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋Š ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋”๋ผ๋„ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ์˜
08:14
that farmers have been expected to bear the kind of market risk
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋†๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณณ์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ–์—
08:15
that Africa's farmers have to bear.
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์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
And in my view, there is simply no place in the world
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๋˜ํ•œ, ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์งŠ์–ด์ง€๋Š”
08:20
that has grown its agriculture on the kind of risk
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๋•๋ถ„์— ๋†์—…์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ๋„ ์•„๋งˆ
08:24
that our farmers in Africa today face.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
In Ethiopia, for example, the variation in maize prices
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€๋™์œจ์€
08:31
from year to year is as much as 50 percent annually.
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๋ฌด๋ ค 50%๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
This kind of market risk is mind-boggling, and has direct implications
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ์ •๋„์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ์ข… ์”จ์•— ๋˜๋Š”
08:38
for not only the incentives of farmers to invest
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๋น„๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—
08:42
in higher productivity technology, such as modern seeds and fertilizers,
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ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ํ™•๋ณด์—๋„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ
08:47
but also direct implications for food security.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
To give you an example, between 2001 and 2002,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด 2001๋…„๊ณผ 2002๋…„
08:54
Ethiopian maize farmers produced two years of bumper harvest.
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์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„์˜ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ ๋†์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ’์ž‘์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
That in turn, because of the weak marketing system,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:00
led to an 80 percent collapse in maize prices in the country.
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๊ตญ๋‚ด ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด 80% ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:05
This made it unprofitable for some farmers to even harvest the grain from the fields.
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ™• ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํŒ๋งค๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
And we calculated that some 300,000 tons of grain
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2002๋…„ ์ดˆ์—๋Š” 300,000ํ†ค์˜ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
09:13
was left in the fields to rot in early 2002.
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๋“คํŒ์—์„œ ์ฉ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
Not six months later, in July 2002, Ethiopia announced a major food crisis,
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๊ทธํ›„ 6๊ฐœ์›”๋„ ์•ˆ๋œ 2002๋…„ 7์›”์— ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„๋Š” 1400๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
09:23
to the same proportions as 1984: 14 million people at risk of starvation.
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๊ธฐ์•„ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋˜ 1984๋…„๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
09:28
What also happened that year
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ํ˜•ํŽ€์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ „๋…„๋„์— ๋น„๊ฐ€
09:31
is in the areas where there were good rains, and where farmers
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์™€์„œ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚จ์•„๋Œ์•˜๋˜ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š”
09:35
had previously produced surplus grain, farmers had decided
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๊ทธํ•ด์—๋Š” ๋น„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ
09:39
to withdraw from the fertilizer market, not use fertilizer
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๋น„๋ฃŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ 27% ์ค„์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋Ÿ‰์ด
09:43
and actually had dropped their use of fertilizer by 27 percent.
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๋”์šฑ ์ค„์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
This is a tragic example of arrested development,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ต์ œ๋œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ์ด๋ฉฐ,
09:53
or a budding green revolution stopped in its tracks.
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๋ˆˆํŠธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๊ถค๋„์—์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ผ๋ก€์ด์ง€์š”.
09:56
And this is not just specific to Ethiopia,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„๋งŒ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
but happens over and over, all over Africa.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์† ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
10:02
Well, I'm not here today to lament about the situation, or wring my hands.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์Šฌํ”„๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ์•‰์•„์„œ ๊ฑฑ์ •๋งŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
I am here to tell you that change is in the air.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
Africa today is not the Africa waiting for aid solutions,
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์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์›์กฐ๋‚˜ ํŒ์— ๋ฐ•ํžŒ ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜
10:17
or cookie-cutter foreign expert policy prescriptions.
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์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋งŒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
Africa has learned, or is learning somewhat slowly,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €์ ˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
10:25
that markets don't happen by themselves.
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๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋Š๋ฆด์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
In the 1980s, it was very fashionable
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1980๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ž˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ด์•ผ
10:31
to talk about getting prices right.
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ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์œ ํ–‰์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
There was a very influential book about that,
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์ปท๋˜ ์ฑ…์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:35
which was mainly about getting governments out of the market.
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๊ทธ ์ฑ…์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
10:39
We now recognize that getting markets right is about not just
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ ค๋ฉด
10:43
price incentives, but also investing in the right infrastructure
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:47
and the appropriate and necessary institutions to create
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ค๋น„์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ
10:50
the conditions to unleash the power of innovation in the market.
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๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํˆฌ์žํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
When conditions are right, we know and see
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์กฐ๊ฑด๋งŒ ๋งž์œผ๋ฉด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋†์ดŒ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๊ณณ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
10:58
that that innovation is ready to explode in rural Africa,
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
11:02
just like anywhere else.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
Nearly three years ago, I decided to leave my comfortable job
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 3๋…„ ์ „, ์ €๋Š” ์›Œ์‹ฑํ„ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์›”๋“œ๋ฑ…ํฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜
11:08
as a World Bank senior economist in Washington
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ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ์ง์—…์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 30๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ƒํ™œ์—
11:11
and come back to my country of birth, Ethiopia,
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์ข…์ง€๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ณ  ์ €์˜ ์กฐ๊ตญ์ธ ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„๋กœ
11:13
after nearly 30 years abroad.
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๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:15
I did so for a simple reason.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
After having spent more than a decade
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์ €๋Š” 10๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ์„
11:21
understanding, studying, and trying to convince policymakers and donors
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
11:26
about what was wrong with Africa's agricultural markets,
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์ •์ฑ…์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ›„์›์ž๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋“์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:28
I decided it was time to do something about it.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:32
I currently lead, in Ethiopia, an exciting new initiative
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์ €๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ(ECX)๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š”
11:37
to establish the first Ethiopia Commodity Exchange, or ECX.
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ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ง๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
Now, the commodity exchange itself, that concept,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์€
11:45
is not new to the world.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:47
In fact, in 1848, 82 grain merchants and farmers got together
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1848๋…„์— ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ฑด ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
11:51
in a small town at the crossroads of the Illinois River and Lake Michigan
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์†Œ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ 82๋ช…์˜ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ƒ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ์„œ
11:56
to establish a way to trade better amongst themselves.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
12:02
That was, of course, the birth of the Chicago Board of Trade,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ์ธ
12:06
which is the most famous commodity exchange in the world.
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์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋œ ์œ ๋ž˜์ด์ง€์š”.
12:10
The Chicago Board of Trade was established then
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์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ์ƒํ’ˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ
12:12
for precisely the same reasons
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋ฅผ
12:14
that our farmers today would benefit from a commodity exchange.
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์„ค๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
12:19
In the American Midwest, farmers used to load grain onto barges
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๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ์ง๋ฐฐ์— ์‹ค์–ด์„œ
12:22
and send it upriver to the Chicago market.
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์ƒ๋ฅ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
12:25
But once it arrived, if no buyer was to be found,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ผ๋‹จ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์ด ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๊ฐ€
12:30
or if prices suddenly dropped, farmers would incur tremendous losses.
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์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
And in fact, would even dump the grain in Lake Michigan,
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๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ๋ชปํŒ”๋ฉด ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์„
12:37
rather than spend more money transporting it back to their farms.
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์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ฑด ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์— ๋ฒ„๋ฆด๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
Well, the need to avoid these huge risks and tremendous losses
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์˜ ์ด์™€๊ฐ™์€ ํฐ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ์™€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
12:46
led to the birth of the futures market, and the underlying system
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์—๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์˜
12:49
of grading grain and receipting -- issuing warehouse receipts
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๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฐฝ๊ณ ์ˆ˜์ทจ์ฆ์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
12:53
on the basis of which trade could be done.
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์‹œ์žฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
12:55
From there, the greatest innovation of all came about in this market,
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์ด๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํŒ๋งค์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ์‹ค์ง€๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ์œก์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ
13:01
which is that buyers and sellers could transact grain
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๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ํŒ” ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ
13:04
without actually having to physically or visually inspect the grain.
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๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
That meant that grain could be traded across tremendous distances,
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์ด๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด ๊ตฌ๋งค์ž ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„
13:12
and even across time -- as far forward as 18 months into the future.
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18๊ฐœ์›” ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์•ž๋‚ ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ํŒ” ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
This innovation is at the heart of the transformation of American agriculture,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์†Œ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์ด ๊ณก๋ฌผ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜์€
13:21
and the rise of Chicago to a global market,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋†์—…์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํƒˆ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ
13:25
agricultural market, superpower from where it was, a small regional town.
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์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
Now, over the last century,
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ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ 
13:33
we tend to think of commodity exchanges as the purview
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋Š” ์„œ์–‘์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์—๋งŒ
13:36
of Western industrialized countries,
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์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ง€์š”.
13:38
and that the reference prices for cotton, coffee, cocoa --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์†œ, ์ปคํ”ผ, ์ฝ”์ฝ”์•„ ๋“ฑ์˜
13:41
products produced mainly in the south --
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์ƒํ’ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์—
13:44
are actually a reference price, or a price discovered in these
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์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š”
13:49
organized commodity exchanges in the northern countries.
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๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
But that is actually changing.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•ํŽธ์ด
13:55
And we're seeing a shift --
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๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:57
powered mainly because of information technology --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ IT ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ๋•์ด์ง€์š”.
14:00
a shift in market dominance towards the emerging markets.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์‹ ํฅ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
And over the last decade, you see that the share of Western exchanges --
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์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๊ฐ„, ์„œ์–‘ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ ์œ ์œจ
14:08
and this is the U.S. share of exchanges in the world --
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์ฆ‰ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณก๋ฌผ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์ ์œ ์œจ์ด
14:14
has gone down by nearly half in just the last decade.
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๋ถˆ๊ณผ ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
Similarly, there's been explosive growth in India, for example,
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, ์ธ๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
14:21
where rural farmers are using exchanges -- growing here
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ 3๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
14:25
over the last three years by 270 percent a year.
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๋งค๋…„ 270% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
This is powered by low-cost VSAT technology,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ VSAT ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์˜
14:33
aggressively trying to reach farmers to bring them into the market.
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์‹œ์žฅ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด์ง€์š”.
14:37
China's Dalian Commodity Exchange, three years ago,
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์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ก„ ์ƒํ’ˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋Š” 3๋…„ ์ „์ธ
14:41
2004, overtook the Chicago Board of Trade to become
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2004๋…„๋„์— ์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์น˜๊ณ 
14:44
the second largest commodity exchange in the world.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ œ2์œ„์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:48
Now, in Ethiopia, we're in the process of designing
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ
14:52
the first organized Ethiopia Commodity Exchange.
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์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
We're not trying to cut and paste the Chicago model
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์นด๊ณ ๋‚˜ ์ธ๋„์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ
14:58
or the India model, but creating a system uniquely tailored
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๋ณธ๋”ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„์˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
15:01
to Ethiopia's needs and realities,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋ฅผ
15:03
Ethiopia's small farmers.
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๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
So, the ECX is an Ethiopian exchange for Ethiopia.
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์ €ํฌ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋Š” ์ดํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
We're creating a system that serves all market actors,
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜
15:12
that creates integrity, trust, efficiency, transparency
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์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ •์ง์„ฑ, ์‹ ์šฉ, ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ํˆฌ๋ช…์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ
15:18
and enables small farmers to manage the risks that I have described.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ์žฅ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์ด ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
In the design of our commodity exchange in Ethiopia,
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ƒ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
15:25
we've done something rather unique, which is to
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์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์œ ํ†ต์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
15:27
take the approach of an integrated perspective,
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์•ˆ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋ฅผ
15:29
or what we call the ECX Edge.
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ECX Edge ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:32
The ECX Edge pretty much creates the entire ecosystem
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ECX Edge๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š”
15:36
in which the market will develop itself.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
And this is because one of the things we've learned
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
15:42
over the last decade of studying market development in Africa
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š”
15:45
is that the piecemeal approach does not work.
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์กฐ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
You've got one donor trying to develop market information,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ž(donor)๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ์ •๋ณด ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
15:51
another trying to work on or sponsor grades and standards,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์€ ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰, ์Šคํƒ ๋‹ค๋“œ, ICT ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณก๋ฌผ์ฐฝ๊ณ 
15:55
another ICT, and yet another on warehousing, or warehouse receipts.
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ž ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
16:01
In our approach in Ethiopia,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€
16:03
we've decided to put together the entire ecosystem,
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์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
16:07
or environment, in which trade takes place.
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์‹œ์žฅํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€์ง€์š”.
16:10
That means that the exchange will operate a trading system,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฆ‰ ์ €ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐœ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ž…์ฐฐ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ
16:14
which will initially start as an open outcry,
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๊ฒฝ๋งค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
because we don't think the country's ready for full electronic trading.
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์•„์ง์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ž์‹ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
16:21
But at the same time, we'll do something which I think no exchange
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋Š” ๋†์ดŒ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์นดํŽ˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ
16:23
in the world has ever done, which is itself to operate something like
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
16:28
an Internet cafe in the rural areas.
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์ „๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
So that farmers and small traders
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์ด๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†๋ถ€์™€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ƒ๋“ค์€
16:33
can actually come to a terminal center -- what we call
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
16:36
the remote access terminal centers -- and actually,
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๋ฐฐ์šธ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์›๊ฒฉ์ ‘๊ทผํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋ผ๊ณ 
16:39
without having to buy a computer or figure out how to dial up
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๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ํ„ฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ์„ผํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ
16:41
or any of those things, simply see the trading
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์•„๋””์Šค ๋ฐ”๋ฐ”๋ฐ”์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
16:44
that's happening on the Addis Ababa trading floor.
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๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
16:48
At the same time, what's very fundamental to this market is that --
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์ด์™€ ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ, ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๊ฐ€
16:51
and again, an innovation that we've designed for our exchange --
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์ „๊ตญ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ์ฆ๋ช…์„œ์™€ ์ฐฝ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ทจ์ฆ์„
16:55
is that the exchange will operate warehouses around the country,
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๋ฐœ๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ฐฝ๊ณ ๋“ค์„ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”
16:58
in which grade certification and warehouse receipting will be done.
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:02
And in turn, we'll operate an in-house clearing system,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ํŒ๋งค ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ ๊ธฐ์—
17:05
to assure that payment is done appropriately,
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๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€
17:09
in the right amount and at the right time,
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์ฒญ์‚ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
17:12
so that basically, we create trust and integrity in the system.
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์ €ํฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์‹ ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์–ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:16
Obviously, we work with exchange actors,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ
17:19
and as we're developing the exchange market itself,
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๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—
17:22
we're also developing the regulatory infrastructure and legal framework,
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์ €ํฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ
17:26
the overarching legal framework for making this market work.
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๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:29
So, in fact, our proclamation
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ์€
17:32
is going to parliament next month.
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ตญํšŒ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:35
What's really important is that the ECX will operate a market information system
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ VSAT ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ตญ์˜ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
17:40
to disseminate prices in real time to farmers around the country,
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์ง์ ‘ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์•Œ๋ ค ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
17:44
using VSAT technology to bring an electronic price dissemination
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์‹œ์žฅ์ •๋ณด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณก๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๊ฐ€
17:49
directly to farmers.
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์šด์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:51
What this does is transforms, fundamentally,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†๋ถ€์™€ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ
17:54
the farmers' relationship to the market.
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
Whereas before the farmer used to think local --
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
18:00
meaning that he or she would go to the nearest local market,
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๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ํ‰๊ท  8-10 ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„
18:03
eight to 10 kilometers away on average,
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์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด๋‚˜
18:05
and sell whatever they happened to have,
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๊ทธ๋ฐ–์˜ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ
18:07
without any idea of what the price premium or anything else was --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ํŒ” ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
18:11
now farmers come with knowledge of what prices are at the national market.
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๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹œ์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€๊ณ 
18:15
And they start to think national, and even global.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:18
They start to make not only commercial marketing decisions,
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๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋งค ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
18:22
but also planting decisions, on the basis of information
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ •๋ณด์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋†์ž‘๋ฌผ์„ ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋„
18:25
coming from the futures price market.
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๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:29
And they come to the market knowing what grades their products
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„
18:33
will achieve in terms of a price premium.
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๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:36
So all of this will transform farmers.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋†๋ถ€์™€
18:38
It will also transform the way traders do business.
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๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…๋ฐฉ์‹์— ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:41
It will stop them from doing simple, back-to-back, limited arbitrage
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ ์œ ํ†ต๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ฐจ์•ก๋งŒ์„ ๋…ธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์žฅ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ
18:47
to really thinking strategically about how to move grain
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ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณก๋ฌผ์ด ํ’์กฑํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ
18:50
across long distances from [surplus regions] to [deficit areas].
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๊ณก๋ฌผ์„ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์šด์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:54
Can Ethiopia do this?
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์‹œ์žฅ ํ˜์‹ ์ด ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
18:57
It seems very ambitious.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์•ผ์‹ฌ์ ์ผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:59
But it will create new opportunities.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ €ํฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:01
We believe that this initiative requires great political will,
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์ €ํฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ตณ์€ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
19:04
and we'll have to align the financial sector, as well as the ICT sector,
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์žฌ์ • ๋ถ„์•ผ ๋ฐ ICT ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š”
19:09
and really even the underlying legal framework.
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๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ ์ธ ํ‹€๋„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:13
We believe that the winds of change are here, and that we can do it.
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๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ถˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ชฉ์  ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:17
ECX is the market for Ethiopia's new millennium,
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์•ฝ 8๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์— ๋ฐœ์กฑ๋  ์ €ํฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋Š” ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„์˜
19:21
which starts in about eight months.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฒœ๋…„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:25
The last parliament of our century opened with our president
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ตญํšŒ ๊ฐœํšŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€
19:29
announcing to the country that this was the most important
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์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š”
19:32
economic initiative for the country today.
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๋ณธ ์ƒํ’ˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:34
We believe that the stakes are high,
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๋ณธ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํˆฌ์ž๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
19:37
but that the returns will be even greater.
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๊ธˆ์€ ๋”์šฑ ํด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:40
ECX, moreover, can become a trading platform for a pan-African market
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์ €ํฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ „์—ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜
19:45
in agricultural commodities.
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๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:47
Ethiopia's domestic market is about one billion dollars of value.
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์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 10์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:51
And we feel that over the next five years,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ 5๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
19:55
if Ethiopia can capture even 40 percent, just 40 percent, of the domestic market,
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์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋‹จ 40%๋งŒ ์ ์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์‹œ์žฅ์— 25%์˜
20:01
and add just 25 percent value to that market, the value of the market doubles.
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์‹œ์žฅ๊ฐ€์น˜๋งŒ ๋Š˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๋‘๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:06
Ethiopia's agricultural market is 30 percent higher
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์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„์˜ ๊ณก๋ฌผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ๋ณด๋‹ค
20:09
than South Africa's grain production,
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30%๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:13
and, in fact, Ethiopia is the second largest maize producer in Africa.
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ œ2์œ„์˜ ์˜ฅ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ตญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:16
So the potential is there.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
20:18
The will is there.
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์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์ง€์™€
20:20
The commitment is there.
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์‹ ๋…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:22
So we feel that we have a winning value proposition
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์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ,
20:26
to transform farmers' choices, to grow our agriculture,
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๋†์—…์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ€๊ธฐ์ฑ…์„
20:30
and to change Africa.
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์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:32
So, we are in the business of finding our happiness.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:36
Thank you very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:37
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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