Ron Eglash: The fractals at the heart of African designs

132,973 views ใƒป 2007-12-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
I want to start my story in Germany, in 1877,
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1877,
00:16
with a mathematician named Georg Cantor.
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ืขื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉื ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ ืงื ื˜ื•ืจ.
00:18
And Cantor decided he was going to take a line and erase the middle third of the line,
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ืงื ื˜ื•ืจ ืœืงื— ืงื• ื•ืžื—ืง ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืœื•.
00:23
and then take those two resulting lines and bring them back into the same process, a recursive process.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™.
00:28
So he starts out with one line, and then two,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืงื• ืื—ื“, ื•ืื– ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
00:30
and then four, and then 16, and so on.
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ื•ืื– 4, 16, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
00:33
And if he does this an infinite number of times, which you can do in mathematics,
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ืื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
00:36
he ends up with an infinite number of lines,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืงื•ื•ื™ื,
00:38
each of which has an infinite number of points in it.
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ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
00:41
So he realized he had a set whose number of elements was larger than infinity.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ,
00:45
And this blew his mind. Literally. He checked into a sanitarium. (Laughter)
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืžื“ืขืชื• ื•ืื•ืฉืคื– ื‘ืกื ื˜ืจื™ื•ื.
00:48
And when he came out of the sanitarium,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ,
00:50
he was convinced that he had been put on earth to found transfinite set theory
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขืœ-ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
00:56
because the largest set of infinity would be God Himself.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื•.
00:59
He was a very religious man.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื“ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“.
01:00
He was a mathematician on a mission.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช.
01:02
And other mathematicians did the same sort of thing.
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”.
01:04
A Swedish mathematician, von Koch,
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืš
01:06
decided that instead of subtracting lines, he would add them.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืกืจ ืื•ืชื.
01:10
And so he came up with this beautiful curve.
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืงื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช.
01:12
And there's no particular reason why we have to start with this seed shape;
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืืช.
01:15
we can use any seed shape we like.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉื ืจืฆื”.
01:19
And I'll rearrange this and I'll stick this somewhere -- down there, OK --
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ืืกื“ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืืงื‘ืข ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”...
01:23
and now upon iteration, that seed shape sort of unfolds into a very different looking structure.
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ืข"ื™ ื—ื–ืจื•ืช, ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื ืคืจืฉืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:30
So these all have the property of self-similarity:
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ืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ -
01:32
the part looks like the whole.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืœื.
01:34
It's the same pattern at many different scales.
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื‘ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:37
Now, mathematicians thought this was very strange
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
01:39
because as you shrink a ruler down, you measure a longer and longer length.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืกืจื’ืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ - ื”ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
01:44
And since they went through the iterations an infinite number of times,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื–ืจื•ืช,
01:46
as the ruler shrinks down to infinity, the length goes to infinity.
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ื›ืฉื”ืกืจื’ืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืื•ืจืš ื’ื“ืœ ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ.
01:52
This made no sense at all,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
01:53
so they consigned these curves to the back of the math books.
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
01:56
They said these are pathological curves, and we don't have to discuss them.
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ื•ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ.
02:00
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:01
And that worked for a hundred years.
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ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื.
02:04
And then in 1977, Benoit Mandelbrot, a French mathematician,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977, ื‘ื ื•ืื” ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืจื•ื˜, ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™,
02:09
realized that if you do computer graphics and used these shapes he called fractals,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื,
02:14
you get the shapes of nature.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
02:16
You get the human lungs, you get acacia trees, you get ferns,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืขืฆื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื•ืฉืจื›ื™ื.
02:20
you get these beautiful natural forms.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
02:22
If you take your thumb and your index finger and look right where they meet --
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ืื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœืืฆื‘ืข
02:26
go ahead and do that now --
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- ื ืกื• ื–ืืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• -
02:28
-- and relax your hand, you'll see a crinkle,
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ืื ืชืจืคื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ - ืชืจืื• ืงืžื˜,
02:31
and then a wrinkle within the crinkle, and a crinkle within the wrinkle. Right?
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ื•ืงื™ืžื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืžื˜, ื•ืงืžื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืžื˜ื•ื˜.
02:34
Your body is covered with fractals.
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ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื.
02:36
The mathematicians who were saying these were pathologically useless shapes?
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืขืจืš,
02:39
They were breathing those words with fractal lungs.
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ื ืฉืžื• ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขื ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื•ืช.
02:41
It's very ironic. And I'll show you a little natural recursion here.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™. ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
02:45
Again, we just take these lines and recursively replace them with the whole shape.
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ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™.
02:50
So here's the second iteration, and the third, fourth and so on.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
02:55
So nature has this self-similar structure.
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ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื” ืขื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™.
02:57
Nature uses self-organizing systems.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™.
02:59
Now in the 1980s, I happened to notice
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืงืจื”,
03:02
that if you look at an aerial photograph of an African village, you see fractals.
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ืฉืื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืคืจ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™, ืจื•ืื™ื ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื.
03:06
And I thought, "This is fabulous! I wonder why?"
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, "ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ! ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš?"
03:10
And of course I had to go to Africa and ask folks why.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:12
So I got a Fulbright scholarship to just travel around Africa for a year
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ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ืžื™ืœื’ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”
03:18
asking people why they were building fractals,
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื,
03:20
which is a great job if you can get it.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื”.
03:22
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
03:23
And so I finally got to this city, and I'd done a little fractal model for the city
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”,
03:30
just to see how it would sort of unfold --
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืคืจืฉ -
03:33
but when I got there, I got to the palace of the chief,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืฉื, ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆ'ื™ืค,
03:36
and my French is not very good; I said something like,
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ื•ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื”, ืืžืจืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•:
03:39
"I am a mathematician and I would like to stand on your roof."
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"ืื ื™ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’ ืฉืœืš".
03:42
But he was really cool about it, and he took me up there,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ, ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื”,
03:45
and we talked about fractals.
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ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื.
03:46
And he said, "Oh yeah, yeah! We knew about a rectangle within a rectangle,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ! ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืœื‘ืŸ.
03:49
we know all about that."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš."
03:51
And it turns out the royal insignia has a rectangle within a rectangle within a rectangle,
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืœื‘ืŸ.
03:55
and the path through that palace is actually this spiral here.
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ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืืŸ.
03:59
And as you go through the path, you have to get more and more polite.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื•ืžืกื™ื.
04:03
So they're mapping the social scaling onto the geometric scaling;
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ื”ื ืžืžืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™.
04:06
it's a conscious pattern. It is not unconscious like a termite mound fractal.
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ืคื•ืก ืžื•ื“ืข. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื• ืคืจืงื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืœ ื˜ืจืžื™ื˜ื™ื.
04:11
This is a village in southern Zambia.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื–ืžื‘ื™ื”.
04:13
The Ba-ila built this village about 400 meters in diameter.
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ื”ื‘ื-ืื™ืœื” ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื›-400 ืžื˜ืจ.
04:17
You have a huge ring.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
04:19
The rings that represent the family enclosures get larger and larger as you go towards the back,
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื—ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
04:26
and then you have the chief's ring here towards the back
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆ'ื™ืคื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ืœืงืจืืช ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ,
04:30
and then the chief's immediate family in that ring.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆ'ื™ืค ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ืืช.
04:33
So here's a little fractal model for it.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ.
04:34
Here's one house with the sacred altar,
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ.
04:37
here's the house of houses, the family enclosure,
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื - ื”ืžืชื—ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™.
04:40
with the humans here where the sacred altar would be,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ.
04:43
and then here's the village as a whole --
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ -
04:45
a ring of ring of rings with the chief's extended family here, the chief's immediate family here,
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ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆ'ื™ืค ื›ืืŸ, ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืืŸ.
04:50
and here there's a tiny village only this big.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
04:53
Now you might wonder, how can people fit in a tiny village only this big?
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ืื ืชืชื”ื•, ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ืฉื›ื–ื”?
04:57
That's because they're spirit people. It's the ancestors.
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ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช - ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื.
05:00
And of course the spirit people have a little miniature village in their village, right?
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ื•ื’ื ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
05:05
So it's just like Georg Cantor said, the recursion continues forever.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ ืงื ื˜ื•ืจ ืืžืจ. ื”ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœื ืฆื—.
05:08
This is in the Mandara mountains, near the Nigerian border in Cameroon, Mokoulek.
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ื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžื ื“ืจื”, ื‘ืงืžืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ื ืžืฆื ื”ื›ืคืจ ืžื•ืงื•ืœืง.
05:12
I saw this diagram drawn by a French architect,
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืฆื•ื™ื™ืจ ืข"ื™ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ืฆืจืคืชื™,
05:15
and I thought, "Wow! What a beautiful fractal!"
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, "ื•ื•ืื•! ืื™ื–ื” ืคืจืงื˜ืœ ื™ืคื”!"
05:17
So I tried to come up with a seed shape, which, upon iteration, would unfold into this thing.
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ, ืฉืข"ื™ ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืชืคืจืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
05:23
I came up with this structure here.
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ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื”.
05:25
Let's see, first iteration, second, third, fourth.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื”. ื—ื–ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช.
05:29
Now, after I did the simulation,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
05:31
I realized the whole village kind of spirals around, just like this,
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื›ืกืคื™ืจืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ืืŸ -
05:34
and here's that replicating line -- a self-replicating line that unfolds into the fractal.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื›ืคืœืช - ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืžืฉื›ืคืœืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื ืคืจืฉืช ืœืคืจืงื˜ืœ.
05:40
Well, I noticed that line is about where the only square building in the village is at.
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ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืคืจ.
05:45
So, when I got to the village,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื›ืคืจ
05:47
I said, "Can you take me to the square building?
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข?
05:49
I think something's going on there."
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื."
05:51
And they said, "Well, we can take you there, but you can't go inside
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชืš ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ืก.
05:54
because that's the sacred altar, where we do sacrifices every year
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื• ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
05:57
to keep up those annual cycles of fertility for the fields."
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช."
06:00
And I started to realize that the cycles of fertility
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ืžื•
06:02
were just like the recursive cycles in the geometric algorithm that builds this.
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ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื ื” ื–ืืช.
06:06
And the recursion in some of these villages continues down into very tiny scales.
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ื”ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
06:10
So here's a Nankani village in Mali.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ืคืจ ื ืื ืงืื ื™ ื‘ืžืืœื™.
06:12
And you can see, you go inside the family enclosure --
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืชื—ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช
06:15
you go inside and here's pots in the fireplace, stacked recursively.
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ืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื— ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ืžื” ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
06:19
Here's calabashes that Issa was just showing us,
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ืืœื• ืงื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืกื” ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื•.
06:23
and they're stacked recursively.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ืžื” ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
06:25
Now, the tiniest calabash in here keeps the woman's soul.
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ื‘ืงื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”.
06:27
And when she dies, they have a ceremony
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื”, ื”ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื˜ืงืก
06:29
where they break this stack called the zalanga and her soul goes off to eternity.
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ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ืžื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื–ืœื ื’ื” ื•ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืฆื—.
06:34
Once again, infinity is important.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
06:38
Now, you might ask yourself three questions at this point.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช.
06:42
Aren't these scaling patterns just universal to all indigenous architecture?
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"ื”ืื ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช?"
06:46
And that was actually my original hypothesis.
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
06:48
When I first saw those African fractals,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื,
06:50
I thought, "Wow, so any indigenous group that doesn't have a state society,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, "ื•ื•ืื•, ืื– ืœื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืื• ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื”,
06:54
that sort of hierarchy, must have a kind of bottom-up architecture."
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ื—ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืžื˜ื”-ืžืขืœื”."
06:57
But that turns out not to be true.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:59
I started collecting aerial photographs of Native American and South Pacific architecture;
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
07:03
only the African ones were fractal.
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ืจืง ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื.
07:05
And if you think about it, all these different societies have different geometric design themes that they use.
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ื•ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
07:11
So Native Americans use a combination of circular symmetry and fourfold symmetry.
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ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ืขืช.
07:17
You can see on the pottery and the baskets.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืจืก ื•ื”ืกืœื™ื.
07:19
Here's an aerial photograph of one of the Anasazi ruins;
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ืืกืื–ื™.
07:22
you can see it's circular at the largest scale, but it's rectangular at the smaller scale, right?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ.
07:27
It is not the same pattern at two different scales.
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ื–ืืช ืœื ืื•ืชื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
07:31
Second, you might ask,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื,
07:32
"Well, Dr. Eglash, aren't you ignoring the diversity of African cultures?"
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื“"ืจ ืื’ืœืฉ, ื”ืื ืื™ื ืš ืžืชืขืœื ืžื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช?"
07:36
And three times, the answer is no.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื "ืœื" ื›ืคื•ืœ 3.
07:38
First of all, I agree with Mudimbe's wonderful book, "The Invention of Africa,"
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ืžื‘ื”, "ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”",
07:42
that Africa is an artificial invention of first colonialism,
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ืฉืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
07:45
and then oppositional movements.
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ื•ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช.
07:47
No, because a widely shared design practice doesn't necessarily give you a unity of culture --
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"ืœื", ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช,
07:52
and it definitely is not "in the DNA."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื "ื.
07:55
And finally, the fractals have self-similarity --
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืœืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™
07:57
so they're similar to themselves, but they're not necessarily similar to each other --
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
08:01
you see very different uses for fractals.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื.
08:03
It's a shared technology in Africa.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
08:06
And finally, well, isn't this just intuition?
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ื•ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, "ื”ืื ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื”"ื› ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”?
08:09
It's not really mathematical knowledge.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™.
08:11
Africans can't possibly really be using fractal geometry, right?
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ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ืช.
08:14
It wasn't invented until the 1970s.
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ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20."
08:17
Well, it's true that some African fractals are, as far as I'm concerned, just pure intuition.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ืื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”.
08:22
So some of these things, I'd wander around the streets of Dakar
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ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืืงืืจ
08:25
asking people, "What's the algorithm? What's the rule for making this?"
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื, "ืžื”ื• ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื? ืžื” ื”ื ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”?"
08:28
and they'd say,
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
08:29
"Well, we just make it that way because it looks pretty, stupid." (Laughter)
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"ื˜ื™ืคืฉ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืคื”."
08:32
But sometimes, that's not the case.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
08:35
In some cases, there would actually be algorithms, and very sophisticated algorithms.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
08:40
So in Manghetu sculpture, you'd see this recursive geometry.
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ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื˜ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
08:43
In Ethiopian crosses, you see this wonderful unfolding of the shape.
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ื‘ืฆืœื‘ื™ื ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื”.
08:48
In Angola, the Chokwe people draw lines in the sand,
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ื‘ืื ื’ื•ืœื”, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆ'ื•ืงื•ื•ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ.
08:52
and it's what the German mathematician Euler called a graph;
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืื•ื™ื™ืœืจ ื›ื™ื ื” ื’ืจืฃ.
08:55
we now call it an Eulerian path --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื•ื™ืœืจ -
08:57
you can never lift your stylus from the surface
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ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืก ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ื—
08:59
and you can never go over the same line twice.
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ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืงื• ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
09:02
But they do it recursively, and they do it with an age-grade system,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื”, ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืจื•ื’-ื’ื™ืœ.
09:05
so the little kids learn this one, and then the older kids learn this one,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
09:08
then the next age-grade initiation, you learn this one.
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ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื, ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
09:11
And with each iteration of that algorithm,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื
09:14
you learn the iterations of the myth.
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ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก.
09:16
You learn the next level of knowledge.
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ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข.
09:19
And finally, all over Africa, you see this board game.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
09:21
It's called Owari in Ghana, where I studied it;
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืื•ื•ืืจื™ ื‘ื’ืื ื”, ืฉื ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื•.
09:24
it's called Mancala here on the East Coast, Bao in Kenya, Sogo elsewhere.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืžื ืงืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื‘ืื• - ื‘ืงื ื™ื” ื•ืกื•ื’ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
09:29
Well, you see self-organizing patterns that spontaneously occur in this board game.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื–ื”.
09:34
And the folks in Ghana knew about these self-organizing patterns
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื‘ื’ืื ื” ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืืœื”
09:37
and would use them strategically.
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช.
09:39
So this is very conscious knowledge.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ื”ื• ื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื“ืข ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
09:41
Here's a wonderful fractal.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืจืงื˜ืœ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
09:43
Anywhere you go in the Sahel, you'll see this windscreen.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืกืื”ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืžื’ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืืœื”.
09:47
And of course fences around the world are all Cartesian, all strictly linear.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืงืจื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื™ื ืืจื™ื•ืช.
09:51
But here in Africa, you've got these nonlinear scaling fences.
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืœื-ืœื™ื ืืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื™ื.
09:55
So I tracked down one of the folks who makes these things,
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ืื™ืชืจืชื™ ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
09:57
this guy in Mali just outside of Bamako, and I asked him,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืžืืœื™, ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืืงื•, ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื•,
10:01
"How come you're making fractal fences? Because nobody else is."
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"ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื•ืช? ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช."
10:03
And his answer was very interesting.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
10:05
He said, "Well, if I lived in the jungle, I would only use the long rows of straw
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ ื‘ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืงื ื™ ืงืฉ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
10:10
because they're very quick and they're very cheap.
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื•ืœื™ื
10:12
It doesn't take much time, doesn't take much straw."
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ื•ื›ืš ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืฉ,
10:15
He said, "but wind and dust goes through pretty easily.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื— ื•ืื‘ืง ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
10:17
Now, the tight rows up at the very top, they really hold out the wind and dust.
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ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื•ืื‘ืง.
10:21
But it takes a lot of time, and it takes a lot of straw because they're really tight."
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืฉ."
10:26
"Now," he said, "we know from experience
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ, "ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ
10:28
that the farther up from the ground you go, the stronger the wind blows."
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ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ืงืจืงืข, ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง."
10:33
Right? It's just like a cost-benefit analysis.
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ืžืžืฉ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืœื•ืช-ืชื•ืขืœืช.
10:36
And I measured out the lengths of straw,
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ืžื“ื“ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืงืฉื™ื,
10:38
put it on a log-log plot, got the scaling exponent,
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ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœืชืจืฉื™ื ืœื•ื’-ืœื•ื’, ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ืžืขืจื™ืš ื”ืกื™ืœื•ื,
10:40
and it almost exactly matches the scaling exponent for the relationship between wind speed and height
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืžืขืจื™ืš ื”ืกื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”
10:45
in the wind engineering handbook.
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ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื”ืจื•ื—.
10:46
So these guys are right on target for a practical use of scaling technology.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ืงืœืขื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืœื•ื.
10:51
The most complex example of an algorithmic approach to fractals that I found
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ืช ืœืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื
10:56
was actually not in geometry, it was in a symbolic code,
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ื”ื™ืชื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื ื‘ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืืœื ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืกื™ืžืœื™
10:58
and this was Bamana sand divination.
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ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืืžืื ื”.
11:01
And the same divination system is found all over Africa.
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
11:04
You can find it on the East Coast as well as the West Coast,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™,
11:09
and often the symbols are very well preserved,
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื.
11:11
so each of these symbols has four bits -- it's a four-bit binary word --
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ื›ืœ ืกืžืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืž-4 ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื - ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช ื‘ืช 4 ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื.
11:17
you draw these lines in the sand randomly, and then you count off,
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ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ื•ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
11:22
and if it's an odd number, you put down one stroke,
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ืื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืื™-ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ืงืฉ ืื—ื“.
11:24
and if it's an even number, you put down two strokes.
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ืื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืžื™ื 2 ืงืฉื™ื.
11:26
And they did this very rapidly,
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
11:29
and I couldn't understand where they were getting --
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ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืืŸ ื”ื ื—ื•ืชืจื™ื.
11:31
they only did the randomness four times --
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ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืฉืš 4 ืคืขืžื™ื.
11:33
I couldn't understand where they were getting the other 12 symbols.
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ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช 12 ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:35
And they wouldn't tell me.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœื™.
11:37
They said, "No, no, I can't tell you about this."
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ืœื, ืœื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืกืคืจ ืœืš."
11:39
And I said, "Well look, I'll pay you, you can be my teacher,
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™,
11:41
and I'll come each day and pay you."
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืื‘ื•ื ื•ืืฉืœื ืœื›ื."
11:43
They said, "It's not a matter of money. This is a religious matter."
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ. ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืชื™."
11:46
And finally, out of desperation, I said,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืžืจืชื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื™ืื•ืฉ,
11:47
"Well, let me explain Georg Cantor in 1877."
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"ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ ืงื ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘-1877."
11:50
And I started explaining why I was there in Africa,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”,
11:54
and they got very excited when they saw the Cantor set.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื• ื›ืฉืจืื• ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงื ื˜ื•ืจ.
11:56
And one of them said, "Come here. I think I can help you out here."
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืืžืจ, "ื‘ื•ื ื”ื ื”. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš."
12:00
And so he took me through the initiation ritual for a Bamana priest.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืืช ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืืžืื ื”.
12:05
And of course, I was only interested in the math,
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ืื ื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืจืง ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
12:07
so the whole time, he kept shaking his head going,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•
12:09
"You know, I didn't learn it this way."
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช."
12:10
But I had to sleep with a kola nut next to my bed, buried in sand,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขื ืื’ื•ื– ืงื•ืœื” ืงื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืชื™,
12:14
and give seven coins to seven lepers and so on.
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ื•ืœืชืช 7 ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืœ-7 ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืขื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
12:17
And finally, he revealed the truth of the matter.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืœื™ ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
12:22
And it turns out it's a pseudo-random number generator using deterministic chaos.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืคืกื™ืื•ื“ื•-ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืื•ืก ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™.
12:26
When you have a four-bit symbol, you then put it together with another one sideways.
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกืžืœ ืขื 4 ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืืชื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฆื“.
12:32
So even plus odd gives you odd.
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ื–ื•ื’ื™ + ืื™-ื–ื•ื’ื™ --> ืื™-ื–ื•ื’ื™.
12:34
Odd plus even gives you odd.
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ืื™-ื–ื•ื’ื™ + ื–ื•ื’ื™ --> ืื™-ื–ื•ื’ื™.
12:36
Even plus even gives you even. Odd plus odd gives you even.
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ื–ื•ื’ื™ + ื–ื•ื’ื™ --> ื–ื•ื’ื™. ืื™-ื–ื•ื’ื™ + ืื™-ื–ื•ื’ื™ --> ื–ื•ื’ื™.
12:39
It's addition modulo 2, just like in the parity bit check on your computer.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื• 2, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘.
12:43
And then you take this symbol, and you put it back in
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืžืœ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
12:47
so it's a self-generating diversity of symbols.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกืžืœื™ื.
12:49
They're truly using a kind of deterministic chaos in doing this.
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ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืื•ืก ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™.
12:53
Now, because it's a binary code,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™
12:55
you can actually implement this in hardware --
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื”.
12:57
what a fantastic teaching tool that should be in African engineering schools.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื ืคืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™"ืก ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
13:02
And the most interesting thing I found out about it was historical.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.
13:05
In the 12th century, Hugo of Santalla brought it from Islamic mystics into Spain.
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-12, ื”ื•ื’ื• ืกื ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืื™ืกืœืžื™ื™ื ืืœ ืกืคืจื“.
13:11
And there it entered into the alchemy community as geomancy:
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื›ื’ื™ืื•ืžื ืกื™ื” -
13:17
divination through the earth.
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ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
13:19
This is a geomantic chart drawn for King Richard II in 1390.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1390 ืฉืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
13:24
Leibniz, the German mathematician,
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ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฅ, ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™,
13:27
talked about geomancy in his dissertation called "De Combinatoria."
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื ืกื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• "ื“ื” ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”".
13:31
And he said, "Well, instead of using one stroke and two strokes,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืฉ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื
13:35
let's use a one and a zero, and we can count by powers of two."
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ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-1 ื•ื‘-0 ื•ื ืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ 2."
13:39
Right? Ones and zeros, the binary code.
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืืคืกื™ื - ื–ื”ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™.
13:41
George Boole took Leibniz's binary code and created Boolean algebra,
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ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฅ ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื™ืื ื™ืช.
13:44
and John von Neumann took Boolean algebra and created the digital computer.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื™ืื ื™ืช ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™.
13:47
So all these little PDAs and laptops --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื
13:50
every digital circuit in the world -- started in Africa.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื - ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
13:53
And I know Brian Eno says there's not enough Africa in computers,
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ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
13:58
but you know, I don't think there's enough African history in Brian Eno.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืื™ื ื•.
14:03
(Laughter) (Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
14:06
So let me end with just a few words about applications that we've found for this.
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ืืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื ื•.
14:10
And you can go to our website,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื™.
14:12
the applets are all free; they just run in the browser.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ.
14:14
Anybody in the world can use them.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
14:16
The National Science Foundation's Broadening Participation in Computing program
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
14:21
recently awarded us a grant to make a programmable version of these design tools,
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ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื’ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืชื™ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื”.
14:28
so hopefully in three years, anybody'll be able to go on the Web
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ 3 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
14:30
and create their own simulations and their own artifacts.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•.
14:33
We've focused in the U.S. on African-American students as well as Native American and Latino.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื• ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
14:38
We've found statistically significant improvement with children using this software in a mathematics class
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื,
14:44
in comparison with a control group that did not have the software.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื–ื•.
14:47
So it's really very successful teaching children that they have a heritage that's about mathematics,
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช,
14:53
that it's not just about singing and dancing.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื.
14:57
We've started a pilot program in Ghana.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืื ื”.
15:00
We got a small seed grant, just to see if folks would be willing to work with us on this;
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžืขื ืง ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื ื•.
15:05
we're very excited about the future possibilities for that.
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ืื ื• ืžืœืื™ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜.
15:08
We've also been working in design.
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ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ.
15:10
I didn't put his name up here -- my colleague, Kerry, in Kenya, has come up with this great idea
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ืฉื•ืชืคื™ ื‘ืงื ื™ื”, ืงืจื™, ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืœื
15:15
for using fractal structure for postal address in villages that have fractal structure,
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™.
15:20
because if you try to impose a grid structure postal system on a fractal village,
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ืื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื•ืืจ ืขื ืžื‘ื ื” ืจืฉืช ืขืœ ื›ืคืจ ืคืจืงื˜ืืœื™ -
15:24
it doesn't quite fit.
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ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื”.
15:26
Bernard Tschumi at Columbia University has finished using this in a design for a museum of African art.
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ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ืฆ'ื•ืžื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
15:31
David Hughes at Ohio State University has written a primer on Afrocentric architecture
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื™ื•ื– ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ื”ื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืืคืจื•ืกื ื˜ืจื™ืช,
15:39
in which he's used some of these fractal structures.
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ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
15:41
And finally, I just wanted to point out that this idea of self-organization,
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™
15:46
as we heard earlier, it's in the brain.
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ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
15:48
It's in the -- it's in Google's search engine.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
15:53
Actually, the reason that Google was such a success
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš
15:55
is because they were the first ones to take advantage of the self-organizing properties of the web.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช.
15:59
It's in ecological sustainability.
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
16:01
It's in the developmental power of entrepreneurship,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ืžื•ืช,
16:03
the ethical power of democracy.
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ื•ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
16:06
It's also in some bad things.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื.
16:08
Self-organization is why the AIDS virus is spreading so fast.
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:11
And if you don't think that capitalism, which is self-organizing, can have destructive effects,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ืฉื’ื ืœื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช
16:15
you haven't opened your eyes enough.
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ืื– ืœื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง.
16:17
So we need to think about, as was spoken earlier,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ืžืงื•ื“ื, ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
16:21
the traditional African methods for doing self-organization.
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™.
16:23
These are robust algorithms.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื.
16:26
These are ways of doing self-organization -- of doing entrepreneurship --
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ืืœื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื™ื–ืžื•ืช
16:29
that are gentle, that are egalitarian.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
16:31
So if we want to find a better way of doing that kind of work,
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
16:35
we need look only no farther than Africa to find these robust self-organizing algorithms.
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื”ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ-ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืืœื”.
16:40
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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