Dee Boersma: Pay attention to penguins

21,037 views ใƒป 2010-05-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
I want to talk about penguins today.
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื,
00:18
But first, I want to start by saying that
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ืืš ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ
00:20
we need a new operating system,
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ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
00:22
for the oceans and for the Earth.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
00:25
When I came to the Galapagos 40 years ago,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืื™ื™ ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก ืœืคื ื™ 40 ืฉื ื”,
00:27
there were 3,000 people
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ื”ื™ื• 3,000 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
00:29
that lived in the Galapagos.
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ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื™ ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก.
00:32
Now there are over 30,000.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžืขืœ 30,000.
00:34
There were two Jeeps on Santa Cruz.
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ื‘ืกื ื˜ื” ืงืจื•ื– ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ื’'ื™ืคื™ื.
00:37
Now, there are around a thousand trucks
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ืขืจืš ืืœืฃ ื˜ื ื“ืจื™ื
00:39
and buses and cars there.
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ื•ืื•ื˜ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
00:42
So the fundamental problems that we face
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
00:45
are overconsumption and too many people.
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ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช-ื™ืชืจ ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™.
00:48
It's the same problems in the Galapagos,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืื™ื™ ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก,
00:50
except, obviously,
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ืคืจื˜ ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ,
00:52
it's worse here, in some ways, than other places.
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ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:55
Because we've only doubled the population of the Earth
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ื›ื™ ื›ืขืช ื”ื›ืคืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช
00:58
since the 1960s -- a little more than doubled --
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ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60-- ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื•ืœ.
01:01
but we have 6.7 billion people in the world,
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 6.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:04
and we all like to consume.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืš.
01:06
And one of the major problems that we have
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
01:08
is our operating system
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœื ื•
01:10
is not giving us the proper feedback.
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ืœื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:12
We're not paying the true
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ืื ื• ืœื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ
01:14
environmental costs of our actions.
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื•.
01:17
And when I came at age 22 to live on Fernandina,
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ื•ื›ืฉื‘ืืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 22 ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื ื ื“ื™ื ื”,
01:20
let me just say, that I had never
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ื ืืžืจ ื›ืš, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื
01:22
camped before.
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ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืงืžืคื™ื ื’.
01:24
I had never lived alone
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื™
01:26
for any period of time,
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ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
01:28
and I'd never slept with sea lions
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฉื ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื
01:30
snoring next to me all night.
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ืฉื ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
01:33
But moreover, I'd never lived on an uninhabited island.
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ืืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื™ ืœื-ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘.
01:36
Punta Espinosa is where I lived for over a year,
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ืคื•ื ื˜ื” ืืกืคื™ื ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขืœ ืฉื ื”.
01:38
and we call it uninhabited
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” 'ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช',
01:40
because there are no people there.
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
01:42
But it's alive with life;
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืงืงืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:44
it's hardly uninhabited.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื "ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช".
01:47
So a lot has happened in the last 40 years,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืจื” ื‘-40 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:50
and what I learned when I came to the Galapagos
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืื™ื™ ื”ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก,
01:52
is the importance of wild places, wild things,
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ื”ื•ื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื,
01:55
certainly wildlife,
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ื•ื“ืื™ ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ,
01:57
and the amazing qualities that penguins have.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
02:00
Penguins are real athletes:
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ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
02:02
They can swim 173 kilometers in a day.
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืช 173 ืง"ืž ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
02:05
They can swim at the same speed day and night --
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœ.
02:08
that's faster than any Olympic swimmer.
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ื–ื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืฉื—ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™.
02:10
I mean, they can do like seven kilometers an hour
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช 7 ืงืž"ืฉ
02:12
and sustain it.
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื‘.
02:14
But what is really amazing, because of this deepness here,
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ืžืง ื›ืืŸ,
02:17
Emperor penguins can go down
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ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืกืจื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ืœ
02:19
more than 500 meters
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ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-500 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
02:21
and they can hold their breath for 23 minutes.
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ื•ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื ืœืžืฉืš 23 ื“ืงื•ืช.
02:23
Magellanic penguins, the ones that I work on,
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ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ืœื ื™ื™ื, ืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช,
02:26
they can dive to about 90 meters
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืขื“ 90 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš.
02:28
and they can stay down for
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ื•ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”
02:30
about 4.6 minutes.
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ืœืžืฉืš 4.6 ื“ืงื•ืช.
02:32
Humans, without fins: 90 meters, 3.5 minutes.
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืœื ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื - 90 ืžื˜ืจ, 3.5 ื“ืงื•ืช.
02:35
And I doubt anybody in this room
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืง ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื
02:37
could really hold their breath for 3.5 minutes.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื• ืœืžืฉืš 3.5 ื“ืงื•ืช.
02:40
You have to train to be able to do that.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืš.
02:42
So penguins are amazing athletes.
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ืื– ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืืชืœื˜ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
02:44
The other thing is, I've never met anybody
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ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
02:46
that really doesn't say that they like penguins.
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ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
02:49
They're comical, they walk upright,
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ื”ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื, ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืฃ,
02:52
and, of course, they're diligent.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืฆื™ืœื™ื™ื.
02:54
And, more importantly, they're well-dressed.
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ, ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ.
02:56
So they have all the criteria
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื
02:58
that people normally like.
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
03:00
But scientifically, they're amazing because they're sentinels.
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ืืš ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื.
03:03
They tell us about our world in a lot of different ways,
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ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื•,
03:06
and particularly the ocean.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื.
03:08
This is a picture of a Galapagos penguin
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก
03:10
that's on the front of a little zodiac here in the Galapagos.
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ืกื™ืจืช ื’ื•ืžื™ ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก.
03:13
And that's what I came to study.
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ื•ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
03:15
I thought I was going to study the social behavior of Galapagos penguins,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ
03:18
but you already know
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ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื”ืจื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
03:20
penguins are rare.
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ืฉื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื.
03:22
These are the rarest penguins in the world.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:24
Why I thought I was going to be able to do that, I don't know.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš? ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช.
03:27
But the population has changed
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ืืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”
03:29
dramatically since I was first here.
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ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืžืื– ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
03:31
When I counted penguins for the first time
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ื›ืฉืกืคืจืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื
03:33
and tried to do a census,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžืคืงื“ ืฉืœื”ื,
03:35
we just counted all the individual beaks that we could
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกืคืจื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื
03:37
around all these islands.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:40
We counted around 2,000, so I don't know how many penguins there really are,
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ืกืคืจื ื• ื›-2,000, ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ืžื” ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ืืžืช,
03:43
but I know I can count 2,000.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืขื“ 2,000.
03:45
If you go and do it now, the national parks
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ืื ืชืœื›ื• ืœืฉื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
03:48
count about 500.
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ืกืคืจื” ื‘ืขืจืš 500.
03:50
So we have a quarter of the penguins
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื
03:52
that we did 40 years ago.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช 40 ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื.
03:54
And this is true of most of our living systems.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:57
We have less than we had before,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
03:59
and most of them are in fairly steep decline.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื ืคื™ืœื” ืชืœื•ืœื”.
04:02
And I want to just show you a little bit about why.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืจืง ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืžื“ื•ืข.
04:04
(Braying)
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[ื ื—ื™ืจื”]
04:09
That's a penguin braying
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ื–ื”ื• ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื—ืจ
04:11
to tell you that
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ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
04:13
it's important to pay attention to penguins.
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ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
04:15
Most important of all,
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ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
04:17
I didn't know what that was the first time I heard it.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ื–ื”, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ื–ืืช.
04:20
And you can imagine sleeping on Fernandina your first night there
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื ื ื“ื™ื ื”
04:23
and you hear this lonesome, plaintful call.
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ื•ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” ื•ื”ื ื•ื’ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
04:27
I fell in love with penguins,
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ื”ืชืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื,
04:29
and it certainly has changed the rest of my life.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™.
04:31
What I found out I was studying
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื•ืงืจืช
04:33
is really the difference in how the Galapagos changes,
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื™ื™ ื”ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก ื”ืฉืชื ื•,
04:36
the most extreme variation.
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ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:38
You've heard about these El Ninos,
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ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ "ืืœ-ื ื™ื ื™ื•",
04:41
but this is the extreme that penguins all over the world
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
04:43
have to adapt to.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืืœื™ื”.
04:45
This is a cold-water event
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ื–ื”ื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื
04:47
called La Nina.
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ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ืืœ-ื ื™ื ื™ื”".
04:49
Where it's blue and it's green, it means the water is really cold.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื™ื.
04:52
And so you can see this current coming up --
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ืื– ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื–ืจื ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“--
04:54
in this case, the Humboldt Current --
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื–ืจื ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื“ื˜--
04:56
that comes all the way out to the Galapagos Islands,
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืื™ื™ ื”ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก,
04:59
and this deep undersea current, the Cromwell Current,
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ื•ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ืจื ืงืจื•ืžื•ื•ืœ,
05:02
that upwells around the Galapagos.
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ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ ื”ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก.
05:04
That brings all the nutrients:
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
05:06
When this is cold in the Galapagos,
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ื›ืฉืงืจ ื‘ืื™ื™ ื”ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก,
05:09
it's rich, and there's plenty of food for everyone.
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื™ืจ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœื.
05:12
When we have extreme El Nino events,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ "ืืœ-ื ื™ื ื™ื•" ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
05:14
you see all this red,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
05:16
and you see no green
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ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืจื•ืง
05:18
out here around the Galapagos.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ ื”ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก.
05:20
That means that there's no upwelling,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ืชืช-ืžื™ืžื™,
05:22
and there's basically no food.
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
05:25
So it's a real desert
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™
05:27
for not only for the penguins and the sea lions and the marine iguanas ...
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ืœืื™ื’ื•ืื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื.
05:30
things die when there's no food.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
05:32
But we didn't even know that that
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื–ื”
05:34
affected the Galapagos when I went to study penguins.
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ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืื™ื™ ื”ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก, ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
05:37
And you can imagine being on an island hoping you're going to see penguins,
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื™, ืžืงื•ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื,
05:40
and you're in the middle of an El Nino event
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืื™ืจื•ืข "ืืœ-ื ื™ื ื™ื•",
05:42
and there are no penguins.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
05:44
They're not breeding; they're not even around.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื; ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฉื.
05:46
I studied marine iguanas at that point.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืื™ื’ื•ืื ื•ืช ื™ื.
05:49
But this is a global phenomenon, we know that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช.
05:52
And if you look along the coast of Argentina, where I work now,
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืฉื ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืขืช,
05:54
at a place called Punta Tombo --
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื "ืคื•ื ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ืžื‘ื•",
05:56
the largest Magellanic penguin colony in the world
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ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื’ืœื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
05:58
down here about 44 degrees south latitude --
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ืงื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื 44 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื“ืจื•ื,
06:02
you see that there's great variation here.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
06:04
Some years, the cold water
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื
06:06
goes all the way up to Brazil,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื“ ืœื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ,
06:08
and other years, in these La Nina years, it doesn't.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉื ื•ืช "ืœื”-ื ื™ื ื™ื”" - ืœื.
06:11
So the oceans don't always act together; they act differently,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”, ืืœื ื‘ื ืคืจื“,
06:14
but that is the kind of variation
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
06:16
that penguins have to live with,
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ืฉื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื•,
06:18
and it's not easy.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ.
06:20
So when I went to study the Magellanic penguins,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ืœื ื™ื™ื,
06:22
I didn't have any problems.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
06:24
There were plenty of them.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“.
06:26
This is a picture at Punta Tombo in February
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ืžื‘ื• ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ
06:28
showing all the penguins along the beach.
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
06:30
I went there because the Japanese wanted to start harvesting them
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืฉื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื
06:33
and turning them into high fashion golf gloves,
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืคืคื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืฃ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื•ืช,
06:36
protein and oil.
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ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืžืŸ.
06:38
Fortunately, nobody has harvested any penguins
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื™ืฉ ืœื ืฆื“ ืฉื•ื ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื,
06:41
and we're getting over 100,000 tourists a year to see them.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ืžืขืœ 100,000 ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœืจืื•ืชื.
06:44
But the population is declining
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช,
06:47
and it's declined fairly substantially, about 21 percent
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘-21 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืขืจืš
06:50
since 1987, when I started these surveys,
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ืžืื– 1987, ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
06:53
in terms of number of active nests.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื.
06:55
Here, you can see where Punta Tombo is,
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ืคื•ื ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ืžื‘ื•.
06:57
and they breed in incredibly dense colonies.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื.
06:59
We know this because of long-term science,
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื“ืข ืืจื•ืš-ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—,
07:02
because we have long-term studies there.
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ื›ื™ ืขืจื›ื ื• ืฉื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื.
07:04
And science is important in informing decision makers,
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ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช,
07:07
and also in changing how we do
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ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ื•
07:09
and knowing the direction of change that we're going in.
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ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื•.
07:12
And so we have this penguin project. The Wildlife Conservation Society
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ื–ื ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ,
07:15
has funded me along with a lot of individuals
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ืžื™ืžื ื” ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื
07:18
over the last 27 years
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 27 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
07:20
to be able to produce these kinds of maps.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืžืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
07:22
And also, we know that it's not only
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ืจืง
07:24
Galapagos penguins that are in trouble,
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ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืคื’ื•ืก ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื”,
07:26
but Magellanics and many other species of penguins.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืžื’ืœื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
07:29
And so we have started a global penguin society
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงืžื ื• ืืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
07:32
to try to focus on the real plight of penguins.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฆืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
07:35
This is one of the plights of penguins: oil pollution.
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ื•ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื - ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜.
07:38
Penguins don't like oil
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ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื ืคื˜,
07:40
and they don't like to swim through oil.
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ื”ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื ืคื˜.
07:42
The nice thing is, if you look down here in Argentina,
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ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืžื“, ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”,
07:44
there's no surface oil pollution from this composite map.
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ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•.
07:47
But, in fact, when we went to Argentina,
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืฉื ืกืขื ื• ืœืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”,
07:49
penguins were often found
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื
07:51
totally covered in oil.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ืคื˜.
07:54
So they were just minding their own business.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืขืกืงื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
07:56
They ended up swimming through ballast water that had oil in it.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื—ื• ื“ืจืš ืžื™ ื–ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ื ืคื˜.
07:59
Because when tankers carry oil
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืžื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื ืคื˜,
08:01
they have to have ballast at some point,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืžืœื ืžื™ ื–ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช,
08:03
so when they're empty, they have the ballast water in there.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืžื™ ื–ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.
08:05
When they come back, they actually dump
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื•ืช
08:07
this oily ballast water into the ocean.
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ืืช ืžื™ ื”ื–ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืžื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื.
08:09
Why do they do that? Because it's cheaper,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืš? ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:11
because they don't pay the real environmental costs.
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
08:14
We usually don't, and we want to start
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ื‘ื“"ื› ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
08:16
getting the accounting system right
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ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
08:18
so we can pay the real cost.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
08:20
At first, the Argentine government said, "No, there's no way.
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ืืžืจื”, "ืœื. ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™.
08:22
You can't find oiled penguins in Argentina.
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ืœื ืชืžืฆืื• ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”.
08:24
We have laws,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
08:26
and we can't have illegal dumping; it's against the law."
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ื•ืœื ื ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื›ืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœื-ื›ื—ื•ืง; ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™."
08:29
So we ended up spending nine years
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื• ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื
08:31
convincing the government that there were lots of oiled penguins.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืคื˜
08:34
In some years, like this year, we found
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื ื”, ืฉืžืฆืื ื•
08:36
more than 80 percent
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ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80 ืื—ื•ื–
08:38
of the adult penguins dead on the beach
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ืžื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
08:40
were covered in oil.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื ืคื˜.
08:42
These little blue dots are the fledglings --
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื--
08:45
we do this survey every March --
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืจืฅ,
08:47
which means that they're only in the environment
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ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
08:50
from January until March,
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ืจืง ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ ืขื“ ืžืจืฅ.
08:52
so maybe three months at the most
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:54
that they could get covered in oil.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ื ืคื˜.
08:56
And you can see, in some years over 60 percent
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืขืœ 60 ืื—ื•ื–
08:58
of the fledglings were oiled.
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ืžื”ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืกื• ื‘ื ืคื˜.
09:00
Eventually, the government listened
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘,
09:02
and, amazingly, they changed their laws.
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
09:05
They moved the tanker lanes
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ื”ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื•ืช
09:07
40 kilometers farther off shore,
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40 ืง"ืž ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
09:10
and people are not doing as much illegal dumping.
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคืกื•ืœืช ืœื-ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
09:13
So what we're seeing now
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืขืช
09:15
is very few penguins are oiled.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืžื–ื“ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืคื˜.
09:17
Why are there even these penguins oiled?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื” ืžื–ื“ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืคื˜?
09:19
Because we've solved the problem in Chubut province,
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ื›ื™ ืคืชืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืฆ'ื•ื‘ื•ื˜,
09:22
which is like a state in Argentina
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”
09:25
where Punta Tombo is --
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ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืคื•ื ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ืžื‘ื•--
09:27
so that's about 1,000 kilometers of coastline --
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื›-1,000 ืง"ืž ืฉืœ ืงื• ื—ื•ืฃ--
09:29
but we haven't solved the problem
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ืืš ืœื ืคืชืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
09:31
in northern Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื‘ืื•ืจื•ื’ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
09:35
So now I want to show you that penguins are affected.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื.
09:37
I'm just going to talk about two things.
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ืื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
09:39
This is climate change. Now this has really been a fun study
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ
09:42
because I put satellite tags on the back
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ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืžื“ืชื™ ืชื’ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘
09:44
of these Magellanic penguins.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื’ืœื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
09:46
Try to convince donors to give you a couple thousand dollars
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ื ืกื• ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื™ืชื ื• ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
09:49
to glue a satellite tag on the back of penguins.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืชื’ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
09:52
But we've been doing this now for more than a decade to learn where they go.
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ืืš ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืœืืŸ ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื.
09:55
We thought we needed a marine protected area
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ืžื•ื’ืŸ
09:57
of about 30 kilometers,
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ืฉืœ ื›-30 ืง"ืž,
09:59
and then we put a satellite tag on the back of a penguin.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฆืžื“ื ื• ืชื’ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
10:01
And what the penguins show us --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืœื ื•--
10:03
and these are all the little dots
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ื•ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
10:05
from where the penguins' positions were
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืื–,
10:07
for penguins in incubation in 2003 --
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘-2003.
10:09
and what you see is some of these individuals
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:12
are going 800 kilometers away from their nests.
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ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื 800 ืง"ืž ืžื”ืงืŸ.
10:15
So that means as their mate
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
10:17
is sitting on the nest incubating the eggs,
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงืŸ ื•ื“ื•ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื,
10:20
the other one is out there foraging,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ืื™-ืฉื ื•ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
10:22
and the longer they have to stay gone,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืฉื,
10:24
the worse condition the mate is in when the mate comes back.
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ื›ืš ืžื•ืจืข ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ.
10:27
And, of course, all of this then leads to a vicious cycle
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืงืกืžื™ื,
10:30
and you can't raise a lot of chicks.
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ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคืจื•ื—ื™ื.
10:32
Here you see in 2003 --
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื‘-2003--
10:34
these are all the dots of where the penguins are --
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ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื--
10:36
they were raising a little over
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ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:38
a half of a chick.
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ืžื—ืฆื™ ืืคืจื•ื—.
10:41
Here, you can see in 2006,
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ื›ืืŸ, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื‘-2006,
10:43
they raised almost three quarters
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ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื
10:45
of a chick per nest,
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ืฉืœ ืืคืจื•ื— ืœืงืŸ.
10:47
and you can see that they're closer to Punta Tombo;
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื•ื ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ืžื‘ื•;
10:50
they're not going as far away.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
10:53
This past year, in 2009,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื‘-2009,
10:55
you can see that they're now raising
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
10:57
about a fourth of a chick,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืจื‘ืข ืืคืจื•ื—.
10:59
and some of these individuals are going
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื
11:01
more than 900 kilometers away from their nests.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-900 ืง"ืž ืžื”ืงืŸ.
11:04
So it's kind of like you having a job in Chicago,
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
11:06
and then you get transferred
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืš
11:08
to St. Louis,
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ืœืกื ื˜ ืœื•ืื™ืก,
11:10
and your mate is not happy about this
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ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœืš ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžื–ื”
11:12
because you've got to pay airfare,
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ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช,
11:14
because you're gone longer.
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชื™ืขื“ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:16
The same thing's true for penguins as well.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
11:19
And they're going about, on average now,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข
11:21
40 kilometers farther than they did a decade ago.
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40 ืง"ืž ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
11:25
We need to be able to get information out to the general public.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘.
11:28
And so we started a publication
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ืคืจืกื•ืžื™
11:30
with the Society for Conservation
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ
11:32
that we think presents cutting-edge science
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช
11:34
in a new, novel way,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช.
11:36
because we have reporters that are good writers
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
11:39
that actually can distill the information
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ืงืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
11:41
and make it accessible to the general public.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘.
11:44
So if you're interested in cutting-edge science
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉื ื™
11:46
and smarter conservation,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:48
you should join with our 11 partners --
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœ-11 ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
11:51
some of them here in this room, like the Nature Conservancy --
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ื—ืœืงื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
11:54
and look at this magazine
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ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ื–ื”,
11:56
because we need to get information out about conservation
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ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ืคื™ืฅ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ
11:59
to the general public.
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ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘.
12:01
Lastly I want to say that
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ
12:03
all of you, probably,
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ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ืื•ืœื™
12:05
have had some relationship at some time in your life
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ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ื” ืงืฉืจ ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื›ื
12:07
with a dog, a cat, some sort of pet,
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ืœื›ืœื‘, ื—ืชื•ืœ, ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
12:10
and you recognized that those are individuals.
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื ื‘ื”ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื.
12:12
And some of you consider them almost part of your family.
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ื•ื—ืœืงื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
12:15
If you had a relationship with a penguin,
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
12:18
you'd see it in the same sort of way.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”.
12:20
They're amazing creatures
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ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
12:22
that really change how you view the world
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
12:24
because they're not that different from us:
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ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
12:26
They're trying to make a living,
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
12:28
they're trying to raise their offspring,
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
12:30
they're trying to get on and survive in the world.
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ื•ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:33
This is Turbo the Penguin.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื•.
12:35
Turbo's never been fed.
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ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ืื›ืœ.
12:37
He met us and got his name
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ื”ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืฉืžื•
12:39
because he started standing under
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžืชื—ืช
12:41
my diesel truck: a turbo truck,
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ืœื˜ื ื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื–ืœ ืฉืœื™, ื˜ื ื“ืจ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื•.
12:43
so we named him Turbo.
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ืื– ืงืจืื ื• ืœื• ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื•.
12:45
Turbo has taken to knocking on the door with his beak,
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ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื• ืœืžื“ ืœื”ืงื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืช.
12:47
we let him in and he comes in here.
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ื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื›ืืŸ.
12:49
And I just wanted to show you
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืจืง ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
12:51
what happened one day
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ืžื” ืงืจื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
12:53
when Turbo brought in a friend.
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ื›ืฉื˜ื•ืจื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจ.
12:56
So this is Turbo.
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื•.
12:58
He's coming up to one of my graduate students and flipper patting,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ื˜ื•ืคื— ื‘ืกื ืคื™ืจื•,
13:01
which he would do to a female penguin.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื ืงื‘ืช ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
13:05
And you can see, he's not trying to bite.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœื ืฉื•ืš.
13:07
This guy has never been in before
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ืงื•ื“ื,
13:09
and he's trying to figure out, "What is going on?
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, "ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
13:11
What is this guy doing?
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ืžื” ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื”?
13:13
This is really pretty weird."
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื–ืจ."
13:15
And you'll see soon
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ืชืจืื•
13:17
that my graduate student ...
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ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฉืœื™--
13:19
and you see, Turbo's pretty intent
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจื‘ื• ืžืื“ ืžืžื•ืงื“
13:21
on his flipper patting.
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ื‘ื˜ืคื™ื—ืช ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ ืฉืœื•.
13:23
And now he's looking at the other guy,
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™,
13:25
saying, "You are really weird."
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ, "ืืชื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื–ืจ."
13:27
And now look at this: not friendly.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”; ืœื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™.
13:29
So penguins really differ in their personalities
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ืื– ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
13:32
just like our dogs and our cats.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:35
We're also trying to collect our information
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข
13:38
and become more technologically literate.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
13:41
So we're trying to put that
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ืื– ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื–ื”
13:43
in computers in the field.
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ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
13:45
And penguins are always involved in helping us
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ื•ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•
13:48
or not helping us in one way or another.
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ืื• ืœื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช.
13:51
This is a radio frequency ID system.
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ื–ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื“ืจื™ ืจื“ื™ื•.
13:54
You put a little piece of rice in the foot of a penguin
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ืื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืื•ืจื– ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ
13:57
that has a barcode, so it tells you who it is.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืงื•ื“, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืžื™ื”ื•.
13:59
It walks over the pad, and you know who it is.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืคื™ื“ื”, ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื•ื.
14:01
Okay, so here are a few penguins coming in.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื.
14:04
See, this one's coming back to its nest.
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ืงืŸ ืฉืœื•.
14:06
They're all coming in at this time,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
14:08
walking across there, just kind of leisurely coming in.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉื ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื” ื›ื–ื•.
14:10
Here's a female that's in a hurry. She's got food.
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ื”ื ื” ื ืงื‘ื” ืฉืžืžื”ืจืช.
14:12
She's really rushing back, because it's hot,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืžื”ืจืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ื—ื,
14:15
to try to feed her chicks.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื”.
14:17
And then there's another fellow that will leisurely come by.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
14:20
Look how fat he is. He's walking back to feed his chicks.
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ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื•.
14:23
Then I realize that they're playing
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
14:25
king of the box.
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ืžืœืš ื”ืืจื’ื–.
14:28
This is my box up here, and this is the system that works.
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ื–ื” ื”ืืจื’ื– ืฉืœื™ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช.
14:31
You can see this penguin, he goes over, he looks at those wires,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ื™ื’ืฉ ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื,
14:34
does not like that wire.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื”.
14:37
He unplugs the wire; we have no data.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ืชืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜; ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
14:40
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
14:42
So, they really are pretty amazing creatures.
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ืื– ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.
14:47
OK.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
14:49
Most important thing is:
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื,
14:51
Only you can change yourself,
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ืฉืจืง ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื.
14:53
and only you can change the world
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ื•ืจืง ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
14:55
and make it better, for people
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
14:57
as well as penguins.
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ื•ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
14:59
So, thank you very much. (Applause)
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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