Dee Boersma: Pay attention to penguins

20,978 views ・ 2010-05-19

TED


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譯者: Joy Lee 審譯者: Marie Wu
00:16
I want to talk about penguins today.
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我今天想來談談企鵝,
00:18
But first, I want to start by saying that
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但首先,我想說,
00:20
we need a new operating system,
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為了海洋和地球,
00:22
for the oceans and for the Earth.
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我們需要一個新的操作系統。
00:25
When I came to the Galapagos 40 years ago,
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當我在40年前來到加拉帕戈斯群島時,
00:27
there were 3,000 people
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約有3000人
00:29
that lived in the Galapagos.
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住在加拉帕戈斯,
00:32
Now there are over 30,000.
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現在的人口則超過3萬。
00:34
There were two Jeeps on Santa Cruz.
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當時,聖克魯茲只有兩台吉普車,
00:37
Now, there are around a thousand trucks
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現在,當地約有1000輛卡車、
00:39
and buses and cars there.
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公車,和汽車。
00:42
So the fundamental problems that we face
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我們現在所面臨的基本問題
00:45
are overconsumption and too many people.
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是過度消費和人口過剩,
00:48
It's the same problems in the Galapagos,
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加拉帕戈斯也面臨同樣的問題,
00:50
except, obviously,
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只是,很顯然的,
00:52
it's worse here, in some ways, than other places.
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在某些層面上,加拉帕戈斯的情況較其他地區嚴重。
00:55
Because we've only doubled the population of the Earth
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原因就是地球的人口多了一倍,
00:58
since the 1960s -- a little more than doubled --
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自1960年代起,人口成長了比一倍還多。
01:01
but we have 6.7 billion people in the world,
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然而,世界約有67億人口,
01:04
and we all like to consume.
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而我們都喜愛消費。
01:06
And one of the major problems that we have
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我們的主要問題
01:08
is our operating system
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是我們的操作系統
01:10
is not giving us the proper feedback.
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無法給予我們正常的回饋。
01:12
We're not paying the true
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我們沒有為我們的行為
01:14
environmental costs of our actions.
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付出相同的環境代價。
01:17
And when I came at age 22 to live on Fernandina,
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22歲時,我來到費爾南迪納居住,
01:20
let me just say, that I had never
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且讓我坦言,我不曾
01:22
camped before.
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露營過,
01:24
I had never lived alone
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我也不曾
01:26
for any period of time,
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一個人住過,
01:28
and I'd never slept with sea lions
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我更不曾
01:30
snoring next to me all night.
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整夜睡在打鼾的海獅身旁。
01:33
But moreover, I'd never lived on an uninhabited island.
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此外,我從來沒有住在無人島上過。
01:36
Punta Espinosa is where I lived for over a year,
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我在蓬埃斯皮諾薩住了一年多,
01:38
and we call it uninhabited
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我們稱它無人居住,
01:40
because there are no people there.
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因為當地確實杳無人煙。
01:42
But it's alive with life;
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然而,其他生命卻讓當地別有洞天。
01:44
it's hardly uninhabited.
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因此,說它沒有生機不太恰當。
01:47
So a lot has happened in the last 40 years,
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在過去40年中,(島上)發生了很多事。
01:50
and what I learned when I came to the Galapagos
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而我在加拉帕戈斯學到的
01:52
is the importance of wild places, wild things,
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即是野生地區、野生事物,
01:55
certainly wildlife,
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當然還有野生動物的重要性,
01:57
and the amazing qualities that penguins have.
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以及企鵝所獨具的奇妙特質。
02:00
Penguins are real athletes:
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企鵝是名副其實的運動員,
02:02
They can swim 173 kilometers in a day.
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牠們一天可以游泳173公里,
02:05
They can swim at the same speed day and night --
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且日夜都能以這種速度游泳,
02:08
that's faster than any Olympic swimmer.
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這比任何奧運游泳選手的速度都還快。
02:10
I mean, they can do like seven kilometers an hour
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想想他們可以1小時游7公里,
02:12
and sustain it.
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且不斷保持這個速度。
02:14
But what is really amazing, because of this deepness here,
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但最令人驚嘆的是,因為這裡有一定的深度,
02:17
Emperor penguins can go down
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國王企鵝竟能潛水
02:19
more than 500 meters
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超過500公尺,
02:21
and they can hold their breath for 23 minutes.
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並能閉氣長達23分鐘。
02:23
Magellanic penguins, the ones that I work on,
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我所研究的麥哲倫企鵝,
02:26
they can dive to about 90 meters
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則可潛水大約90公尺,
02:28
and they can stay down for
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並能在水中
02:30
about 4.6 minutes.
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待上大約4.6分鐘。
02:32
Humans, without fins: 90 meters, 3.5 minutes.
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人類,沒有鰭:90公尺,3.5分鐘,
02:35
And I doubt anybody in this room
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而我懷疑聽眾裡是否真有人
02:37
could really hold their breath for 3.5 minutes.
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能閉氣長達3.5分鐘。
02:40
You have to train to be able to do that.
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你必須經過訓練才能閉氣那麼久。
02:42
So penguins are amazing athletes.
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所以,企鵝確實是令人驚嘆的運動員。
02:44
The other thing is, I've never met anybody
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另外,我不曾碰過
02:46
that really doesn't say that they like penguins.
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不喜歡企鵝的人。
02:49
They're comical, they walk upright,
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牠們滑稽、牠們直立行走,
02:52
and, of course, they're diligent.
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並且,想當然爾,牠們很勤奮。
02:54
And, more importantly, they're well-dressed.
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更重要的是,牠們穿著體面。
02:56
So they have all the criteria
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所以,牠們擁有
02:58
that people normally like.
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人類喜歡的一切標準。
03:00
But scientifically, they're amazing because they're sentinels.
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不過,從科學的角度來看,牠們令人驚嘆是因為牠們扮演著哨兵的角色。
03:03
They tell us about our world in a lot of different ways,
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牠們用很多不同的方式讓我們了解世界,
03:06
and particularly the ocean.
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尤其是海洋。
03:08
This is a picture of a Galapagos penguin
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這是一張加拉帕戈斯企鵝的照片,
03:10
that's on the front of a little zodiac here in the Galapagos.
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在加拉帕戈斯的前端。
03:13
And that's what I came to study.
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這也是我後來研究的內容。
03:15
I thought I was going to study the social behavior of Galapagos penguins,
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我本以為我要研究的是加拉帕戈斯企鵝的社會習性,
03:18
but you already know
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但你們知道
03:20
penguins are rare.
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企鵝是稀有動物,
03:22
These are the rarest penguins in the world.
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而加拉帕戈斯企鵝則是世界上最稀有的企鵝。
03:24
Why I thought I was going to be able to do that, I don't know.
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爲何我認為自己會研究成功,我也不知道。
03:27
But the population has changed
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然而,從我第一次來到這裡至今,
03:29
dramatically since I was first here.
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企鵝的數量已發生劇烈的變化。
03:31
When I counted penguins for the first time
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當我第一次數企鵝
03:33
and tried to do a census,
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並試著統計時,
03:35
we just counted all the individual beaks that we could
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我們的作法是數出這些島上
03:37
around all these islands.
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每一隻企鵝的喙。
03:40
We counted around 2,000, so I don't know how many penguins there really are,
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數量大概2000左右,所以我不知道企鵝的確切數量,
03:43
but I know I can count 2,000.
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不過我知道數到2000沒有問題。
03:45
If you go and do it now, the national parks
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倘若你現在去數,國家公園的企鵝總數
03:48
count about 500.
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大概只剩500隻。
03:50
So we have a quarter of the penguins
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因此,相較於40年前的企鵝數量,
03:52
that we did 40 years ago.
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現在的企鵝只剩下1/4。
03:54
And this is true of most of our living systems.
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我們多數的生存系統也面臨了這種情況。
03:57
We have less than we had before,
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我們擁有的較之前少,
03:59
and most of them are in fairly steep decline.
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且大部分是在急遽下降中。
04:02
And I want to just show you a little bit about why.
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接下來,我要給大家看看一小部分的原因。
04:04
(Braying)
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(叫聲)
04:09
That's a penguin braying
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那是企鵝的叫聲,
04:11
to tell you that
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告訴各位
04:13
it's important to pay attention to penguins.
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關注企鵝是很重要的。
04:15
Most important of all,
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最重要的是,
04:17
I didn't know what that was the first time I heard it.
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我已忘記第一次聽到這個聲音是在何時。
04:20
And you can imagine sleeping on Fernandina your first night there
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你可以想像睡在費爾南迪納的第一夜,
04:23
and you hear this lonesome, plaintful call.
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就聽到這孤獨單調的呼喚。
04:27
I fell in love with penguins,
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我愛上了企鵝,
04:29
and it certainly has changed the rest of my life.
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這點無疑改變了我往後的人生。
04:31
What I found out I was studying
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後來,我發現我在研究的
04:33
is really the difference in how the Galapagos changes,
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其實是加拉帕戈斯改變了多少,
04:36
the most extreme variation.
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且是最極端的變化。
04:38
You've heard about these El Ninos,
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你曾聽過聖嬰現象,
04:41
but this is the extreme that penguins all over the world
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但這是全球的企鵝
04:43
have to adapt to.
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所必須適應的極端變化。
04:45
This is a cold-water event
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這則是讓海水異常變冷的
04:47
called La Nina.
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反聖嬰現象。
04:49
Where it's blue and it's green, it means the water is really cold.
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藍色與綠色的地方代表水溫非常冷。
04:52
And so you can see this current coming up --
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你可以看到這股洋流的出現-
04:54
in this case, the Humboldt Current --
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它叫做祕魯寒流-
04:56
that comes all the way out to the Galapagos Islands,
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一直流到加拉帕戈斯群島。
04:59
and this deep undersea current, the Cromwell Current,
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還有這個深海洋流:克倫威爾洋流,
05:02
that upwells around the Galapagos.
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在加拉帕戈斯周圍湧出。
05:04
That brings all the nutrients:
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洋流帶來了大量養分。
05:06
When this is cold in the Galapagos,
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當加拉帕戈斯的天氣轉冷,
05:09
it's rich, and there's plenty of food for everyone.
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小島變得豐饒,大家都有足夠的食物。
05:12
When we have extreme El Nino events,
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當極端的聖嬰現象發生,
05:14
you see all this red,
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你看到的是一片紅色,
05:16
and you see no green
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完全沒有綠色
05:18
out here around the Galapagos.
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在加拉帕戈斯周圍。
05:20
That means that there's no upwelling,
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這代表沒有上湧的洋流,
05:22
and there's basically no food.
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基本上也代表沒有食物。
05:25
So it's a real desert
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於是,這裡就變成了沙漠,
05:27
for not only for the penguins and the sea lions and the marine iguanas ...
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不單是對企鵝、海獅,和海鬣蜥而言。
05:30
things die when there's no food.
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沒有食物,生物就會死亡。
05:32
But we didn't even know that that
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然而,當我過去研究企鵝的時候,
05:34
affected the Galapagos when I went to study penguins.
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我們根本不知道這會影響加拉帕戈斯島。
05:37
And you can imagine being on an island hoping you're going to see penguins,
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想像你在一個島上,期盼能看到企鵝,
05:40
and you're in the middle of an El Nino event
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但因為當地有聖嬰現象,
05:42
and there are no penguins.
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所以看不到任何企鵝。
05:44
They're not breeding; they're not even around.
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牠們不是在繁衍後代,牠們根本不在那兒。
05:46
I studied marine iguanas at that point.
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那個時間點,我研究了海鬣蜥。
05:49
But this is a global phenomenon, we know that.
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然而,我們都知道這是個全球性的現像,
05:52
And if you look along the coast of Argentina, where I work now,
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倘若觀察阿根廷海岸,也就是我現在工作的地方,
05:54
at a place called Punta Tombo --
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那裡有個地方叫湯波角,
05:56
the largest Magellanic penguin colony in the world
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那是世界上最大的麥哲倫企鵝居住地。
05:58
down here about 44 degrees south latitude --
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大約在南緯44度,
06:02
you see that there's great variation here.
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你可以看到這裡的變化很大。
06:04
Some years, the cold water
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有幾年,
06:06
goes all the way up to Brazil,
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寒流會一直流到巴西,
06:08
and other years, in these La Nina years, it doesn't.
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但在反聖嬰現象的這幾年,寒流則不會流到巴西。
06:11
So the oceans don't always act together; they act differently,
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因此,海洋不會一成不變,而是變幻莫測。
06:14
but that is the kind of variation
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但這種變化
06:16
that penguins have to live with,
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是企鵝必須面對的,
06:18
and it's not easy.
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且一點都不容易。
06:20
So when I went to study the Magellanic penguins,
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因此,當我赴當地研究麥哲倫企鵝,
06:22
I didn't have any problems.
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我並沒有碰上麻煩。
06:24
There were plenty of them.
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當地的麥哲倫企鵝很多。
06:26
This is a picture at Punta Tombo in February
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這是二月時在湯波角拍的照片,
06:28
showing all the penguins along the beach.
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所有企鵝都在沙灘上。
06:30
I went there because the Japanese wanted to start harvesting them
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我會到那邊是因為日本人想開始捕殺牠們,
06:33
and turning them into high fashion golf gloves,
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並把牠們變成時尚的高球手套、
06:36
protein and oil.
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蛋白質,和油。
06:38
Fortunately, nobody has harvested any penguins
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幸運的是,還沒有人捕殺任何一隻企鵝,
06:41
and we're getting over 100,000 tourists a year to see them.
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反而一年有十萬多名遊客去一睹牠們的盧山面目。
06:44
But the population is declining
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然而,企鵝的數量正在下降中,
06:47
and it's declined fairly substantially, about 21 percent
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且下降的幅度相當大,自我從1987年開始調查,
06:50
since 1987, when I started these surveys,
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已下降了大約百分之21,
06:53
in terms of number of active nests.
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這些數據是根據企鵝的巢穴數量計算而得。
06:55
Here, you can see where Punta Tombo is,
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現在大家看到的是湯波角的位置,
06:57
and they breed in incredibly dense colonies.
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此地的企鵝在很密集的地方繁殖。
06:59
We know this because of long-term science,
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我們會知道這些,得歸因於長期的科學發展,
07:02
because we have long-term studies there.
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也歸因於我們長期在當地的研究。
07:04
And science is important in informing decision makers,
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科學不僅對決策很重要,
07:07
and also in changing how we do
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它對改變我們的行爲,
07:09
and knowing the direction of change that we're going in.
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以及讓我們了解改變的方向也同樣重要。
07:12
And so we have this penguin project. The Wildlife Conservation Society
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因此,我們有了這項企鵝研究計畫。野生動物保護協會
07:15
has funded me along with a lot of individuals
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在過去27年中,
07:18
over the last 27 years
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贊助我和其他人,
07:20
to be able to produce these kinds of maps.
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讓我們有辦法繪製出這些地圖。
07:22
And also, we know that it's not only
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此外,我們知道不單只有
07:24
Galapagos penguins that are in trouble,
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加拉帕戈斯企鵝遭遇到麻煩,
07:26
but Magellanics and many other species of penguins.
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就連麥哲倫企鵝和其他種類的企鵝也碰到同樣的麻煩。
07:29
And so we have started a global penguin society
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所以,我們建立了一個全球企鵝社群,
07:32
to try to focus on the real plight of penguins.
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以關注企鵝面臨的真實困境。
07:35
This is one of the plights of penguins: oil pollution.
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企鵝面臨的困境之一是石油污染。
07:38
Penguins don't like oil
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企鵝不喜歡石油,
07:40
and they don't like to swim through oil.
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也不喜歡在石油中游泳。
07:42
The nice thing is, if you look down here in Argentina,
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好事是,如果你看看阿根廷,
07:44
there's no surface oil pollution from this composite map.
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你從這張合成的地圖上看不到石油污染。
07:47
But, in fact, when we went to Argentina,
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然而,真實情況是當我們到達阿根廷,
07:49
penguins were often found
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我們常發現企鵝
07:51
totally covered in oil.
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全身沾滿了油污。
07:54
So they were just minding their own business.
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牠們只是在做自己的事,
07:56
They ended up swimming through ballast water that had oil in it.
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卻落得必須在飄滿石油的水中游泳。
07:59
Because when tankers carry oil
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原因是當油輪載著石油,
08:01
they have to have ballast at some point,
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石油就是這些油輪的壓艙物,
08:03
so when they're empty, they have the ballast water in there.
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而當船身清空的時候,油輪就必須將水引入船體。
08:05
When they come back, they actually dump
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每當油輪回航,油輪便將船中油膩的壓艙水
08:07
this oily ballast water into the ocean.
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往海中傾倒。
08:09
Why do they do that? Because it's cheaper,
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為什麼會這樣?因為比較省錢,
08:11
because they don't pay the real environmental costs.
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因為這些船隻不必爲環境付出真正的代價。
08:14
We usually don't, and we want to start
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我們通常不會這樣,而是想開始
08:16
getting the accounting system right
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建立完好的會計系統,
08:18
so we can pay the real cost.
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好讓人人都能爲自己的所作所為買單。
08:20
At first, the Argentine government said, "No, there's no way.
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剛開始,阿根廷政府表示,「不,不可能。
08:22
You can't find oiled penguins in Argentina.
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你在阿根廷看不到被石油污染的企鵝,
08:24
We have laws,
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我們有法律規定,
08:26
and we can't have illegal dumping; it's against the law."
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不允許非法傾倒廢油,那是違法的。」
08:29
So we ended up spending nine years
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所以我們花了九年的時間,
08:31
convincing the government that there were lots of oiled penguins.
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讓政府相信當地有很多被石油污染的企鵝。
08:34
In some years, like this year, we found
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有某幾年,像是這一年,我們發現
08:36
more than 80 percent
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超過80%
08:38
of the adult penguins dead on the beach
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的成年企鵝死在沙灘上,
08:40
were covered in oil.
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牠們全身沾滿了石油。
08:42
These little blue dots are the fledglings --
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這些小藍點代表幼雛,
08:45
we do this survey every March --
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我們每年三月都會做這項調查,
08:47
which means that they're only in the environment
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這代表幼鳥在這裡的時間
08:50
from January until March,
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只從1月到3月。
08:52
so maybe three months at the most
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所以牠們被石油污染的機會
08:54
that they could get covered in oil.
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最多有三個月。
08:56
And you can see, in some years over 60 percent
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你可以看到在某幾年中,超過60%
08:58
of the fledglings were oiled.
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的幼雛全身佈滿石油。
09:00
Eventually, the government listened
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最後,政府聽進去了,
09:02
and, amazingly, they changed their laws.
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令人訝異的是,他們也進行了修法。
09:05
They moved the tanker lanes
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他們將油輪航線
09:07
40 kilometers farther off shore,
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移到岸邊40公里外的地方,
09:10
and people are not doing as much illegal dumping.
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且人們傾倒廢油的非法動作也降低許多。
09:13
So what we're seeing now
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所以,我們現在看到的是,
09:15
is very few penguins are oiled.
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只有極少數的企鵝遭到石油污染。
09:17
Why are there even these penguins oiled?
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為什麼還是有被石油污染的企鵝?
09:19
Because we've solved the problem in Chubut province,
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因為我們解決了丘布特省的問題,
09:22
which is like a state in Argentina
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它像是阿根廷境內的一個州,
09:25
where Punta Tombo is --
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也是湯波角的所在地,
09:27
so that's about 1,000 kilometers of coastline --
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那邊的海岸線大概有1000公里,
09:29
but we haven't solved the problem
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但我們還沒解決
09:31
in northern Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil.
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阿根廷北部、烏拉圭,和巴西境內的問題。
09:35
So now I want to show you that penguins are affected.
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所以,我現在要給大家看看被這些問題影響的企鵝。
09:37
I'm just going to talk about two things.
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我只說兩件事。
09:39
This is climate change. Now this has really been a fun study
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這是氣候變遷,這其實是項有趣的研究,
09:42
because I put satellite tags on the back
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因為我把衛星標記置於
09:44
of these Magellanic penguins.
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麥哲倫企鵝的背上。
09:46
Try to convince donors to give you a couple thousand dollars
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想想要說服捐款者贊助我們幾千美元,
09:49
to glue a satellite tag on the back of penguins.
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把衛星標記貼在企鵝的後背。
09:52
But we've been doing this now for more than a decade to learn where they go.
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然而,這個動作已持續十年以上了,以了解牠們的遷徙。
09:55
We thought we needed a marine protected area
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我們認為我們需要一個海洋保護區,
09:57
of about 30 kilometers,
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範圍大約30公里,
09:59
and then we put a satellite tag on the back of a penguin.
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接著,我們便把衛星標記貼在企鵝的背部。
10:01
And what the penguins show us --
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而企鵝則透過
10:03
and these are all the little dots
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這些小點,
10:05
from where the penguins' positions were
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展示牠們的所在位置,
10:07
for penguins in incubation in 2003 --
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也就是於2003年孵化的小企鵝之位置。
10:09
and what you see is some of these individuals
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而你們看到的是某些企鵝
10:12
are going 800 kilometers away from their nests.
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會到離巢穴800公里遠的地方,
10:15
So that means as their mate
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這就意味著,當企鵝的另一半
10:17
is sitting on the nest incubating the eggs,
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正在巢穴裏孵蛋,
10:20
the other one is out there foraging,
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對方則在外頭覓食。
10:22
and the longer they have to stay gone,
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牠們的離開時間越久,
10:24
the worse condition the mate is in when the mate comes back.
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回來時另一半的狀況就越慘。
10:27
And, of course, all of this then leads to a vicious cycle
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想當然爾,這就演變成惡性循環,
10:30
and you can't raise a lot of chicks.
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而企鵝也無法養活更多幼雛。
10:32
Here you see in 2003 --
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你看到在2003年,
10:34
these are all the dots of where the penguins are --
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這些點代表企鵝的所在位置,
10:36
they were raising a little over
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牠們只能養活
10:38
a half of a chick.
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一半又多一點的幼雛。
10:41
Here, you can see in 2006,
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看到2006年,
10:43
they raised almost three quarters
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每個家庭則可養活
10:45
of a chick per nest,
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快要四分之三的幼雛。
10:47
and you can see that they're closer to Punta Tombo;
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你可以發現牠們離湯波角較近,
10:50
they're not going as far away.
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牠們不會走遠。
10:53
This past year, in 2009,
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在過去一年,也就是2009年,
10:55
you can see that they're now raising
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你可以看到牠們只養活
10:57
about a fourth of a chick,
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大約四分之一的幼雛。
10:59
and some of these individuals are going
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一些企鵝甚至去到
11:01
more than 900 kilometers away from their nests.
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離巢穴900公里遠的地方。
11:04
So it's kind of like you having a job in Chicago,
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這就像你在芝加哥工作
11:06
and then you get transferred
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然後被調至
11:08
to St. Louis,
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聖路易,
11:10
and your mate is not happy about this
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你的另一半爲此感到不快,
11:12
because you've got to pay airfare,
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因為你必須付機票錢,
11:14
because you're gone longer.
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而且你不在的時間變長了。
11:16
The same thing's true for penguins as well.
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對企鵝而言也一樣。
11:19
And they're going about, on average now,
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比起10年前,牠們現在平均
11:21
40 kilometers farther than they did a decade ago.
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多走了40公里。
11:25
We need to be able to get information out to the general public.
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我們必須把這些訊息傳給普羅大眾。
11:28
And so we started a publication
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因此,我們和環境保護協會
11:30
with the Society for Conservation
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共同創辦一本刊物,
11:32
that we think presents cutting-edge science
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這本刊物用新穎的方式
11:34
in a new, novel way,
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傳達時下的尖端科學知識。
11:36
because we have reporters that are good writers
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由於我們有很會寫作的記者,
11:39
that actually can distill the information
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他們可以萃取出訊息中的精華,
11:41
and make it accessible to the general public.
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並讓一般大眾都能輕易理解。
11:44
So if you're interested in cutting-edge science
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因此,若你對尖端科學
11:46
and smarter conservation,
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和先進的保育方法有興趣,
11:48
you should join with our 11 partners --
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你應該加入我們11位合作夥伴的行列中,
11:51
some of them here in this room, like the Nature Conservancy --
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他們之中有幾個人在現場,像是大自然保護協會。
11:54
and look at this magazine
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讀讀這本雜誌,
11:56
because we need to get information out about conservation
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因為我們必須將環境保護的訊息
11:59
to the general public.
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傳遞給普羅大眾。
12:01
Lastly I want to say that
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好,最後我想說,
12:03
all of you, probably,
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在座各位,
12:05
have had some relationship at some time in your life
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大概在你人生的某個階段裡,
12:07
with a dog, a cat, some sort of pet,
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都曾與狗、貓,或某種寵物相處過,
12:10
and you recognized that those are individuals.
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並把牠們視為獨立的個體,
12:12
And some of you consider them almost part of your family.
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有些人甚至將牠們當作家庭中的一份子。
12:15
If you had a relationship with a penguin,
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如果各位和企鵝相處過,
12:18
you'd see it in the same sort of way.
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你們對待牠們的方式也會一樣。
12:20
They're amazing creatures
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牠們是令人驚嘆的生物,
12:22
that really change how you view the world
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且會改變各位看世界的方式,
12:24
because they're not that different from us:
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因為牠們和我們沒什麼不同。
12:26
They're trying to make a living,
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牠們正試圖維持生活,
12:28
they're trying to raise their offspring,
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牠們正試圖養育後代,
12:30
they're trying to get on and survive in the world.
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牠們正試圖在世界上活下去。
12:33
This is Turbo the Penguin.
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這是隻名叫渦輪的企鵝,
12:35
Turbo's never been fed.
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渦輪從沒被飼養過,
12:37
He met us and got his name
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我們遇到牠,幫牠取了這個名字,
12:39
because he started standing under
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因為牠會站在
12:41
my diesel truck: a turbo truck,
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我的柴油車下面,一輛渦輪增壓車,
12:43
so we named him Turbo.
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所以我們就叫牠渦輪。
12:45
Turbo has taken to knocking on the door with his beak,
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渦輪習慣用牠的喙敲門,
12:47
we let him in and he comes in here.
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我們讓牠進來,然後牠就會到這裡來。
12:49
And I just wanted to show you
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我只是想給各位看看,
12:51
what happened one day
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某天當渦輪帶牠的朋友進來
12:53
when Turbo brought in a friend.
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所發生的一件事。
12:56
So this is Turbo.
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這就是渦輪,
12:58
He's coming up to one of my graduate students and flipper patting,
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牠來到我的研究生面前並拍打自己的蹼,
13:01
which he would do to a female penguin.
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這種舉動牠只會對異性的企鵝做。
13:05
And you can see, he's not trying to bite.
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如各位所見,牠沒有要咬人的意思。
13:07
This guy has never been in before
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這隻傢伙則從未進來過,
13:09
and he's trying to figure out, "What is going on?
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牠正想理解「到底發生了什麼事?
13:11
What is this guy doing?
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這傢伙到底在做什麼?
13:13
This is really pretty weird."
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這真的非常奇怪。」
13:15
And you'll see soon
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你們即將看到
13:17
that my graduate student ...
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我的研究生,
13:19
and you see, Turbo's pretty intent
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也會看到渦輪非常熱切的在
13:21
on his flipper patting.
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拍打自己的蹼。
13:23
And now he's looking at the other guy,
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現在牠看向另一隻同伴,
13:25
saying, "You are really weird."
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並說"你真的很奇怪"。
13:27
And now look at this: not friendly.
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再看看這個舉動,不友善。
13:29
So penguins really differ in their personalities
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所以企鵝的個性大異其趣,
13:32
just like our dogs and our cats.
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就像我們的狗和貓一樣。
13:35
We're also trying to collect our information
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我們也正試圖蒐集訊息
13:38
and become more technologically literate.
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並學習掌握更多技術。
13:41
So we're trying to put that
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因此,我們正試著把這些訊息輸入
13:43
in computers in the field.
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相關領域的電腦。
13:45
And penguins are always involved in helping us
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企鵝總是被迫參與我們的研究,要不是協助我們,
13:48
or not helping us in one way or another.
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就是不協助我們。
13:51
This is a radio frequency ID system.
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這是無線電頻率身分識別系統,
13:54
You put a little piece of rice in the foot of a penguin
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我們在每隻企鵝腳上放一小粒米,
13:57
that has a barcode, so it tells you who it is.
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米粒上有條碼以識別每隻企鵝。
13:59
It walks over the pad, and you know who it is.
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只要企鵝踏過墊子,就可以知道這是哪隻企鵝。
14:01
Okay, so here are a few penguins coming in.
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好,現在過來了幾隻企鵝。
14:04
See, this one's coming back to its nest.
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看,這隻正要回到巢穴中。
14:06
They're all coming in at this time,
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牠們都在這個時間過來,
14:08
walking across there, just kind of leisurely coming in.
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走過那邊,並帶著悠閒的感覺。
14:10
Here's a female that's in a hurry. She's got food.
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這裡有隻行色匆匆的母企鵝,
14:12
She's really rushing back, because it's hot,
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牠確實急著趕回去,因為天氣很熱,
14:15
to try to feed her chicks.
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而且牠還要餵小孩。
14:17
And then there's another fellow that will leisurely come by.
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那邊有個傢伙正悠閒的走過來,
14:20
Look how fat he is. He's walking back to feed his chicks.
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看他有多胖,牠也是要回來餵小孩。
14:23
Then I realize that they're playing
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接著,我發現牠們
14:25
king of the box.
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在玩箱子,
14:28
This is my box up here, and this is the system that works.
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這是我的箱子,而這就是正在運作的系統。
14:31
You can see this penguin, he goes over, he looks at those wires,
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你看到這隻企鵝,牠走過去,看了看那些電線,
14:34
does not like that wire.
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牠不喜歡那條電線。
14:37
He unplugs the wire; we have no data.
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牠拔掉插頭,我們的資料也就跟著不見了。
14:40
(Laughter)
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(大笑)
14:42
So, they really are pretty amazing creatures.
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所以牠們真的是令人驚嘆的動物。
14:47
OK.
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好。
14:49
Most important thing is:
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最重要的是,
14:51
Only you can change yourself,
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只有你能改變你自己,
14:53
and only you can change the world
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也只有你才能改變世界,
14:55
and make it better, for people
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讓人們和企鵝所居住的世界,
14:57
as well as penguins.
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變得更為美好。
14:59
So, thank you very much. (Applause)
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非常謝謝各位。
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