The search for our solar system's ninth planet | Mike Brown

421,874 views ใƒป 2019-12-21

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Hemu
00:13
I'm going to tell you a story from 200 years ago.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืœืคื ื™ 200 ืฉื ื™ื.
00:16
In 1820, French astronomer Alexis Bouvard
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ื‘-1820, ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืืœืงืกื™ืก ื‘ื•ื‘ืืจื“,
00:20
almost became the second person in human history to discover a planet.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืคืš ืœืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช.
00:25
He'd been tracking the position of Uranus across the night sky
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ื”ื•ื ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”
00:28
using old star catalogs,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ,
00:30
and it didn't quite go around the Sun
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืกื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
00:32
the way that his predictions said it should.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฆืคื• ืฉื™ืขืฉื”.
00:35
Sometimes it was a little too fast,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื– ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™,
00:37
sometimes a little too slow.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืื˜ ืžื“ื™.
00:39
Bouvard knew that his predictions were perfect.
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ื‘ื•ื‘ืืจื“ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
00:42
So it had to be that those old star catalogs were bad.
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ืื ื›ืš, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขื”.
00:46
He told astronomers of the day,
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื•,
00:48
"Do better measurements."
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"ืขืจื›ื• ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ".
00:50
So they did.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืขืฉื•.
00:51
Astronomers spent the next two decades
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื
00:54
meticulously tracking the position of Uranus across the sky,
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ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ ืงืคื“ื ื™ ืื—ืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื,
00:58
but it still didn't fit Bouvard's predictions.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืชืื ืืช ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ืืจื“.
01:01
By 1840, it had become obvious.
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ืขื“ 1840, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
01:04
The problem was not with those old star catalogs,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืŸ,
01:07
the problem was with the predictions.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช.
01:10
And astronomers knew why.
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ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื“ื•ืข.
01:11
They realized that there must be a distant, giant planet
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื•ืขืฆื•ื
01:15
just beyond the orbit of Uranus
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ
01:17
that was tugging along at that orbit,
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ืฉืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
01:19
sometimes pulling it along a bit too fast,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™,
01:21
sometimes holding it back.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื˜ ืื•ืชื•.
01:24
Must have been frustrating back in 1840
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ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืกื›ืœ ืื– ื‘-1840
01:26
to see these gravitational effects of this distant, giant planet
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืขืฆื•ื ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืง
01:30
but not yet know how to actually find it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•.
01:34
Trust me, it's really frustrating.
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ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœื™, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืกื›ืœ.
01:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:37
But in 1846, another French astronomer,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘-1840, ืขื•ื“ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ืฆืจืคืชื™,
01:39
Urbain Le Verrier,
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ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื” ื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืจ,
01:41
worked through the math
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ืคืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”
01:42
and figured out how to predict the location of the planet.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืขื ื— ืื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
01:45
He sent his prediction to the Berlin observatory,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืžืฆืคื” ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ,
01:48
they opened up their telescope
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ื”ื ืคืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืฉืœื”ื
01:49
and in the very first night they found this faint point of light
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื•ืจ ืงื˜ื ื”
01:52
slowly moving across the sky
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ืฉื ืขื” ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื
01:54
and discovered Neptune.
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:56
It was this close on the sky to Le Verrier's predicted location.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื—ื–ื” ืœื” ื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืจ.
02:01
The story of prediction and discrepancy and new theory
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ืช, ืื™ ื”ืชืืžื” ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
02:06
and triumphant discoveries is so classic
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืœืืกื™
02:09
and Le Verrier became so famous from it,
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ื•ืœื” ื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืจ ื”ืคืš ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื•,
02:12
that people tried to get in on the act right away.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื“ ื ื™ืกื• ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
02:15
In the last 163 years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 163 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:17
dozens of astronomers have used some sort of alleged orbital discrepancy
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ ื”ืชืืžื” ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื”
02:23
to predict the existence of some new planet in the solar system.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
02:28
They have always been wrong.
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ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ืขื•.
02:32
The most famous of these erroneous predictions
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ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ
02:34
came from Percival Lowell,
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืคืจืกื™ื‘ืœ ืœื•ืืœ,
02:35
who was convinced that there must be a planet just beyond Uranus and Neptune,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ,
02:40
messing with those orbits.
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ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืืœื”.
02:42
And so when Pluto was discovered in 1930
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘-1930
02:45
at the Lowell Observatory,
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ื‘ืžืฆืคื” ืœื•ืืœ,
02:46
everybody assumed that it must be the planet that Lowell had predicted.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ื” ืœื•ืืœ.
02:51
They were wrong.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื˜ืขื•.
02:53
It turns out, Uranus and Neptune are exactly where they're supposed to be.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉืื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
02:57
It took 100 years,
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ืœืงื— 100 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:59
but Bouvard was eventually right.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื‘ืืจื“ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื“ืง.
03:01
Astronomers needed to do better measurements.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:04
And when they did,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช,
03:06
those better measurements had turned out that
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ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื•
03:09
there is no planet just beyond the orbit of Uranus and Neptune
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ
03:14
and Pluto is thousands of times too small
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ื•ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ ืืœืฃ
03:17
to have any effect on those orbits at all.
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ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืœืœ.
03:20
So even though Pluto turned out not to be the planet
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช
03:23
it was originally thought to be,
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
03:25
it was the first discovery of what is now known to be
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ื•ื
03:28
thousands of tiny, icy objects in orbit beyond the planets.
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ื›ืืœืคื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืงืคื•ืื™ื ื”ื—ื’ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
03:33
Here you can see the orbits of Jupiter,
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง,
03:36
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune,
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ืฉื‘ืชืื™, ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ,
03:39
and in that little circle in the very center is the Earth
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื’ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:42
and the Sun and almost everything that you know and love.
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ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
03:45
And those yellow circles at the edge
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ื•ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช
03:47
are these icy bodies out beyond the planets.
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ื”ื ืื•ืชื ื’ื•ืคื™ ืงืจื— ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช.
03:49
These icy bodies are pushed and pulled
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ืื•ืชื ื’ื•ืคื™ ืงืจื— ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื”ื ื” ื•ื”ื ื”
03:52
by the gravitational fields of the planets
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช
03:54
in entirely predictable ways.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ.
03:56
Everything goes around the Sun exactly the way it is supposed to.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
04:02
Almost.
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ื›ืžืขื˜.
04:04
So in 2003,
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ืื– ื‘-2003,
04:06
I discovered what was at the time
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
04:08
the most distant known object in the entire solar system.
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ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
04:11
It's hard not to look at that lonely body out there
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ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื
04:14
and say, oh yeah, sure, so Lowell was wrong,
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืœื•ืืœ ื˜ืขื”.
04:16
there was no planet just beyond Neptune,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:18
but this, this could be a new planet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:21
The real question we had was,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื,
04:22
what kind of orbit does it have around the Sun?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ?
04:24
Does it go in a circle around the Sun
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ื’ ื‘ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ
04:26
like a planet should?
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืืžื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืข?
04:28
Or is it just a typical member of this icy belt of bodies
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ืื• ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืืœื”
04:32
that got a little bit tossed outward and it's now on its way back in?
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืขืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื—ื–ืจื”?
04:36
This is precisely the question
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืžืฉ
04:39
the astronomers were trying to answer about Uranus 200 years ago.
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ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 200 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:43
They did it by using overlooked observations of Uranus
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ืŸ
04:47
from 91 years before its discovery
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91 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื”
04:49
to figure out its entire orbit.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื• ื”ืžืœื.
04:51
We couldn't go quite that far back,
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš,
04:53
but we did find observations of our object from 13 years earlier
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืžืฆืื ื• ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืœืคื ื™ 13 ืฉื ื™ื
04:58
that allowed us to figure out how it went around the Sun.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
05:00
So the question is,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื,
05:02
is it in a circular orbit around the Sun, like a planet,
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ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช,
05:04
or is it on its way back in,
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ืื• ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื”,
05:06
like one of these typical icy bodies?
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ื›ืžื• ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื’ื•ืคื™ ืงืจื—?
05:08
And the answer is
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื,
05:10
no.
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ืœื.
05:11
It has a massively elongated orbit
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื•ืืจืš ืžืื•ื“
05:14
that takes 10,000 years to go around the Sun.
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ืฉื ืžืฉืš 10,000 ืฉื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
05:18
We named this object Sedna
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืกื“ื ื”
05:20
after the Inuit goddess of the sea,
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ืขืœ ืฉื ืืœืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ืช,
05:21
in honor of the cold, icy places where it spends all of its time.
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ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืžื ื•.
05:26
We now know that Sedna,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืกื“ื ื”,
05:27
it's about a third the size of Pluto
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื•
05:29
and it's a relatively typical member
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ื’ื•ืฃ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
05:31
of those icy bodies out beyond Neptune.
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ืžืื•ืชื ื’ื•ืคื™ ืงืจื— ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ.
05:34
Relatively typical, except for this bizarre orbit.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื–ืืจื™ ื”ื–ื”.
05:38
You might look at this orbit and say,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืชื’ื™ื“ื•,
05:40
"Yeah, that's bizarre, 10,000 years to go around the Sun,"
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"ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื–ืืจื™, 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ".
05:42
but that's not really the bizarre part.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ื™ื–ืืจื™.
05:44
The bizarre part is that in those 10,000 years,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ื™ื–ืืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
05:46
Sedna never comes close to anything else in the solar system.
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ืกื“ื ื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
05:50
Even at its closest approach to the Sun,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืฉืžืฉ,
05:53
Sedna is further from Neptune
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ืกื“ื ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ
05:55
than Neptune is from the Earth.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:59
If Sedna had had an orbit like this,
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ืื ืœืกื“ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
06:01
that kisses the orbit of Neptune once around the Sun,
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ืฉื ื•ืฉืง ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
06:03
that would have actually been really easy to explain.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
06:06
That would have just been an object
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜
06:08
that had been in a circular orbit around the Sun
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
06:10
in that region of icy bodies,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืงืจื—,
06:12
had gotten a little bit too close to Neptune one time,
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ืฉืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ,
06:14
and then got slingshot out and is now on its way back in.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืขืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื—ื–ืจื”.
06:19
But Sedna never comes close to anything known in the solar system
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื“ื ื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
06:24
that could have given it that slingshot.
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ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืจื—ืง.
06:26
Neptune can't be responsible,
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ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”,
06:28
but something had to be responsible.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื›ืš.
06:31
This was the first time since 1845
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– 1845
06:34
that we saw the gravitational effects of something in the outer solar system
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ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
06:39
and didn't know what it was.
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ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืžื” ื–ื”.
06:42
I actually thought I knew what the answer was.
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
06:45
Sure, it could have been some distant, giant planet
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืขืฆื•ื ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืง
06:49
in the outer solar system,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
06:50
but by this time, that idea was so ridiculous
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื’ื•ื—ืš
06:52
and had been so thoroughly discredited
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืจืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืžื•ืง
06:54
that I didn't take it very seriously.
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ืฉืœื ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
06:56
But 4.5 billion years ago,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ 4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
06:57
when the Sun formed in a cocoon of hundreds of other stars,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคืงืขืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:02
any one of those stars
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
07:04
could have gotten just a little bit too close to Sedna
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœืกื“ื ื”
07:06
and perturbed it onto the orbit that it has today.
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ื•ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ื•ื.
07:10
When that cluster of stars dissipated into the galaxy,
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ื›ืฉืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืคื•ื’ื’ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืืงืกื™ื”,
07:14
the orbit of Sedna would have been left as a fossil record
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ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื“ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื›ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™
07:18
of this earliest history of the Sun.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
07:20
I was so excited by this idea,
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ืชื™ ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
07:22
by the idea that we could look
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ
07:24
at the fossil history of the birth of the Sun,
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ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
07:26
that I spent the next decade
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื
07:28
looking for more objects with orbits like Sedna.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกื“ื ื”.
07:30
In that ten-year period, I found zero.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืฉื•ืจ, ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ืœื•ื.
07:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:35
But my colleagues, Chad Trujillo and Scott Sheppard, did a better job,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืฆ'ืื“ ื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื• ื•ืกืงื•ื˜ ืฉืคืืจื“, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื™,
07:38
and they have now found several objects with orbits like Sedna,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืกื“ื ื”,
07:41
which is super exciting.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
07:43
But what's even more interesting
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
07:45
is that they found that all these objects
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ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:48
are not only on these distant, elongated orbits,
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ืื™ื ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื,
07:51
they also share a common value of this obscure orbital parameter
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ื”ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืจืš ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื—ื‘ื•ื™
07:57
that in celestial mechanics we call argument of perihelion.
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ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื ื•ืกื—ืช ืคืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
08:02
When they realized it was clustered in argument of perihelion,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ืช ืคืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ,
08:05
they immediately jumped up and down,
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ืงืคืฆื• ืžืขืœื” ืžื˜ื”,
08:07
saying it must be caused by a distant, giant planet out there,
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ื•ืืžืจื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืขื ืง ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืฉื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”,
08:10
which is really exciting, except it makes no sense at all.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ืฉ, ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ืœืœ.
08:13
Let me try to explain it to you why with an analogy.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
08:15
Imagine a person walking down a plaza
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ื™ื›ืจ
08:18
and looking 45 degrees to his right side.
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ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื‘45 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
08:23
There's a lot of reasons that might happen,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
08:25
it's super easy to explain, no big deal.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืœื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
08:27
Imagine now many different people,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
08:29
all walking in different directions across the plaza,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ื›ืจ,
08:32
but all looking 45 degrees to the direction that they're moving.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘45 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื.
08:36
Everybody's moving in different directions,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
08:38
everybody's looking in different directions,
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
08:40
but they're all looking 45 degrees to the direction of motion.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื’ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘45 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”.
08:43
What could cause something like that?
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ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช?
08:46
I have no idea.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’.
08:48
It's very difficult to think of any reason that that would happen.
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช.
08:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:53
And this is essentially what that clustering
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ
08:56
in argument of perihelion was telling us.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ืช ืคืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื•.
08:59
Scientists were generally baffled and they assumed it must just be a fluke
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™
09:03
and some bad observations.
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ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช.
09:04
They told the astronomers,
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ื”ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื
09:06
"Do better measurements."
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"ืขืจื›ื• ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ".
09:08
I actually took a very careful look at those measurements, though,
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ืื ื™ ืขืจื›ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช,
09:11
and they were right.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
09:13
These objects really did all share
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ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื›ืŸ ื—ืœืงื• ื›ื•ืœื
09:15
a common value of argument of perihelion,
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ืขืจืš ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืกื—ืช ืคืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ,
09:17
and they shouldn't.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื•ืชื•.
09:19
Something had to be causing that.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš.
09:23
The final piece of the puzzle came into place in 2016,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืคืื–ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘-2016,
09:27
when my colleague, Konstantin Batygin,
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ื›ืฉืขืžื™ืชื™, ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื’ื™ืŸ,
09:30
who works three doors down from me, and I
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ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืžืžื ื™, ื•ืื ื™
09:32
realized that the reason that everybody was baffled
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ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื
09:35
was because argument of perihelion was only part of the story.
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ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืกื—ืช ืคืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื.
09:40
If you look at these objects the right way,
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ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
09:42
they are all actually lined up in space in the same direction,
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื™ื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
09:46
and they're all tilted in space in the same direction.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
09:49
It's as if all those people on the plaza are all walking in the same direction
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
09:54
and they're all looking 45 degrees to the right side.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘45 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
09:57
That's easy to explain.
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ืงืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
09:59
They're all looking at something.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•.
10:01
These objects in the outer solar system are all reacting to something.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื•.
10:07
But what?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื”?
10:08
Konstantin and I spent a year
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ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื ื”
10:11
trying to come up with any explanation other than a distant, giant planet
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืขื ืง ืžืจื•ื—ืง
10:16
in the outer solar system.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
10:17
We did not want to be the 33rd and 34th people in history to propose this planet
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ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืก' 33 ื•-34 ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืขื• ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”
10:23
to yet again be told we were wrong.
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ื•ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
10:26
But after a year,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื”,
10:28
there was really no choice.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช.
10:29
We could come up with no other explanation
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ
10:32
other than that there is a distant,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื ื•
10:34
massive planet on an elongated orbit,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืขืฆื•ื ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืื•ืจืš,
10:37
inclined to the rest of the solar system,
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
10:40
that is forcing these patterns for these objects
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ืฉืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื
10:42
in the outer solar system.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
10:44
Guess what else a planet like this does.
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ื ื—ืฉื• ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื›ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื”.
10:46
Remember that strange orbit of Sedna,
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื“ื ื”,
10:48
how it was kind of pulled away from the Sun in one direction?
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ืื™ืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“?
10:51
A planet like this would make orbits like that all day long.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื›ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืชืžื™ื“.
10:55
We knew we were onto something.
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•.
10:57
So this brings us to today.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื,
11:00
We are basically 1845, Paris.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืคืืจื™ืก ืฉืœ 1845,
11:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:06
We see the gravitational effects of a distant, giant planet,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืขืฆื•ื ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืง,
11:11
and we are trying to work out the calculations
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
11:13
to tell us where to look, to point our telescopes,
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ืฉื™ืกืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ, ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
11:16
to find this planet.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”.
11:18
We've done massive suites of computer simulations,
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช,
11:21
massive months of analytic calculations
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
11:23
and here's what I can tell you so far.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขื“ ื›ื”,
11:25
First, this planet, which we call Planet Nine,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”, ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืชืฉืข",
11:29
because that's what it is,
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื.
11:32
Planet Nine is six times the mass of the Earth.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืชืฉืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฉ ืžืžืกืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
11:36
This is no slightly-smaller-than-Pluto,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžืคืœื•ื˜ื•,
11:38
let's-all-argue-about- whether-it's-a-planet-or-not thing.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ื ื ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืื ื–ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื• ืœื".
11:41
This is the fifth largest planet in our entire solar system.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:44
For context, let me show you the sizes of the planets.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช.
11:48
In the back there, you can the massive Jupiter and Saturn.
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฆื“ืง ื•ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื.
11:52
Next to them, a little bit smaller, Uranus and Neptune.
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ืœื™ื“ื, ืžืขื˜ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ.
11:54
Up in the corner, the terrestrial planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
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ื‘ืคื™ื ื”, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ืžืจืงื•ืจื™, ื ื’ื”, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžืื“ื™ื.
11:58
You can even see that belt
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื’ื•ืจื”
11:59
of icy bodies beyond Neptune, of which Pluto is a member,
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ ืงืจื— ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืคืœื•ื˜ื•,
12:02
good luck figuring out which one it is.
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ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืืชืจ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื.
12:04
And here is Planet Nine.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืชืฉืข.
12:08
Planet Nine is big.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืชืฉืข ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
12:11
Planet Nine is so big,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืชืฉืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
12:12
you should probably wonder why haven't we found it yet.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืื™ืš ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ื›ื”.
12:14
Well, Planet Nine is big,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืชืฉืข ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
12:16
but it's also really, really far away.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืืŸ.
12:18
It's something like 15 times further away than Neptune.
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ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืคื™ 15 ืžื”ืžืจื—ืง ืœื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ.
12:23
And that makes it about 50,000 times fainter than Neptune.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ 50,000 ืขืžื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ.
12:26
And also, the sky is a really big place.
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ื•ื’ื, ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
12:29
We've narrowed down where we think it is
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ืฆืžืฆืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœื•
12:31
to a relatively small area of the sky,
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ืœื—ืœืง ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื,
12:34
but it would still take us years
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืงื— ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ื
12:35
to systematically cover the area of the sky
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ืœื›ืกื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”
12:38
with the large telescopes that we need
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ืขื ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
12:40
to see something that's this far away and this faint.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืžื•ื.
12:43
Luckily, we might not have to.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
12:46
Just like Bouvard used unrecognized observations of Uranus
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื•ื‘ืืจื“ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืŸ
12:51
from 91 years before its discovery,
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91 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื•,
12:54
I bet that there are unrecognized images
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช
12:58
that show the location of Planet Nine.
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ืฉืžืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืชืฉืข.
13:02
It's going to be a massive computational undertaking
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชื’ืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื•ื
13:05
to go through all of the old data
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื–ื”
13:07
and pick out that one faint moving planet.
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื ืข ืขืžื•ื.
13:11
But we're underway.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš.
13:12
And I think we're getting close.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื.
13:15
So I would say, get ready.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ืชืชื›ื•ื ื ื•.
13:17
We are not going to match Le Verrier's
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื” ื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืจ
13:21
"make a prediction,
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ืฉืœ "ื‘ื•ื ื ืขืจื•ืš ืชื—ื–ื™ืช,
13:22
have the planet found in a single night
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ื ืžืฆื ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“
13:24
that close to where you predicted it" record.
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ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•".
13:26
But I do bet that within the next couple of years
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
13:30
some astronomer somewhere
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืื™ ืฉื
13:33
will find a faint point of light,
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ื™ืžืฆื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืžื”,
13:35
slowly moving across the sky
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ื”ื ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ื
13:37
and triumphantly announce the discovery of a new,
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ื•ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉ,
13:41
and quite possibly not the last,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื,
13:43
real planet of our solar system.
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ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
13:46
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”,
13:47
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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