The search for our solar system's ninth planet | Mike Brown

417,378 views ใƒป 2019-12-21

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Kim Sang woo ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yunjung Nam
00:13
I'm going to tell you a story from 200 years ago.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” 200๋…„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
In 1820, French astronomer Alexis Bouvard
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1820๋…„, ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์ธ ์•Œ๋ ‰์‹œ์Šค ๋ถ€๋ฐ”๋“œ๋Š”
00:20
almost became the second person in human history to discover a planet.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
He'd been tracking the position of Uranus across the night sky
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Šฆ์€ ๋ฐค์— ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
00:28
using old star catalogs,
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์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:30
and it didn't quite go around the Sun
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์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ์˜ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณต์ „์ด
00:32
the way that his predictions said it should.
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๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
Sometimes it was a little too fast,
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์–ด๋–จ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ์•˜๊ณ ,
00:37
sometimes a little too slow.
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์–ด๋–จ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Š๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
Bouvard knew that his predictions were perfect.
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๋ถ€๋ฐ”๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ๋งž๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
So it had to be that those old star catalogs were bad.
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:46
He told astronomers of the day,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž์™€ ๊ทธ ๋‚ ์˜ ์ผ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉฐ
00:48
"Do better measurements."
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"์ธก์ •์„ ๋” ์ž˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
So they did.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:51
Astronomers spent the next two decades
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์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ดํ›„ 20๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
00:54
meticulously tracking the position of Uranus across the sky,
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์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋” ๊ผผ๊ผผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
but it still didn't fit Bouvard's predictions.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฐ”๋“œ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
By 1840, it had become obvious.
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1840๋…„์—์•ผ ์›์ธ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
The problem was not with those old star catalogs,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:07
the problem was with the predictions.
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์˜ˆ์ธก์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
And astronomers knew why.
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์ด์œ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
They realized that there must be a distant, giant planet
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถค๋„ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์— ์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
01:15
just beyond the orbit of Uranus
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๊ถค๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:17
that was tugging along at that orbit,
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์žก์•„๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ณ 
01:19
sometimes pulling it along a bit too fast,
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
01:21
sometimes holding it back.
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์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
Must have been frustrating back in 1840
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1840๋…„์— ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†๋Š”
01:26
to see these gravitational effects of this distant, giant planet
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๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฐ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:30
but not yet know how to actually find it.
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์ ˆ๋ง์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:34
Trust me, it's really frustrating.
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์žฅ๋ง๋กœ ๋†๋‹ด์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:37
But in 1846, another French astronomer,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1846๋…„, ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž
01:39
Urbain Le Verrier,
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์šฐ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ธ ๋ฅด ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์—๋Š”
01:41
worked through the math
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
01:42
and figured out how to predict the location of the planet.
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๊ทธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
He sent his prediction to the Berlin observatory,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์ฒœ๋ฌธ๋Œ€์— ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๊ณ 
01:48
they opened up their telescope
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์„ ์—ด์–ด
01:49
and in the very first night they found this faint point of light
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์˜ˆ์ธก์น˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ นํ•œ ๊ทธ ๋‚ ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”
01:52
slowly moving across the sky
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ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋น›์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
and discovered Neptune.
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ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:56
It was this close on the sky to Le Verrier's predicted location.
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๋ฅด ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์—์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:01
The story of prediction and discrepancy and new theory
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๋ฅด ๋ฐ”๋ฆฌ์—์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
02:06
and triumphant discoveries is so classic
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๋งค์šฐ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
02:09
and Le Verrier became so famous from it,
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๋ฅด ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์ ธ
02:12
that people tried to get in on the act right away.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋‚˜์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:15
In the last 163 years,
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์ง€๋‚œ 163๋…„๊ฐ„
02:17
dozens of astronomers have used some sort of alleged orbital discrepancy
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์ˆ˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ๋ชฉ๋ก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด
02:23
to predict the existence of some new planet in the solar system.
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒˆ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
They have always been wrong.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ํ‹€๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
The most famous of these erroneous predictions
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š”
02:34
came from Percival Lowell,
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ํผ์‹œ๋ฐœ ๋กœ์›ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์ธ๋ฐ,
02:35
who was convinced that there must be a planet just beyond Uranus and Neptune,
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์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถค๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค ๋„ˆ๋จธ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
02:40
messing with those orbits.
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์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
And so when Pluto was discovered in 1930
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1930๋…„์— ๋กœ์›ฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ
02:45
at the Lowell Observatory,
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๋ช…์™•์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
everybody assumed that it must be the planet that Lowell had predicted.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋กœ์›ฐ์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:51
They were wrong.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
It turns out, Uranus and Neptune are exactly where they're supposed to be.
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์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ์€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
It took 100 years,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ 100๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ
02:59
but Bouvard was eventually right.
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๋ถ€๋ฐ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๋ช…๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
Astronomers needed to do better measurements.
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์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
And when they did,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํƒ์ƒ‰๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
03:06
those better measurements had turned out that
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์—๋Š” ๋”์ด์ƒ
03:09
there is no planet just beyond the orbit of Uranus and Neptune
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:14
and Pluto is thousands of times too small
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๋ช…์™•์„ฑ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์ž‘์•„์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถค๋„์—
03:17
to have any effect on those orbits at all.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
So even though Pluto turned out not to be the planet
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์ด์ œ ๋ช…์™•์„ฑ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„์™”๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ
03:23
it was originally thought to be,
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ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ž€๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:25
it was the first discovery of what is now known to be
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์„ฑ ์ด์™ธ์— ๊ถค๋„์— ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์–ผ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ
03:28
thousands of tiny, icy objects in orbit beyond the planets.
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๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
Here you can see the orbits of Jupiter,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชฉ์„ฑ, ํ† ์„ฑ, ์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ, ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถค๋„ ๋ฐ
03:36
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune,
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03:39
and in that little circle in the very center is the Earth
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์ž‘์€ ์›์˜ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š”
03:42
and the Sun and almost everything that you know and love.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ํƒœ์–‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
And those yellow circles at the edge
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž€ ์›์€
03:47
are these icy bodies out beyond the planets.
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ํ–‰์„ฑ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์˜ ์–ผ์Œ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ ์ง€๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
These icy bodies are pushed and pulled
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์ด ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅ์žฅ์ด
03:52
by the gravitational fields of the planets
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ
03:54
in entirely predictable ways.
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๋ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ฐ€์ณ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Everything goes around the Sun exactly the way it is supposed to.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํƒœ์–‘ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:02
Almost.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:04
So in 2003,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” 2003๋…„์—
04:06
I discovered what was at the time
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์—์„œ
04:08
the most distant known object in the entire solar system.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
It's hard not to look at that lonely body out there
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋จผ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋ ค์› ๊ณ 
04:14
and say, oh yeah, sure, so Lowell was wrong,
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๋กœ์›ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
there was no planet just beyond Neptune,
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ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์— ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ 
04:18
but this, this could be a new planet.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ–‰์„ฑ์ผ ์ˆœ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
The real question we had was,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ
04:22
what kind of orbit does it have around the Sun?
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ํƒœ์–‘์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
Does it go in a circle around the Sun
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
04:26
like a planet should?
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ํƒœ์–‘์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
04:28
Or is it just a typical member of this icy belt of bodies
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ € ์–ผ์Œ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ ์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
04:32
that got a little bit tossed outward and it's now on its way back in?
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๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ํŠ•๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š”์ง€?
04:36
This is precisely the question
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด 200๋…„ ์ „์—
04:39
the astronomers were trying to answer about Uranus 200 years ago.
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์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋˜์กŒ๋˜ ์˜๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
They did it by using overlooked observations of Uranus
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ 91๋…„ ์ „์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
04:47
from 91 years before its discovery
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91๋…„ ํ›„์— ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ
04:49
to figure out its entire orbit.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ •์ง€์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
We couldn't go quite that far back,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
04:53
but we did find observations of our object from 13 years earlier
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13๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
that allowed us to figure out how it went around the Sun.
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05:00
So the question is,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€,
05:02
is it in a circular orbit around the Sun, like a planet,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํƒœ์–‘ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
05:04
or is it on its way back in,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์–ผ์Œ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ
05:06
like one of these typical icy bodies?
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ํŠ•๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
And the answer is
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์€
05:10
no.
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์ „์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
It has a massively elongated orbit
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋Š˜๊ณ  ๊ธด ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ
05:14
that takes 10,000 years to go around the Sun.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๊ณต์ „ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ 1๋งŒ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
We named this object Sedna
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ
05:20
after the Inuit goddess of the sea,
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์–ผ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
05:21
in honor of the cold, icy places where it spends all of its time.
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ํ•œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ด๋ˆ„์ดํŠธ์กฑ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ์—ฌ์‹ ์ธ ์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
We now know that Sedna,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€
05:27
it's about a third the size of Pluto
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๋ช…์™•์„ฑ์˜ 3๋ฐฐ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ด๊ณ 
05:29
and it's a relatively typical member
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ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ผ์Œ์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์™€
05:31
of those icy bodies out beyond Neptune.
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํ˜•์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
Relatively typical, except for this bizarre orbit.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ด ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ณต์ „๊ถค๋„๋งŒ ๋นผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
You might look at this orbit and say,
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์ด ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์•„๋งˆ
05:40
"Yeah, that's bizarre, 10,000 years to go around the Sun,"
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"๊ณต์ „์— 1๋งŒ๋…„? ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋ผ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
but that's not really the bizarre part.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
The bizarre part is that in those 10,000 years,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋งŒ๋…„๋™์•ˆ
05:46
Sedna never comes close to anything else in the solar system.
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์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜ ์ฒœ์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง„ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
Even at its closest approach to the Sun,
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ์„ ๋•Œ๋„
05:53
Sedna is further from Neptune
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ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค
05:55
than Neptune is from the Earth.
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์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
If Sedna had had an orbit like this,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณต์ „๊ถค๋„์™€
06:01
that kisses the orbit of Neptune once around the Sun,
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์€ ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋Š” ๊ถค๋„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:03
that would have actually been really easy to explain.
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์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ถค๋„์˜ ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
That would have just been an object
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ํƒœ์–‘ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋„๋Š” ์–ผ์Œ์ง€๋Œ€์—
06:08
that had been in a circular orbit around the Sun
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–‘์ฃผ๋ณ€์„ ๋„๋Š”
06:10
in that region of icy bodies,
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๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:12
had gotten a little bit too close to Neptune one time,
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•ด ํŠ•๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€
06:14
and then got slingshot out and is now on its way back in.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
But Sedna never comes close to anything known in the solar system
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ„์˜ ์ƒˆ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜ ์ฒœ์ฒด๋“ค๊ณผ
06:24
that could have given it that slingshot.
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง„ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
Neptune can't be responsible,
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ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
06:28
but something had to be responsible.
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์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ถค๋„์— ์›์ธ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
This was the first time since 1845
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1845๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜
06:34
that we saw the gravitational effects of something in the outer solar system
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ–์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์ค‘๋ ฅํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
06:39
and didn't know what it was.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ธกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
I actually thought I knew what the answer was.
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋‹ต์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
Sure, it could have been some distant, giant planet
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ–์— ๋จธ๋‚˜๋จผ ๊ณณ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ
06:49
in the outer solar system,
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
06:50
but by this time, that idea was so ridiculous
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ™ฉ๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ 
06:52
and had been so thoroughly discredited
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๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ธ์ง€๋ผ
06:54
that I didn't take it very seriously.
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
But 4.5 billion years ago,
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” 45์–ต๋…„ ์ „์—
06:57
when the Sun formed in a cocoon of hundreds of other stars,
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์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ„๊ณผ ํƒœ์–‘์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ณ ์น˜์˜ ๋ณ„ ๋“ค์ค‘ ์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
07:02
any one of those stars
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์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜์™€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ•ด
07:04
could have gotten just a little bit too close to Sedna
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์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณต์ „๊ถค๋„์—
07:06
and perturbed it onto the orbit that it has today.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
When that cluster of stars dissipated into the galaxy,
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๋ณ„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์€ํ•˜๊ณ„๋กœ ํฉ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ,
07:14
the orbit of Sedna would have been left as a fossil record
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ํƒœ์–‘์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณต์ „๊ถค๋„๊ฐ€
07:18
of this earliest history of the Sun.
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
I was so excited by this idea,
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์ „ ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
07:22
by the idea that we could look
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
07:24
at the fossil history of the birth of the Sun,
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์ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ฐ๋ช…๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ›„ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
07:26
that I spent the next decade
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์ €๋Š” ์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜์™€
07:28
looking for more objects with orbits like Sedna.
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์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
In that ten-year period, I found zero.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ 10๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:35
But my colleagues, Chad Trujillo and Scott Sheppard, did a better job,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ์ฐจ๋“œ ํŠธ๋ฃจ์ง€์˜ค์™€ ์Šค์ฝง ์…ฐํผ๋“œ๋Š”
07:38
and they have now found several objects with orbits like Sedna,
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์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
which is super exciting.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
But what's even more interesting
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑด
07:45
is that they found that all these objects
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์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฉ€๊ณ  ์–‡๊ณ  ๊ธด ๊ถค๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ
07:48
are not only on these distant, elongated orbits,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ถค๋„์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜์ธ
07:51
they also share a common value of this obscure orbital parameter
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๊ทผ์ผ์ ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์ฒœ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š”
07:57
that in celestial mechanics we call argument of perihelion.
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์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
When they realized it was clustered in argument of perihelion,
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๊ทผ์ผ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ง€์–ด
08:05
they immediately jumped up and down,
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์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์€
08:07
saying it must be caused by a distant, giant planet out there,
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์— ํฌ๊ณ  ๋จธ๋‚˜๋จผ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
08:10
which is really exciting, except it makes no sense at all.
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๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
Let me try to explain it to you why with an analogy.
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์œ„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
08:15
Imagine a person walking down a plaza
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๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ 45๋„์ฏค์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
08:18
and looking 45 degrees to his right side.
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์‡ผํ•‘์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ–‰์ธ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:23
There's a lot of reasons that might happen,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
08:25
it's super easy to explain, no big deal.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
Imagine now many different people,
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
08:29
all walking in different directions across the plaza,
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์‡ผํ•‘์„ผํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ž ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ
08:32
but all looking 45 degrees to the direction that they're moving.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ 45๋„์ฏค์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
Everybody's moving in different directions,
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:38
everybody's looking in different directions,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
08:40
but they're all looking 45 degrees to the direction of motion.
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๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ 45๋„์ฏค์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
What could cause something like that?
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๋Œ€์ฒด ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
08:46
I have no idea.
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์ „ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
It's very difficult to think of any reason that that would happen.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑด ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:53
And this is essentially what that clustering
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ์ผ์ ์˜ ๋ณ„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
08:56
in argument of perihelion was telling us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
Scientists were generally baffled and they assumed it must just be a fluke
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์š”ํ–‰์ด๋‚˜ ์ž˜๋ชป ๊ด€์ธกํ–ˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
09:03
and some bad observations.
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๋‹นํ˜น์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
They told the astronomers,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ
09:06
"Do better measurements."
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"์ธก์ •์„ ๋” ์ž˜ํ•˜์„ธ์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
I actually took a very careful look at those measurements, though,
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์ „ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ ์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์˜๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
09:11
and they were right.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งž์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
These objects really did all share
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ทผ์ผ์ ์„
09:15
a common value of argument of perihelion,
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๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:17
and they shouldn't.
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์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
Something had to be causing that.
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์ด ์ผ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด์–ด์•ผํ•  ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
The final piece of the puzzle came into place in 2016,
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์ด ํผ์ฆ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์กฐ๊ฐ์€ 2016๋…„์—
09:27
when my colleague, Konstantin Batygin,
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์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค 3์ธต ๋ฐ‘์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ
09:30
who works three doors down from me, and I
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์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํ‹ด ๋ฐฐํ‹ฐ์ง„๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฐ€, ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ˜น์‹œ์ผฐ๋˜ ๊ทผ์ผ์ ์€
09:32
realized that the reason that everybody was baffled
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๊ทธ์ € ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๋Š”
09:35
was because argument of perihelion was only part of the story.
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์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
If you look at these objects the right way,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:42
they are all actually lined up in space in the same direction,
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์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์šฐ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์ง€์–ด ์„œ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:46
and they're all tilted in space in the same direction.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์šธ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
It's as if all those people on the plaza are all walking in the same direction
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์‡ผํ•‘์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑธ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ
09:54
and they're all looking 45 degrees to the right side.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ 45๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
That's easy to explain.
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์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
They're all looking at something.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
These objects in the outer solar system are all reacting to something.
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์ด ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ–์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
But what?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:08
Konstantin and I spent a year
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์ฝ˜์Šคํƒ„ํ‹ด๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
10:11
trying to come up with any explanation other than a distant, giant planet
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ  ๋จธ๋‚˜๋จผ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:16
in the outer solar system.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
We did not want to be the 33rd and 34th people in history to propose this planet
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ คํ–ˆ๋˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ
33๋ฒˆ์งธ์™€ 34๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํŒจ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:23
to yet again be told we were wrong.
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10:26
But after a year,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
10:28
there was really no choice.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํ•ด์„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
We could come up with no other explanation
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ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„ ๋ฐ– ๋จธ๋‚˜๋จผ ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ€๋Š๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ถค๋„์˜
10:32
other than that there is a distant,
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์œก์ค‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด
10:34
massive planet on an elongated orbit,
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์ด ์–ผ์Œ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
10:37
inclined to the rest of the solar system,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š”
10:40
that is forcing these patterns for these objects
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ–์—๋Š”
10:42
in the outer solar system.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
Guess what else a planet like this does.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋‚˜
10:46
Remember that strange orbit of Sedna,
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์„ธ๋“œ๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•˜๋ฉด
10:48
how it was kind of pulled away from the Sun in one direction?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒœ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๊ฐ”์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:51
A planet like this would make orbits like that all day long.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ถค๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
10:55
We knew we were onto something.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
So this brings us to today.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
We are basically 1845, Paris.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ 1845๋…„ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ,
11:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:06
We see the gravitational effects of a distant, giant planet,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์žˆ๋Š” ์œก์ค‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜
11:11
and we are trying to work out the calculations
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์ค‘๋ ฅํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๊ณ 
11:13
to tell us where to look, to point our telescopes,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋””๋ฅผ ๋ด์•ผํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
11:16
to find this planet.
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๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
We've done massive suites of computer simulations,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํšŸ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜
11:21
massive months of analytic calculations
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ฌ๋“ค์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ
11:23
and here's what I can tell you so far.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋งํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆด์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด ๋‹ค ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
First, this planet, which we call Planet Nine,
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๋จผ์ €, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ 9ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
11:29
because that's what it is,
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9๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ .
11:32
Planet Nine is six times the mass of the Earth.
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์ œ 9ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ 6๋ฐฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
This is no slightly-smaller-than-Pluto,
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ๋ช…์™•์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ž‘์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
11:38
let's-all-argue-about- whether-it's-a-planet-or-not thing.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฑด ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:41
This is the fifth largest planet in our entire solar system.
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์—์„œ 5๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
For context, let me show you the sizes of the planets.
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์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด, ํ–‰์„ฑํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋น„๊ต์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
11:48
In the back there, you can the massive Jupiter and Saturn.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋’ค์— ์œก์ค‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ๋ชฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ† ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
Next to them, a little bit smaller, Uranus and Neptune.
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๊ทธ ์˜†์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ž‘์€๊ฑด ์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:54
Up in the corner, the terrestrial planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
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์œ„ ๊ตฌ์„์— ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด ์ง€๊ตฌํ˜• ํ–‰์„ฑ์ธ ์ˆ˜์„ฑ, ํ™”์„ฑ, ์ง€๊ตฌ,ํ™”์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
You can even see that belt
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์˜
11:59
of icy bodies beyond Neptune, of which Pluto is a member,
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๋ช…์™•์„ฑ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒจํŠธ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
good luck figuring out which one it is.
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์ž˜ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธด ํž˜๋“ค๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:04
And here is Planet Nine.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ œ 9ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:08
Planet Nine is big.
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9ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
Planet Nine is so big,
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
12:12
you should probably wonder why haven't we found it yet.
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์™œ ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ชป์ฐพ์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด ํ•˜์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
Well, Planet Nine is big,
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์ผ๋‹จ 9ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ํฌ์ง€๋งŒ
12:16
but it's also really, really far away.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ, ์ •๋ง ๋จธ๋‚˜๋จผ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
It's something like 15 times further away than Neptune.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— 15๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
And that makes it about 50,000 times fainter than Neptune.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ•ด์™•์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค 5๋งŒ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
And also, the sky is a really big place.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์žฅ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
We've narrowed down where we think it is
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์œ„์ •๋„๋กœ
12:31
to a relatively small area of the sky,
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์ถ•์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
12:34
but it would still take us years
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ํฐ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
12:35
to systematically cover the area of the sky
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ  ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด
12:38
with the large telescopes that we need
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์„
12:40
to see something that's this far away and this faint.
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ํŠน์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
Luckily, we might not have to.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
Just like Bouvard used unrecognized observations of Uranus
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ถ€๋ฐ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์™•์„ฑ์„ ๊ณต์ธ๋˜๊ธฐ 91๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
12:51
from 91 years before its discovery,
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์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
I bet that there are unrecognized images
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 9ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฐํžŒ
12:58
that show the location of Planet Nine.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
It's going to be a massive computational undertaking
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋’ค์ ธ์„œ
13:05
to go through all of the old data
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ํฌ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด
13:07
and pick out that one faint moving planet.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
But we're underway.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฐพ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
And I think we're getting close.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ ์  ํ•ด๋‹ต์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
So I would say, get ready.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
13:17
We are not going to match Le Verrier's
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฅด๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์—์˜
13:21
"make a prediction,
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"์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:22
have the planet found in a single night
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์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์„ ํ–‰์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ผ."
13:24
that close to where you predicted it" record.
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๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
But I do bet that within the next couple of years
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2๋…„ ๋‚ด์— ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ€
13:30
some astronomer somewhere
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ํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”
13:33
will find a faint point of light,
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ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ๋น›์˜ ์ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ 
13:35
slowly moving across the sky
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
and triumphantly announce the discovery of a new,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋น›์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
13:41
and quite possibly not the last,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋˜ํ•œ
13:43
real planet of our solar system.
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์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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