How racism makes us sick | David R. Williams

Prevoditelj: Lucija Jelić Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

An article in the Yale Alumni Magazine

Članak iz Yale Alumni Magazine -a

told the story of Clyde Murphy,

govori o priči Clyde Murphya,

a black man who was a member of the Class of 1970.

crnca koji je bio član generacije 1970.

Clyde was a success story.

Njegova je priča uspješna.

After Yale and a law degree from Columbia,

Nakon Yale-a i pravne diplome s Columbie,

Clyde spent the next 30 years

Clyde je proveo idućih 30 godina

as one of America's top civil rights lawyers.

kao jedan od najboljih američkih odvjetnika za ljudska prava.

He was also a great husband and father.

Također je bio odličan muž i otac.

But despite his success,

Ali usprkos njegovom uspjehu,

personally and professionally,

profesionalnom i osobnom,

Clyde's story had a sad ending.

Clydeova priča ima tužan završetak.

In 2010,

U 2010.,

at the age of 62,

u 62. godini života,

Clyde died from a blood clot in his lung.

Clyde je umro od krvnog ugruška u plućima.

Clyde's experience was not unique.

Clyde nije jedini koji je to doživio.

Many of his black classmates from Yale

Mnogo njegovih crnih kolega s Yale-a

also died young.

je također umrlo mlado.

In fact, the magazine article indicated

Zapravo, članak ukazuje na to

that 41 years after graduation from Yale,

da 41 godinu nakon diplomiranja na Yaleu,

the black members of the Class of 1970

crni članovi generacije 1970.

had a death rate that was three times higher

imaju stopu smrtnosti trostruko veću

than that of the average class member.

od prosječnog studenta.

It's stunning.

To je nevjerojatno.

America has recently awakened

Ameriku je nedavno probudila

to a steady drumbeat

vijest

of unarmed black men being shot by the police.

o nenaoružanim crncima pretučenima od strane policije.

What is even a bigger story

Još značajniji podatak je

is that every seven minutes,

da svakih 7 minuta,

a black person dies prematurely in the United States.

u SAD-u preuranjeno umre 1 crna osoba.

That is over 200 black people

To je preko 200 ljudi

die every single day

koji umru svakoga dana,

who would not die if the health of blacks and whites were equal.

a koji nebi umrli da je zdravlje crnih i bijelih ljudi jednako.

For the last 25 years,

U posljednjih 25 godina

I have been on a mission

ja sam bio na misiji

to understand why does race

da shvatim zašto je rasa

matter so profoundly for health.

toliko bitna kada se radi o zdravlju.

When I started my career,

Kada sam počeo svoju karijeru,

many believed that it was simply about racial differences

mnogi su jednostavno vjerovali da je to zbog rasnih razlika

in income and education.

u primanjima i obrazovanju.

I discovered that while economic status matters for health,

Otkrio sam da, iako ekonomski status utječe na zdravlje,

there is more to the story.

tu postoji nešto više.

So for example, if we look at life expectancy at age 25,

Naprimjer, pogledajmo očekivani životni vijek u dobi od 25 godina,

at age 25 there's a five-year gap between blacks and whites.

u dobi od 25 godina pojavljuje se petogodišnji jaz između crnaca i bijelaca.

And the gap by education for both whites and blacks

A jaz u edukaciji između bijelaca i crnaca

is even larger than the racial gap.

je još veći od rasnog jaza.

At the same time, at every level of education,

U isto vrijeme, na bilo kojoj razini edukacije,

whites live longer than blacks.

bijelci žive duže od crnaca.

So whites who are high school dropouts

Bijelci koji odustanu od srednje škole

live 3.4 years longer than their black counterparts,

žive 3.4 godine duže od njihovih crnih kolega,

and the gap is even larger

a jaz je još veći

among college graduates.

među diplomantima.

Most surprising of all,

Ono što najviše iznenađuje

whites who have graduated from high school

je to što bijelci sa završenom srednjom školom

live longer than blacks with a college degree

žive dulje od crnaca s diplomom

or more education.

ili s većim stupnjem obrazovanja.

So why does race matter so profoundly for health?

Pa zašto je rasa tako duboko povezana sa zdravljem?

What else is it beyond education and income

Što još osim obrazovanja i dohotka

that might matter?

može utjecati na to?

In the early 1990s,

U ranim 1990-ima

I was asked to review a new book

trebao sam napisati recenziju jedne nove knjige

on the health of black America.

o zdravlju crnaca u Americi.

I was struck that almost every single one

Bio sam iznenađen svakim

of its 25 chapters

od ukupno 25 poglavlja

said that racism

koji su govorili o tome

was a factor that was hurting the health of blacks.

kako je rasizam ono što škodi zdravlju crnaca.

All of these researchers

Svi ti istraživači

were stating that racism was a factor adversely impacting blacks,

su tvrdili da je rasizam faktor koji nepovoljno utjele na crnce,

but they provided no evidence.

ali nisu imali dokaza za to.

For me, that was not good enough.

Meni to nije bilo dovoljno.

A few months later,

Nekoliko mjeseci poslije,

I was speaking at a conference in Washington, DC,

bio sam govornik jedne konferencije u Washingtonu, DC,

and I said that one of the priorities for research

na kojoj sam rekao da je jedan od prioriteta tog istraživanja

was to document the ways in which racism affected health.

dokumentirati načine na koji rasizam može utjecati na zdravlje.

A white gentleman stood in the audience

Jedan gospodin, bijelac, koji je stajao u publici

and said that while he agreed with me that racism was important,

rekao je da, iako se slaže samnom da je rasizam važan,

we could never measure racism.

rasizam ne može biti izmjeren.

"We measure self-esteem," I said.

"Mjerimo samopoštovanje", rekao sam.

"There's no reason

"Nema razloga

why we can't measure racism if we put our minds to it."

zašto nebi mogli mjeriti rasizam ako se posvetimo tome."

And so I put my mind to it

I tako sam se posvetio tome

and developed three scales.

te razvio 3 mjere.

The first one captured major experiences of discrimination,

Prva je mjerila iskustvo diskriminacije,

like being unfairly fired or being unfairly stopped by the police.

kao naprimjer neopravdano dobivanje otkaza ili zaustavljanje od strane policije.

But discrimination also occurs in more minor and subtle experiences,

Ali diskriminacija je također prisutna u mnogo manjim i suptilnijim oblicima,

and so my second scale, called the Everyday Discrimination Scale,

pa tako moja druga mjera, koja je dobila naziv Mjera Svakodnevne Diskriminacije,

captures nine items

mjeri 9 stavaka

that captures experiences

koje mjere iskustva

like you're treated with less courtesy than others,

kada su pojedinci tretirani s manjom ljubaznošću od drugih,

you receive poorer service than others in restaurants or stores,

kada im je u restoranima i dućanima pružena lošija usluga nego drugima,

or people act as if they're afraid of you.

ili kada se ljudi ponašaju kao da vas se boje.

This scale captures

Ova mjera prikazuje

ways in which the dignity and the respect

načine na koje su dostojanstvo i poštovanje

of people who society does not value

ljudi koje društvo ne cijeni

is chipped away on a daily basis.

narušeni na dnevnoj bazi.

Research has found

Istraživanje je pokazalo

that higher levels of discrimination

da su veće razine diskriminacije

are associated with an elevated risk of a broad range of diseases

povezane s povećanim rizikom od mnogih bolesti,

from blood pressure to abdominal obesity

od krvnog tlaka i pretilosti

to breast cancer to heart disease

do raka dojke i srčanih bolesti

and even premature mortality.

te čak preuranjene smrtnosti.

Strikingly, some of the effects are observed at a very young age.

Nevjerojatno je da su neki efekti primjećeni u vrlo ranoj dobi.

For example, a study of black teens

Na primjer, jedno istraživanje mladih crnaca

found that those who reported higher levels of discrimination as teenagers

pokazalo je da su oni koji su prikazali veće razine diskriminacije kao tinejdžeri

had higher levels of stress hormones,

imali veće razine hormona stresa,

of blood pressure

krvnog tlaka

and of weight at age 20.

i težine u dobi od 20 godina.

However,

Međutim,

the stress of discrimination

stres izazvan diskriminacijom

is only one aspect.

je samo jedan aspekt.

Discrimination and racism

Diskriminacija i rasizam

also matters in other profound ways for health.

utječu na zdravlje i na druge načine.

For example, there's discrimination in medical care.

Na primjer, diskriminacija prisutna u zdravstvu.

In 1999, the National Academy of Medicine

U 1999., "National Academy of Medicine"

asked me to serve on a committee

zatražila me da sudjelujem u povjerenstvu

that found, concluded based on the scientific evidence,

koje je došlo do otkrića, baziranom na znanstvenim dokazima,

that blacks and other minorities

da crnci i druge manjine

receive poorer quality care than whites.

primaju lošiju zdravstvenu njegu od bijelaca.

This was true for all kinds of medical treatment,

To je bilo prisutno tijekom bilo kakve medicinske njege,

from the most simple

od onih najjednostavnijih

to the most technologically sophisticated.

do tehnološki najprofinjenijih.

One explanation for this pattern

Jedno objašnjenje za to

was a phenomenon that's called "implicit bias"

je fenomen nazvan "implicitna pristranost"

or "unconscious discrimination."

ili "nesvjesna diskriminacija."

Research for decades by social psychologists

Istraživanje socijalnih psihologa desetljećima je

indicates that if you hold a negative stereotype

indiciralo da, ukoliko netko ima negativne stereotipe

about a group in your subconscious mind

o određenoj grupi u svojoj podsvijesti,

and you meet someone from that group,

prilikom susreta s nekim iz te grupe

you will discriminate against that person.

diskriminirat će tu osobu.

You will treat them differently.

Tretirat će ih drugačije,

It's an unconscious process. It's an automatic process.

što je nesvjesan proces. Automatski proces.

It is a subtle process, but it's normal

Suptilan, ali normalan proces,

and it occurs even among the most well-intentioned individuals.

i događa se čak i onima koji imaju najbolju namjeru.

But the deeper that I delved

Ali što sam dublje kopao

into the health impact of racism,

po utjecajima rasizma na zdravlje,

the more insidious the effects became.

efekti su postajali podmukliji.

There is institutional discrimination,

Postoji institucijska diskriminacija,

which refers to discrimination

koja podrazumijeva diskriminaciju

that exists in the processes of social institutions.

koja se javlja u djelovanju socijalnih institucija.

Residential segregation by race,

Podjela četvrti na temelju rase,

which has led to blacks and whites living in very different neighborhood contexts,

koje je dovelo do crnaca i bijelaca koji žive u potpuno različitim četvrtima

is a classic example of institutional racism.

je klasičan primjer institucijalnog rasizma.

One of America's best-kept secrets

Jedna od Američkih najbolje čuvanih tajni

is how residential segregation

je da je podjela četvrti

is the secret source

tajni izvor

that creates racial inequality in the United States.

rasne nejednakosi u Sjedinjenim Državama.

In America, where you live

U Americi, područje u kojem živite

determines your access to opportunities

određuje vaše mogućnosti

in education, in employment,

edukacije, zaposlenja,

in housing and even in access to medical care.

stambene te čak mogućnosti zdravstvene njege.

One study of the 171 largest cities in the United States

Jedno istražvanje 171 grada Sjedinjenih Država

concluded that there is not even one city

došlo je do zaključka da ne postoji nijedan grad

where whites live under equal conditions to blacks,

gdje bijelci i crnci žive u jednakim uvjetima,

and that the worst urban contexts in which whites reside

i da je najgore urbano područje u kojem bijelci žive

is considerably better than the average context of black communities.

znatno bolje od prosječnih crnačkih zajednica.

Another study found

Drugo istraživanje je pokazalo

that if you could eliminate statistically

da, ako eliminiramo statističku

residential segregation,

podjelu četvrti,

you would completely erase black-white differences in income,

među crncima i bijelcima više nema razlike u primanjima,

education and unemployment,

obrazovanju i nezaposlenosti,

and reduce black-white differences in single motherhood

te se smanjuje razlika između crnih i bijelih samohranih majki

by two thirds,

za dvije trećine,

all of that driven by segregation.

sve to pod utjecajem podjele.

I have also learned

Također sam naučio

how the negative stereotypes

kako negativni stereotipi

and images of blacks in our culture

i percepcije crnaca u našoj kulturi

literally create and sustain

doslovno stvaraju i održavaju

both institutional and individual discrimination.

i institucijsku i individualnu diskriminaciju.

A group of researchers have put together a database

Grupa istraživača stvorila je bazu podataka

that contains the books,

koja sadrži knjige,

magazines and articles

časopise i članke

that an average college-educated American would read over their lifetime.

koje prosječan fakultetsko-obrazovan Amerikanac pročita tijekom svog života.

It allows us to look within this database

Omogućava nam da pogledamo tu bazu

and see how Americans have seen words paired together

i vidimo kombinacije riječi kako ih vide Amerikanci

as they grow up in their society.

tijekom svog razvoja unutar društva.

So when the word "black" appears in American culture,

Kada se riječ "crnac" pojavi u američkoj kulturi,

what co-occurs with it?

koje riječi se pojavljuju uz nju?

"Poor,"

"Siromašan,"

"violent,"

"nasilan,"

"religious,"

"pobožan,"

"lazy,"

"lijen,"

"cheerful,"

"veseo,"

"dangerous."

"opasan."

When "white" occurs,

Kada se pojavi "bijelac,"

the frequently co-occurring words

riječi koje se pojavljuju uz nju su

are "wealthy,"

"imućan,"

"progressive,"

"napredan,"

"conventional,"

"konvencionalan,"

"stubborn,"

"tvrdoglav,"

"successful,"

"uspješan,"

"educated."

"obrazovan."

So when a police officer

I onda kada policajac

overreacts when he sees an unarmed black male

pretjerano reagira kada vidi nenaoružanog crnog muškarca

and perceives him to be violent and dangerous,

i doživi ga kao agresivnog i opasnog,

we are not necessarily dealing with an inherently bad cop.

to ne mora značiti da se radi o inherentno lošem policajcu.

We may be simply viewing

Možda se jednostavno radi

a normal American

o normalnom Amerikancu

who is reflecting what he has been exposed to

koji je odraz onoga čemu je bio izložen

as a result of being raised

tijekom odgoja

in this society.

u ovom društvu.

From my own experience,

Iz mog osobnog iskustva,

I believe that your race

vjerujem da nečija rasa

does not have to be a determinant of your destiny.

ne mora odrediti nečiju sudbinu.

I migrated to the United States

Doselio sam u Sjedinjene Države

from the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia

s Karipskih otoka Svete Lucija

in the late 1970s

u kasnim 1970-ima

in pursuit of higher education,

s ciljem višeg obrazovanja,

and in the last 40 years,

i u posljednjih 40 godina,

I have done well.

dobro mi ide.

I have had a supportive family,

Imam obitelj koja me podržava,

I have worked hard,

naporno radim,

I have done well.

dobro mi ide.

But it took more for me to be successful.

Ali mi je bilo potrebno više da postanem uspješan.

I received a minority fellowship from the University of Michigan.

Dobio sam stipendiju za manjine od Sveučilišta u Michiganu.

Yes. I am an affirmative action baby.

Da. Ja sam dijete afirmativne akcije.

Without affirmative action,

Bez afirmativne akcije,

I would not be here.

ja nebi bio ovdje.

But in the last 40 years,

Ali u posljednjih 40 godina,

black America has been less successful than I have.

crnci u Americi bili su manje uspješni od mene.

In 1978, black households in the United States

U 1978., crna kućanstva u Sjedinjenim Državama

earned 59 cents for every dollar of income whites earned.

zaradila su 59 centi za svaki zarađeni dolar koji su bijelci zaradili.

In 2015,

U 2015.,

black families still earn 59 cents

crne obitelji i dalje zarađuju 59 centi

for every dollar of income that white families receive,

za svaki zarađeni dolar prihoda koji zarade bijele obitelji,

and the racial gaps in wealth are even more stunning.

i rasni jaz u bogatsvu je još više zadivljujući.

For every dollar of wealth that whites have,

Za svaki dolar bogatstva koji posjeduju bijelci,

black families have six pennies and Latinos have seven pennies.

crne obitelji imaju 6 penija, a Latinoamerikanci 7 penija.

The fact is,

Činjenica je da,

racism

rasizam

is producing a truly rigged system

stvara namješten sustav

that is systematically disadvantaging some racial groups in the United States.

koji sistematski oduzima prednost nekim rasnim grupama u Sjedinjenim Državama.

To paraphrase Plato,

Da citiram Platona,

there is nothing so unfair

ništa nije toliko nepošteno

as the equal treatment of unequal people.

kao jednako tretiranje nejednakih ljudi.

And that's why I am committed

I zato sam se ja posvetio

to working to dismantle racism.

ukidanju rasizma.

I deeply appreciate the fact

Duboko cijenim činjenicu

that I am standing on the shoulders

da stojim na ramenima

of those who have sacrificed even their lives to open the doors

onih koji su žrtvovali svoje živote kako bi otvorili vrata

that I have walked through.

kroz koja sam ja prošao.

I want to ensure that those doors remain open

Želim osigurati da ta vrata ostaju otvorena

and that everyone can walk through those doors.

i da svi mogu proći kroz njih.

Robert Kennedy said,

Robert Kennedy je rekao,

"Each time a man" -- or woman, I would add --

"Svaki put kada se muškarac", ili žena ja bih dodao,

"stands up for an ideal

"zauzme za neki ideal

or acts to improve the lot of others

ili poboljšanje sudbina drugih

or strikes out against injustice,

ili napad na nepravdu,

he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope,

on šalje naprijed mali val nade,

and those ripples can build a current

koji mogu sagraditi struju

that can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance."

koja može oboriti najsnažnije zidove tlačenja i otpora."

I am optimistic today

Danas sam optimističan

because all across America,

jer sam diljem Amerike,

I have seen ripples of hope.

vidio te valove nade.

The Boston Medical Center

Zdravstveni centar u Bostonu

has added lawyers to the medical team

u medicinski tim dodao je odvjetnike

so that physicians can improve the health of their patients

kako bi liječnici mogli unaprijediti zdravlje svojih pacijenata

because the lawyers are addressing the nonmedical needs their patients have.

tako što se pacijenti mogu obratiti odvjetnicima za svoje nemedicinske potrebe.

Loma Linda University has built a gateway college

Sveučilište Loma Linda osnovalo je odjel

in nearby San Bernardino

u blizini San Bernardina

so that in addition to delivering medical care,

koji, uz medicinsku njegu,

they can provide job skills

pruža i poslovne vještine

and job training

i treninge

to a predominantly minority, low-income community members

pretežito za manjine, članove društva s manjim prihodima

so that they will have the skills they need to get a decent job.

kako bi dobili vještine potrebne za dobivanje pristojnog posla.

In Chapel Hill, North Carolina,

U Chapel Hillu, u Sjevernoj Karolini,

the Abecedarian Project has figured out

Početnički projekt je shvatio

how to ensure that they have lowered the risks for heart disease

kako osigurati smanjeni rizik od srčanih bolesti

for blacks in their mid-30s

za crnce u 30-ima

by providing high-quality day care

pružanjem usluga kvalitetnih dječjih vrtića

from birth to age five.

od rođenja do pete godine starosti.

In after-school centers across the United States,

U post-školskim centrima ciljem Sjedinjenih Država,

Wintley Phipps and the US Dream Academy

Wintley Phipps i US Dream Academy

is breaking the cycle of incarceration

ruše zatvoreni krug

by providing high-quality academic enrichment and mentoring

pružanjem visokokvalitetnog akademskog obogaćenja i mentorstva

to the children of prisoners

djeci zatvorenika

and children who have fallen behind in school.

i djeci koja zaostaju u školi.

In Huntsville, Alabama,

U Huntsville-u u Alabami,

Oakwood University,

Sveučilište Oakwood,

a historically black institution,

povijesno crna institucija,

is showing how we can improve the health of black adults

pokazuje nam kako možemo poboljšati zdravlje mladih crnaca

by including a health evaluation

uključivanjem procjene zdravlja

as a part of freshman orientation

u orijentaciju brucoša

and giving those students the tools they need

i davanjem potrebnih sredstava tim studentima

to make healthy choices

kako bi mogli donositi zdrave odluke

and providing them annually a health transcript

te pružanjem godišnjih zdravstvenih prijepisa

so they can monitor their progress.

kako bi mogli pratiti svoj napredak.

And in Atlanta, Georgia,

A u Atlanti, u Georgi,

Purpose Built Communities has dismantled the negative effects of segregation

posebno sagrađene zajednice su izbrisale negativne efekte segregacije

by transforming a crime-ridden,

transformacijom kriminalnog,

drug-infested public housing project

drogom povezanog stambenog projekta

into an oasis of mixed-income housing,

u stambenu oazu različitog dohotka,

of academic performance,

akademskog performansa,

of great community wellness

wellnesa

and of full employment.

i pune zaposlenosti.

And finally,

Naposljetku,

there is the Devine solution.

imamo Devine riješenje.

Professor Patricia Devine

Profesorica Patricia Devine

of the University of Wisconsin

sa Sveučilišta u Wisconsinu

has shown us how we can attack

pokazala nam je kako možemo napasti

our hidden biases head on

naše skrivene sklonosti direktno

and effectively reduce them.

i efektivno ih smanjiti.

Each one of us

Svatko od nas

can be a ripple of hope.

može biti val nade.

This work will not always be easy,

To neće uvijek biti lako,

but former Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall

ali bivši vrhovni sudac Thurgood Marshall

has told us, "We must dissent.

rekao je, "Ne smijemo se pomiriti.

We must dissent from the indifference.

Ne smijemo se pomiriti s ravnodušnošću.

We must dissent from the apathy.

Ne smijemo se pomiriti s apatijom.

We must dissent from the hatred and from the mistrust.

Ne smijemo se pomiriti s mržnjom i nepovjerenjem.

We must dissent

Ne smijemo se pomiriti

because America can do better,

jer Amerika može bolje od toga,

because America has no choice but to do better."

jer Amerika nema drugog izbora nego biti bolja od toga.

Thank you.

Hvala Vam.

(Applause)

(pljesak)