How racism makes us sick | David R. Williams

328,024 views ・ 2017-05-02

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Minji Jeong κ²€ν† : Seo-Ho Cho
00:12
An article in the Yale Alumni Magazine
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예일 쑸업생 μž‘μ§€μ˜ 기사 쀑
00:17
told the story of Clyde Murphy,
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ν΄λΌμ΄λ“œ λ¨Έν”Όμ˜ 이야기λ₯Ό 담은 기사가 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
a black man who was a member of the Class of 1970.
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1970년도 쑸업생인 흑인 λ‚¨μ„±μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:24
Clyde was a success story.
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ν΄λΌμ΄λ“œλŠ” 맀우 μ„±κ³΅μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
After Yale and a law degree from Columbia,
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μ˜ˆμΌλŒ€λ₯Ό μ‘Έμ—…ν•˜κ³  μ½œλ‘­λΉ„μ•„ λŒ€ν•™μ—μ„œ 법학 ν•™μœ„λ₯Ό λ”΄ ν›„
00:31
Clyde spent the next 30 years
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ν΄λΌμ΄λ“œλŠ” 30년을
λ―Έκ΅­ λ‚΄ 졜고의 μ‹œλ―ΌκΆŒ λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
as one of America's top civil rights lawyers.
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00:38
He was also a great husband and father.
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λ˜ν•œ κ·ΈλŠ” ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ λ‚¨νŽΈκ³Ό μ•„λ²„μ§€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
But despite his success,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그의 개인적 직업적 성곡에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
00:44
personally and professionally,
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00:47
Clyde's story had a sad ending.
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ν΄λΌμ΄λ“œμ˜ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” μŠ¬ν”ˆ 결말둜 λλ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
In 2010,
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2010년에
00:53
at the age of 62,
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62μ„Έμ˜ λ‚˜μ΄λ‘œ
00:56
Clyde died from a blood clot in his lung.
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ν΄λΌμ΄λ“œλŠ” 폐 μ•ˆμ˜ ν˜ˆμ „μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
Clyde's experience was not unique.
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ν΄λΌμ΄λ“œλ§Œ 그런 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
Many of his black classmates from Yale
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λ§Žμ€ 흑인 μ˜ˆμΌλŒ€ 동급생듀 λ˜ν•œ
01:09
also died young.
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μ–΄λ¦° λ‚˜μ΄μ— μ£½μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
In fact, the magazine article indicated
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사싀 κ·Έ μž‘μ§€ κΈ°μ‚¬λŠ”
01:16
that 41 years after graduation from Yale,
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μ˜ˆμΌλŒ€λ₯Ό μ‘Έμ—…ν•œμ§€ 41년이 μ§€λ‚œ ν›„
01:19
the black members of the Class of 1970
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1970년도 흑인 μ‘Έμ—…μƒλ“€μ˜ 사망λ₯ μ€
01:23
had a death rate that was three times higher
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λ³΄ν†΅μ˜ 사망λ₯  보닀
μ„Έ λ°°λ‚˜ λ†’λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
than that of the average class member.
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01:30
It's stunning.
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λ†€λžμ£ .
01:33
America has recently awakened
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졜근 무기λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ€ 흑인 남성듀이
κ²½μ°°μ—κ²Œ 총을 λ§žλŠ” 일듀이 λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ©΄μ„œ
01:36
to a steady drumbeat
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01:38
of unarmed black men being shot by the police.
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κ·Έ μ†Œλ¦¬μ— 미ꡭ은 κΉ¨μ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
What is even a bigger story
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더 λ†€λΌμš΄ 것은
01:48
is that every seven minutes,
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7λΆ„λ§ˆλ‹€ λ―Έκ΅­ λ‚΄μ˜ 흑인 ν•œλͺ…이
01:51
a black person dies prematurely in the United States.
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λ„ˆλ¬΄ 이λ₯Έ μ£½μŒμ„ λ§žμ΄ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
That is over 200 black people
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ν•˜λ£¨μ— 200λͺ…이 λ„˜λŠ” 흑인듀이
02:00
die every single day
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μ£½λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
who would not die if the health of blacks and whites were equal.
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흑인듀과 λ°±μΈλ“€μ˜ 건강 μƒνƒœκ°€ κ°™λ‹€λ©΄ 죽지 μ•Šμ•˜μ„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄μ£ .
02:10
For the last 25 years,
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μ§€λ‚œ 25λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
02:12
I have been on a mission
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μ €λŠ” μ™œ 인쒅이
02:14
to understand why does race
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건강에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ
02:17
matter so profoundly for health.
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연ꡬλ₯Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
When I started my career,
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μ œκ°€ 이 일을 μ‹œμž‘ν•  λ•Œ
02:23
many believed that it was simply about racial differences
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κ·Έμ € 이것이 인쒅 κ°„μ˜
μˆ˜μž…κ³Ό ꡐ윑의 차이 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
in income and education.
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02:30
I discovered that while economic status matters for health,
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μ €λŠ” 경제적인 상황이 건강에 영ν–₯을 λΌμΉ˜μ§€λ§Œ
그게 μ „λΆ€λŠ” μ•„λ‹˜μ„ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
there is more to the story.
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02:37
So for example, if we look at life expectancy at age 25,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 25μ„Έμ˜ κΈ°λŒ€ 수λͺ…을 λ³Ό λ•Œ
02:43
at age 25 there's a five-year gap between blacks and whites.
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흑인과 백인 사이에 5λ…„ 이상 차이가 λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
And the gap by education for both whites and blacks
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그리고 백인과 흑인 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ ꡐ윑 μ°¨μ΄λŠ” λ”μš± 더 크죠.
02:52
is even larger than the racial gap.
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인쒅적인 μ°¨μ΄λ³΄λ‹€μš”.
02:56
At the same time, at every level of education,
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그와 λ™μ‹œμ—, 같은 μˆ˜μ€€μ˜ κ΅μœ‘μ„ λ°›μ•˜λ‹€κ³  해도
03:01
whites live longer than blacks.
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백인이 흑인보닀 더 μ˜€λž˜μ‚½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:04
So whites who are high school dropouts
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉ 고등학ꡐλ₯Ό μžν‡΄ν•œ 백인듀이
03:06
live 3.4 years longer than their black counterparts,
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그렇지 μ•Šμ€ 흑인듀 보닀 3.4λ…„μ΄λ‚˜ 더 μ‚°λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
and the gap is even larger
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그리고 λŒ€ν•™ 쑸업생듀 μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œλŠ”
03:13
among college graduates.
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차이가 λ”μš± 더 ν½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
Most surprising of all,
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κ°€μž₯ λ†€λΌμš΄ 것은
03:19
whites who have graduated from high school
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κ³ λ“±ν•™κ΅λ§Œ μ‘Έμ—…ν•œ 백인듀이
03:22
live longer than blacks with a college degree
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λŒ€ν•™κ΅λ‚˜ 그보닀 λ§Žμ€ κ΅μœ‘μ„ 받은 흑인듀 보닀
더 μ˜€λž˜μ‚°λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
or more education.
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03:28
So why does race matter so profoundly for health?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 인쒅이 건강과 무슨 관계가 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:32
What else is it beyond education and income
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ꡐ윑과 μˆ˜μž… 외에
03:37
that might matter?
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μš”μ†Œλ“€λ„ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:39
In the early 1990s,
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1990λ…„λŒ€ μ΄ˆκΈ°μ—
03:42
I was asked to review a new book
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λ―Έκ΅­ ν‘μΈλ“€μ˜ 건강에 λŒ€ν•œ
03:45
on the health of black America.
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μ±… κ²€ν† λ₯Ό 뢀탁 λ°›μ•˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
I was struck that almost every single one
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μ €λŠ” μ±… μ•ˆμ˜ 25μž₯ λͺ¨λ‘κ°€
03:51
of its 25 chapters
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인쒅차별이 ν‘μΈλ“€μ˜ 건강에
03:53
said that racism
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ν•΄λ₯Ό λΌμΉœλ‹€κ³  ν•˜μ—¬
03:55
was a factor that was hurting the health of blacks.
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좩격을 λ°›μ•˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
All of these researchers
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λͺ¨λ“  μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄
04:01
were stating that racism was a factor adversely impacting blacks,
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인쒅차별이 ν‘μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 λΌμΉœλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:07
but they provided no evidence.
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μ¦κ±°λŠ” μ œμ‹œν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
For me, that was not good enough.
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μ €μ—κ²Œ 그건 μΆ©λΆ„μΉ˜ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
A few months later,
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λͺ‡ 달 ν›„
04:15
I was speaking at a conference in Washington, DC,
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μ €λŠ” μ›Œμ‹±ν„΄ λ””μ‹œμ˜ ν•œ νšŒμ˜μ—μ„œ 강연을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
and I said that one of the priorities for research
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그리고 μ €λŠ” 연ꡬ 쀑 μš°μ„ μ‹œν•  것은 인쒅차별이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
04:21
was to document the ways in which racism affected health.
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건강에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό μž‘μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 것이라고 ν–ˆμ£ .
04:26
A white gentleman stood in the audience
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ν•œ 백인 남성이 κ°μ„μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜
04:29
and said that while he agreed with me that racism was important,
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인쒅차별이 μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμž„μ— λ™μ˜ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
04:34
we could never measure racism.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ ˆλŒ€ 인쒅차별을 μΈ‘μ •ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
"We measure self-esteem," I said.
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μ œκ°€ λ‹΅ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό, "μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μžμ‘΄κ°μ€ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ£ ."
04:40
"There's no reason
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"μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜λ €κ³ λ§Œ ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
04:41
why we can't measure racism if we put our minds to it."
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인쒅차별을 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ§€ λͺ» ν•  μ΄μœ κ°€ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
04:45
And so I put my mind to it
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 그것에 집쀑해
04:48
and developed three scales.
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μ„Έ 가지 등급을 λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:50
The first one captured major experiences of discrimination,
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첫 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” λΆˆκ³΅ν‰ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄κ³ λ₯Ό λ‹Ήν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ κ²½μ°°μ—κ²Œ 쑰사λ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” λ“±
04:54
like being unfairly fired or being unfairly stopped by the police.
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μ „λ°˜μ μΈ 차별을 λ‹΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
But discrimination also occurs in more minor and subtle experiences,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 차별은 더 μž‘κ³  λ―Έλ¬˜ν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œλ„ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜μ£ .
05:03
and so my second scale, called the Everyday Discrimination Scale,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €μ˜ 두 번째 λ“±κΈ‰, 맀일 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 차별 등급은
05:07
captures nine items
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남듀 보닀 μ •μ€‘ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ λŒ€μš°λ₯Ό λ°›κ±°λ‚˜
05:09
that captures experiences
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μ‹λ‹Ήμ΄λ‚˜ μƒμ μ—μ„œ 더 λͺ»ν•œ λŒ€μš°λ₯Όλ°›κ³ 
05:10
like you're treated with less courtesy than others,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 자기λ₯Ό λ‘λ €μ›Œν•˜λŠ” λ“―
05:14
you receive poorer service than others in restaurants or stores,
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ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ” λ“±μ˜ κ²½ν—˜λ“€
05:17
or people act as if they're afraid of you.
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9가지λ₯Ό λ‹΄μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
05:21
This scale captures
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이 등급은
05:23
ways in which the dignity and the respect
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μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ 여겨지지 μ•ŠλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
05:27
of people who society does not value
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 맀일 λ¬΄μ‹œ λ‹Ήν•˜κ³  쑴쀑 받지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ”지λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
is chipped away on a daily basis.
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05:33
Research has found
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연ꡬ에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄
05:37
that higher levels of discrimination
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μ‹¬ν•œ 차별은
05:40
are associated with an elevated risk of a broad range of diseases
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ν˜ˆμ••λΆ€ν„° λ³΅λΆ€λΉ„λ§Œ
05:45
from blood pressure to abdominal obesity
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μœ λ°©μ•”λΆ€ν„° 심μž₯ μ§ˆλ³‘
05:48
to breast cancer to heart disease
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그리고 심지어 μ‘°κΈ° 사망λ₯ κΉŒμ§€
05:51
and even premature mortality.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ§ˆλ³‘λ“€μ˜ μœ„ν—˜μ„ λ†’νžŒλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
Strikingly, some of the effects are observed at a very young age.
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λ†€λžκ²Œλ„, λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ 영ν–₯듀은 맀우 어렸을 λ•ŒλΆ€ν„° λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:00
For example, a study of black teens
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 흑인 10λŒ€λ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ”
06:05
found that those who reported higher levels of discrimination as teenagers
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μ²­μ†Œλ…„ μ‹œκΈ°μ— 더 λ§Žμ€ 차별을 λ‹Ήν•œ 아이듀이
06:12
had higher levels of stress hormones,
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20μ„Έκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ
06:17
of blood pressure
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슀트레슀 호λ₯΄λͺ¬κ³Ό ν˜ˆμ••
06:19
and of weight at age 20.
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그리고 체쀑이 더 λ†’μ•˜λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
However,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
06:27
the stress of discrimination
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차별에 μ˜ν•΄ λ°›λŠ” μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€λŠ”
06:30
is only one aspect.
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κ·Έμ € ν•œ 가지 츑면에 λΆˆκ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
Discrimination and racism
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차별과 인쒅차별은
06:34
also matters in other profound ways for health.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œλ„ 건강에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
For example, there's discrimination in medical care.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ§„λ£Œμ—λ„ 차별이 μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
In 1999, the National Academy of Medicine
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1999λ…„, ꡭ립 의료 μ•„μΉ΄λ°λ―Έμ—μ„œ μ €μ—κ²Œ
06:47
asked me to serve on a committee
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과학적인 근거와 ν•¨κ»˜
06:49
that found, concluded based on the scientific evidence,
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흑인듀과 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œμˆ˜μ§‘λ‹¨λ“€μ΄
백인듀보닀 λͺ»ν•œ ν’ˆμ§ˆμ˜ μ§„λ£Œλ₯Ό λ°›κ³ μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ°Ύμ•„ λ‚Έ
06:54
that blacks and other minorities
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06:56
receive poorer quality care than whites.
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μœ„μ›νšŒμ— 였λ₯Ό 것을 κΆŒμœ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
This was true for all kinds of medical treatment,
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이것은 κ°€μž₯ κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μ§„λ£ŒλΆ€ν„°
기술적 정ꡐ함을 μš”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” μ§„λ£ŒκΉŒμ§€
07:04
from the most simple
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07:06
to the most technologically sophisticated.
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λͺ¨λ“  λ°©λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:10
One explanation for this pattern
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이λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것은
07:13
was a phenomenon that's called "implicit bias"
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"μ ˆλŒ€μ μΈ μ„ μž…κ²¬" λ˜λŠ” "λ¬΄μ˜μ‹μ  차별"μ΄λΌλŠ”
07:17
or "unconscious discrimination."
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ν˜„μƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:19
Research for decades by social psychologists
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μ‚¬νšŒ μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ˜ λͺ‡ μ‹­λ…„κ°„μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ”
07:22
indicates that if you hold a negative stereotype
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 잠재 μ˜μ‹ 속에 μ–΄λ–€ 집단에 λŒ€ν•΄
07:26
about a group in your subconscious mind
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뢀정적인 νŽΈκ²¬μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
07:29
and you meet someone from that group,
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κ·Έ 집단에 μ†ν•œ μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ§Œλ‚œλ‹€λ©΄
07:32
you will discriminate against that person.
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κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ 차별할 것이라고 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:34
You will treat them differently.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λŒ€ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
It's an unconscious process. It's an automatic process.
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이것은 λ¬΄μ˜μ‹μ μΈ 과정이고 μžλ™μ μΈ κ³Όμ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
It is a subtle process, but it's normal
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이것은 λ―Έλ¬˜ν•œ κ³Όμ •μ΄μ§€λ§Œ 정상적인 κ³Όμ •μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:43
and it occurs even among the most well-intentioned individuals.
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그리고 이것은 μ„ μ˜λ₯Ό κ°–κ³ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œλ„ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:51
But the deeper that I delved
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ 인쒅차별이 건강에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”
07:54
into the health impact of racism,
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영ν–₯에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν• μˆ˜λ‘
07:57
the more insidious the effects became.
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κ·Έ 영ν–₯은 더 μ‹¬κ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:00
There is institutional discrimination,
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κΈ°κ΄€μ˜ 차별도 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:04
which refers to discrimination
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μ‚¬νšŒ κΈ°κ΄€μ—μ„œμ˜
08:07
that exists in the processes of social institutions.
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차별을 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
08:12
Residential segregation by race,
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흑인듀과 백인듀을 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ λ™λ„€μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λŠ”
08:14
which has led to blacks and whites living in very different neighborhood contexts,
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인쒅에 μ˜ν•œ 거주지 λΆ„λ¦¬λŠ”
08:19
is a classic example of institutional racism.
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μ „ν˜•μ μΈ κΈ°κ΄€μ˜ 인쒅 μ°¨λ³„μ΄μ§€μš”.
08:24
One of America's best-kept secrets
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 잘 μ§€μΌœμ§€λŠ” 비밀은
08:28
is how residential segregation
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거주지 뢄리가
08:31
is the secret source
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λ―Έκ΅­ 내에 μΈμ’…κ°„μ˜ λΆˆν‰λ“±μ„
08:33
that creates racial inequality in the United States.
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μœ λ°œν•œλ‹€λŠ” λΉ„λ°€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
In America, where you live
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ”
08:41
determines your access to opportunities
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거주지가 ꡐ윑의 기회
μ·¨μ—…, 주택과 심지어 μ˜λ£Œμ‹œμ„€μ˜ μ ‘κ·Όμ„±κΉŒμ§€ κ²°μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:44
in education, in employment,
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08:48
in housing and even in access to medical care.
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08:53
One study of the 171 largest cities in the United States
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미ꡭ의 171개 κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ„μ‹œμ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ”
08:59
concluded that there is not even one city
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백인과 흑인이 같은 쑰건의 ν™˜κ²½ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μ‚¬λŠ”
09:03
where whites live under equal conditions to blacks,
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λ„μ‹œκ°€ μ—†κ³ 
09:06
and that the worst urban contexts in which whites reside
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κ°€μž₯ 쒋지 μ•Šμ€ 백인 거주지가 평균적인 흑인 거주지보닀
09:10
is considerably better than the average context of black communities.
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λ‚«λ‹€λŠ” 결둠을 λ‚΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
Another study found
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ”
09:17
that if you could eliminate statistically
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ν†΅κ³„ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 거주지 뢄리λ₯Ό μ—†μ•€λ‹€λ©΄
09:20
residential segregation,
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λΆ„λ¦¬λ‘œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ
09:22
you would completely erase black-white differences in income,
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흑인과 백인 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ μˆ˜μž… 차이
09:26
education and unemployment,
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ꡐ윑과 μ‹€μ—…λ₯ 
09:28
and reduce black-white differences in single motherhood
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그리고 백인과 흑인 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 미혼λͺ¨ λͺ¨μ„±μ•  차이λ₯Ό
09:32
by two thirds,
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μ΄λΆ„μ˜ μ‚Όμ΄λ‚˜
09:33
all of that driven by segregation.
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쀄일 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
I have also learned
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그리고 μ €λŠ”
09:38
how the negative stereotypes
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흑인듀에 λŒ€ν•œ 뢀정적인
09:41
and images of blacks in our culture
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편견과 이미지가
09:44
literally create and sustain
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κΈ°κ΄€κ³Ό 개인의 차별을
09:47
both institutional and individual discrimination.
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μœ λ°œν•˜κ³  μ§€μ†ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ„ μ•Œκ²Œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:52
A group of researchers have put together a database
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ν•œ 연ꡬ원 λ‹¨μ²΄λŠ”
09:56
that contains the books,
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λŒ€ν•™μ„ μ‘Έμ—…ν•œ 미ꡭ인이 읽을 μ–‘μ˜
09:58
magazines and articles
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μ±…, μž‘μ§€, 그리고 기사듀을 담은
10:01
that an average college-educated American would read over their lifetime.
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λ°μ΄ν„°λ² μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:06
It allows us to look within this database
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이것은 저희가 이 λ°μ΄ν„°λ² μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό 보고
10:09
and see how Americans have seen words paired together
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미ꡭ인듀이 μžλΌλ©΄μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 단어듀이
ν•¨κ»˜ μ“°μ΄λŠ” 것을 λ³΄λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:14
as they grow up in their society.
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10:17
So when the word "black" appears in American culture,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ "흑인"μ΄λΌλŠ” 단어가 λ―Έκ΅­ λ¬Έν™”μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ™”μ„ λ•Œ
10:21
what co-occurs with it?
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무엇이 ν•¨κ»˜ μ“°μΌκΉŒμš”?
10:23
"Poor,"
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"κ°€λ‚œ"
10:24
"violent,"
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"폭λ ₯적인"
10:25
"religious,"
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"λ…μ‹€ν•œ"
10:27
"lazy,"
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"게으λ₯Έ"
10:28
"cheerful,"
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"μΎŒν™œν•œ"
10:29
"dangerous."
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"μœ„ν—˜ν•œ"
10:31
When "white" occurs,
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"백인"μ΄λΌλŠ” 단어가 μ“°μ˜€μ„ λ•Œ
10:32
the frequently co-occurring words
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ν•¨κ»˜ μ“°μ΄λŠ” λ‹¨μ–΄λ“€μ—λŠ”
10:35
are "wealthy,"
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"λΆ€μœ ν•œ"
10:36
"progressive,"
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"진보적인"
10:37
"conventional,"
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"κ΄€μŠ΅μ μΈ"
10:39
"stubborn,"
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"κ³ μ§‘μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄"
10:41
"successful,"
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"성곡적인"
10:42
"educated."
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"κ΅μœ‘μ„ 받은"
10:44
So when a police officer
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 경찰관이
10:47
overreacts when he sees an unarmed black male
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무기λ₯Ό μ†Œμ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ€ 흑인 남성을 λ΄€μ„λ•Œ κ³Όμž‰λ°˜μ‘μ„ 보이고
10:53
and perceives him to be violent and dangerous,
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κ·Έλ₯Ό 폭λ ₯적이고 μœ„ν—˜ν•˜λ‹€ κ°μ§€ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
10:57
we are not necessarily dealing with an inherently bad cop.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„ μ²œμ μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜μœ 경찰관을 λ³΄λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:03
We may be simply viewing
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έμ €
11:05
a normal American
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이 μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ 길러져
11:07
who is reflecting what he has been exposed to
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μžμ‹ μ΄ λ…ΈμΆœλ˜μ–΄μ™”λ˜ 것듀을
λ°˜μ˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
11:11
as a result of being raised
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ν‰λ²”ν•œ 미ꡭ인을 λ³΄λŠ” 것일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:13
in this society.
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11:15
From my own experience,
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제 κ²½ν—˜μ—μ„œ
11:19
I believe that your race
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μ €λŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ 인쒅이
11:22
does not have to be a determinant of your destiny.
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운λͺ…μ˜ κ²°μ • μš”μΈμ΄μ–΄μ•Ό ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μ—†λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:26
I migrated to the United States
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μ €λŠ” 1970년도 ν›„λ°˜μ—
11:29
from the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia
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λŒ€ν•™ κ΅μœ‘μ„ μœ„ν•΄
11:32
in the late 1970s
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μ„ΈμΈνŠΈ λ£¨μ‹œμ•„μ˜ μΉ΄λ¦¬λΈŒν•΄ μ„¬μ—μ„œ
11:34
in pursuit of higher education,
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미ꡭ으둜 이민을 μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:37
and in the last 40 years,
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그리고 μ§€λ‚œ 40λ…„λ™μ•ˆ
11:40
I have done well.
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μ €λŠ” 잘 ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:42
I have had a supportive family,
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μ €λŠ” 지원을 아끼지 μ•ŠλŠ” κ°€μ‘±μ΄μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
11:44
I have worked hard,
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μ—΄μ‹¬νžˆ λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:47
I have done well.
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μ €λŠ” 잘 ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:48
But it took more for me to be successful.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ μ„±κ³΅ν•˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μš”μ†Œλ“€λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:52
I received a minority fellowship from the University of Michigan.
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μ €λŠ” λ―Έμ‹œκ°„ λŒ€ν•™μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° μ†Œμˆ˜μž μž₯ν•™κΈˆμ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:57
Yes. I am an affirmative action baby.
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λ„€, μ €λŠ” μ°¨λ³„μ² νμ‘°μΉ˜λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:02
Without affirmative action,
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그리고 μ°¨λ³„μ² νμ‘°μΉ˜λ₯Ό 받지 λͺ»ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄
12:05
I would not be here.
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬κΈ° μžˆμ„ 수 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:08
But in the last 40 years,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€λ‚œ 40λ…„κ°„
12:11
black America has been less successful than I have.
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λ―Έκ΅­ 흑인듀은 저보닀 성곡적이지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:16
In 1978, black households in the United States
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1978λ…„μ˜ λ―Έκ΅­ 흑인 가정듀은
12:21
earned 59 cents for every dollar of income whites earned.
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백인 가정듀이 1λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό 벌 λ•Œ 59μ„ΌνŠΈλ₯Ό λ²Œμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:26
In 2015,
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2015년에도
12:29
black families still earn 59 cents
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흑인 가정듀은 백인 가정듀이 1λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό 벌 λ•Œ
12:34
for every dollar of income that white families receive,
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59μ„ΌνŠΈλ₯Ό λ²Œμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:37
and the racial gaps in wealth are even more stunning.
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그리고 λΆ€μœ ν•¨μ— μžˆμ–΄ 인쒅적인 μ°¨μ΄λŠ” λ”μš± ν½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:42
For every dollar of wealth that whites have,
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백인듀이 1λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ„ λ•Œ
12:45
black families have six pennies and Latinos have seven pennies.
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흑인 가정듀은 6μ„ΌνŠΈλ₯Ό κ°–κ³  있고, 라틴계 가정듀은 7μ„ΌνŠΈλ₯Ό μ†Œμœ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:50
The fact is,
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사싀은
12:52
racism
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인쒅차별이
12:54
is producing a truly rigged system
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미ꡭ의 λͺ‡λͺ‡ 인쒅적 집단듀을 쑰직적으둜 λΆˆλ¦¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
12:58
that is systematically disadvantaging some racial groups in the United States.
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μ‘°μž‘λœ 체계λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:04
To paraphrase Plato,
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ν”ŒλΌν†€μ˜ 말을 λ°”κΎΈμ–΄ ν‘œν˜„ν•˜μžλ©΄
13:06
there is nothing so unfair
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λ™λ“±ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ λ™λ“±ν•˜κ²Œ λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒλ§ŒνΌ
13:10
as the equal treatment of unequal people.
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λΆˆκ³΅ν‰ν•œ 것이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:15
And that's why I am committed
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ 인쒅차별을
13:18
to working to dismantle racism.
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μ—†μ• λŠ” 데에 νž˜μ„ μ“°λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:21
I deeply appreciate the fact
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μ €λŠ” μžμ‹ λ“€μ„ ν¬μƒμ‹œν‚€λ©΄μ„œ
13:24
that I am standing on the shoulders
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μ œκ°€ κ±Έμ–΄ 온 길의 문을 μ—΄μ–΄ μ€€
13:27
of those who have sacrificed even their lives to open the doors
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ μ–΄κΉ¨ μœ„μ— μ„œ μžˆμŒμ— 맀우 κ°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
that I have walked through.
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13:34
I want to ensure that those doors remain open
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έ 문이 계속 μ—΄λ €μžˆλ„λ‘ 보μž₯ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άκ³ 
13:38
and that everyone can walk through those doors.
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λͺ¨λ“  이듀이 κ·Έ λ¬Έ μ‚¬μ΄λ‘œ κ±Έμ–΄μ˜¬ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:44
Robert Kennedy said,
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λ‘œλ²„νŠΈ μΌ€λ„€λ””λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:46
"Each time a man" -- or woman, I would add --
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"μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄
13:50
"stands up for an ideal
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ΄λ“€μ˜ 더 λ‚˜μ€ 삢을 μœ„ν•΄
13:52
or acts to improve the lot of others
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μ–΄λ–€ μ΄μƒμ΄λ‚˜ 행동에 λ§žμ„œ λŒ€μ‘μ„ ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
13:54
or strikes out against injustice,
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μ •μ˜λ‘­μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 것에 λ§žμ„œ λŒ€μ‘μ„ ν•  λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€
13:57
he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μž‘μ€ 희망의 물결을 λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:00
and those ripples can build a current
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그리고 κ·Έ 물결듀은 λͺ¨μ—¬μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ μ–΅μ••κ³Ό 저항도
14:04
that can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance."
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이겨낼 수 μžˆλŠ” νŒŒλ„κ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€."
14:09
I am optimistic today
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μ €λŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ„ λ‚™κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ λ°”λΌλ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:11
because all across America,
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λ―Έκ΅­ μ „μ²΄μ—μ„œ
14:14
I have seen ripples of hope.
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희망의 물결듀을 λ³΄μ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
14:17
The Boston Medical Center
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λ³΄μŠ€ν†€ 의료 μ„Όν„°λŠ”
14:19
has added lawyers to the medical team
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μ˜μ‚¬λ“€μ΄ ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ 건강을 λ”μš± ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
14:22
so that physicians can improve the health of their patients
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μ˜λ£Œμ§„μ— λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€μ„ μ˜μž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:27
because the lawyers are addressing the nonmedical needs their patients have.
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λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€μ€ ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ λΉ„μ˜λ£Œμ  ν•„μš”λ₯Ό λ‹€λ£° 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
14:32
Loma Linda University has built a gateway college
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둜마 λ¦°λ‹€ λŒ€ν•™μ€ μƒŒ λ²„λ„ˆλ””λ…Έ 인근에
14:36
in nearby San Bernardino
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ†Œμˆ˜μžλ“€κ³Ό μ €μ†Œλ“μΈ΅ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μœ„ν•΄
14:37
so that in addition to delivering medical care,
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쒋은 직μž₯을 κ°–κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
14:41
they can provide job skills
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의료 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
14:44
and job training
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직무 기술과
14:45
to a predominantly minority, low-income community members
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싀무 κ΅μœ‘μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ”
14:50
so that they will have the skills they need to get a decent job.
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게이트 웨이 λŒ€ν•™μ„ μ§€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:56
In Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
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λ…ΈμŠ€μΊλ‘€λΌμ΄λ‚˜ 주의 μ±„ν”Œ νžμ—μ„œλŠ”
14:59
the Abecedarian Project has figured out
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초보자 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈκ°€
15:02
how to ensure that they have lowered the risks for heart disease
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νƒœμ–΄λ‚¬μ„ λ•ŒλΆ€ν„° 5μ„ΈκΉŒμ§€
15:08
for blacks in their mid-30s
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κ³ ν’ˆμ§ˆμ˜ λ³΄μœ‘μ›μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ„œ
15:11
by providing high-quality day care
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30λŒ€ μ€‘λ°˜ ν‘μΈλ“€μ˜
15:14
from birth to age five.
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심μž₯병 μœ„ν—˜μ„ μ€„μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:17
In after-school centers across the United States,
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미ꡭ의 λ°©κ³Ό ν›„ μ„Όν„°λ“€μ—μ„œλŠ”
15:20
Wintley Phipps and the US Dream Academy
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μœˆν‹€λ¦¬ ν•μŠ€μ™€ λ―Έκ΅­ λ“œλ¦Ό μ•„μΉ΄λ°λ―ΈλŠ”
15:23
is breaking the cycle of incarceration
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ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ λ’€μ²˜μ§„ 아이듀과
15:25
by providing high-quality academic enrichment and mentoring
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μˆ˜κ°μžλ“€μ˜ μžλ…€λ“€μ—κ²Œ
μ–‘μ§ˆμ˜ ꡐ윑과 λ©˜ν† λ§μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•˜μ—¬
15:30
to the children of prisoners
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15:33
and children who have fallen behind in school.
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감금의 μˆœν™˜μ„ κΉ¨κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:36
In Huntsville, Alabama,
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μ•ŒλΌλ°”λ§ˆ 주의 ν—ŒμΈ  λΉŒμ—
15:38
Oakwood University,
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흑인 기관인 μ˜€ν¬μš°λ“œ λŒ€ν•™μ€
15:39
a historically black institution,
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1ν•™λ…„ μ˜€λ¦¬μ—”ν…Œμ΄μ…˜μ—μ„œ
15:41
is showing how we can improve the health of black adults
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건강 검진을 μ§„ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” 것과
15:46
by including a health evaluation
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ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 선택을 μœ„ν•œ
15:49
as a part of freshman orientation
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방법을 μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³ 
15:52
and giving those students the tools they need
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μžμ‹ μ˜ 건강 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό 확인할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
15:55
to make healthy choices
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맀년 건강 기둝을 μ œκ³΅ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
15:57
and providing them annually a health transcript
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 성인 ν‘μΈλ“€μ˜ 건강을 κ°œμ„ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:00
so they can monitor their progress.
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16:03
And in Atlanta, Georgia,
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그리고 μ‘°μ§€μ•„μ˜ μ•„ν‹€λž€νƒ€μ—μ„œ
16:05
Purpose Built Communities has dismantled the negative effects of segregation
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ λͺ©μ μ„ μœ„ν•΄ 건립된 단체듀은
16:11
by transforming a crime-ridden,
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범죄와 λ§ˆμ•½μœΌλ‘œ
16:13
drug-infested public housing project
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μ˜€μ—Όλœ 곡영 주택듀을
16:16
into an oasis of mixed-income housing,
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ν˜Όν•©μ†Œλ“κ³Ό 학문적 μ„±κ³Ό
16:20
of academic performance,
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κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ§€μ—­μ‚¬νšŒ
16:22
of great community wellness
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그리고 고용으둜 κ°€λ“ν•œ μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ λ°”κΎΈμ–΄
16:25
and of full employment.
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λΆ„λ¦¬λ‘œ 인해 μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 뢀정적 νš¨κ³Όλ“€μ„ ν—ˆλ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:27
And finally,
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그리고 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ
16:29
there is the Devine solution.
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λ“œλ°”μΈ 해결책이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:32
Professor Patricia Devine
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μœ„μŠ€μ½˜μ‹  λŒ€ν•™μ˜
16:36
of the University of Wisconsin
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νŒ¨νŠΈλ¦¬μƒ€ λ“œλ°”μΈ κ΅μˆ˜λŠ”
16:38
has shown us how we can attack
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
μˆ¨μ–΄μžˆλŠ” νŽΈκ²¬λ“€μ„
16:42
our hidden biases head on
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효과적으둜 쀄일 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:45
and effectively reduce them.
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16:48
Each one of us
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저희 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€
16:50
can be a ripple of hope.
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희망이 물결이 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:53
This work will not always be easy,
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이 일이 항상 μ‰¬μšΈ μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:56
but former Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ „ λŒ€λ²•κ΄€ μ„œκ΅¬λ“œ 머샬은
17:00
has told us, "We must dissent.
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°˜λŒ€ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:03
We must dissent from the indifference.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 무심함에 λ°˜λŒ€ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:05
We must dissent from the apathy.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 무관심에 λ°˜λŒ€ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:07
We must dissent from the hatred and from the mistrust.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ¦μ˜€μ™€ λΆˆμ‹ μ— λ°˜λŒ€ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:11
We must dissent
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°˜λŒ€ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:13
because America can do better,
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미ꡭ은 더 μž˜ν•  수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:16
because America has no choice but to do better."
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ 미ꡭ은 더 μž˜ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜λ°–μ— μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€."
17:21
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:22
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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