Lifesaving scientific tools made of paper | Manu Prakash

Translator: Alex Pérez Reviewer: Nerea García Garmendia

So, I love making tools and sharing them with people.

Tresnak egitea eta jendearekin partekatzea gustuko dut.

I remember as a child,

Gogoratzen naiz gaztetan,

my first tool I built was actually a microscope

nire lehen erreminta mikroskopio bat zela,

that I built by stealing lenses from my brother's eyeglasses.

nire anaiari betaurrekoetatik lapurtutako lenteekin egina.

He wasn't that thrilled.

Berak ez zuen gustuko.

But, you know, maybe because of that moment,

Baina baliteke momentu horren ondorioz,

30 years later,

30 urte geroago,

I'm still making microscopes.

oraindik mikroskopioak egiten ditut.

And the reason I built these tools is for moments like this.

Eta horrelako momentuak izateko sortzen ditut.

(Video) Girl: I have black things in my hair --

(Bideoa) Neska: Gauza beltzak ditut ilean.

Manu Prakash: This is a school in the Bay Area.

Manu Prakash: Hau Bay Area-ko eskola bat da.

(Video) MP: The living world far supersedes our imagination

(Bideoa) MP: Bizi dugun munduak gure irudimena ordezten du,

of how things actually work.

gauzen funtzionamenduari dagokionez.

(Video) Boy: Oh my God!

(Bideoa) Mutila: Jainkoa!

MP: Right -- oh my God!

"Ados... Jainkoa!"

I hadn't realized this would be such a universal phrase.

Ez nintzen konturatu hau hain esaldi unibertsala izango zenik.

Over the last two years,

Azken bi urteetan, nire laborategian, 50 000 Foldscope egin genituen

in my lab,

we built 50,000 Foldscopes

and shipped them to 130 countries in the world,

eta munduko 130 herrialdetara bidali

at no cost to the kids we sent them to.

inolako kosturik gabe bidaltzen genien umeentzat.

This year alone,

Urte honetan soilik,

with the support of our community,

gure komunitatearen laguntzarekin,

we are planning to ship a million microscopes

milioi bat mikroskopio bidaltzeko asmotan gabiltza,

to kids around the world.

mundu guztiko umeen artean.

What does that do?

Zer egiten du honek?

It creates an inspiring community of people around the world,

Jende motibatu eta inspiraturen komunitatea sortzen du,

learning and teaching each other,

ikasten eta irakasten beraien artean,

from Kenya to Kampala to Kathmandu to Kansas.

Kenya-tik hasi Kampala-ra Kathmandu-ra edo Kansas-era.

And one of the phenomenal things that I love about this

Eta honen ezaugarri miresgarria komunitate sentsazioa da.

is the sense of community.

There's a kid in Nicaragua

Nikaraguan ume bat dago

teaching others how to identify mosquito species that carry dengue

besteak irakasten nola identifika dezaketen ea eltxo batek dengea duen

larba mikroskopioan aztertuz.

by looking at the larva under a microscope.

There's a pharmacologist who came up with a new way

Farmazialari batek bide berri bat sortu zuen

to detect fake drugs anywhere.

medicamentu faltsuak detektatzeko edonon.

There is a girl who wondered:

Eta neska batek pentsatu zuen:

"How does glitter actually work?"

"Nola funtzionatzen du disdirak?",

and discovered the physics of crystalline formation in glitter.

eta aztertu zuen formazio kristalinoak distiran.

There is an Argentinian doctor

Badago mediku argentinar bat

who's trying to do field cervical cancer screening with this tool.

saiatzen ari dena tresna honekin minbizia zerbikala aztertzeko.

And yours very truly found a species of flea

Eta hainbat arkakuso mota aurkitu ziren

that was dug inside my heel in my foot one centimeter deep.

nire hankako orpoan zegoen zentimetro bateko zuloan.

Now, you might think of these as anomalies.

Baliteke zu gauza ezohiko guzti hauen inguruan pentsatzen egotea.

But there is a method to this madness.

Baina modu bat dago erotasun honetarako:

I call this "frugal science" --

"zientzia urria" deritzot,

the idea of sharing the experience of science,

zientziaren esperientzia partekatzearen idea

and not just the information.

eta ez informazioa soilik.

To remind you:

Gogoratzearren:

there are a billion people on this planet

bilioi bat pertsona daude planeta honetan ez dutenak inolako azpiegiturarik:

who live with absolutely no infrastructure:

no roads,

errepiderik ez,

no electricity

elektrizitaterik ez,

and thus, no health care.

ezta zerbitzu medikurik ez.

Also, there a billion kids on this planet that live in poverty.

Gainera, planeta honetako bilioi bat humeek pobrezian bizi dira.

How are we supposed to inspire them

Baina nola inspiratuko ditugu hurrengo gizaldiko irtenbide egileak?

for the next generation of solution makers?

There are health care workers that we put on the line

Osasun zerbitzuko zenbait langile lanean jartzen ditugu

to fight infectious diseases,

gaixotasun infekziosoen aurka,

to protect us with absolutely bare-minimum tools and resources.

gu babesteko, ia inolako tresna edo baliabideekin.

So as a lab at Stanford,

Laborategi langiletzat Stanford-en,

I think of this from a context of frugal science

honi buruz pentsatu nuen zientzia urriko testuinguru batetik

and building solutions for these communities.

irtenbideak aurkitzeko komunitate horientzat.

Often we think about being able to do diagnosis under a tree, off-grid.

Maiz, diagnosiak elektrizitate gabe egiteko gai izango garela uste dugu.

I'll tell you two examples today of new tools.

Bi tresna berrien adibideak azalduko dizkizuet:

One of them starts in Uganda.

bietako bat Ugandan du hasiera.

In 2013,

2013an,

on a field trip to detect schistosomiasis with Foldscopes,

Foldscopes-en bitartez Schistosomiasis-a detektatzeko landa azterketa batean,

I made a minor observation.

behaketa txiki bat egin nuen.

In a clinic,

Klinika batean, urrun, urrutiko leku batean,

in a far, remote area,

I saw a centrifuge being used as a doorstop.

ikusi nuen zentrifugatzaile bat atearen topetzat erabiliz.

I mean -- quite literally, the doorstop.

Literalki, ate topea.

And I asked them and they said,

Galdetu egin nien eta esan zidaten:

"Oh, we don't actually have electricity,

"Oh, egia esan ez dugu elektrizitaterik,

so this piece of junk is good as a doorstop."

hortaz zabor zati hau erabili dezakegu ate tope bezala".

Centrifuges, for some of you who don't know,

Zentrifugatzaileak zer diren ez dakizuenentzat,

are the pinnacle tool to be able to do sample processing.

tresna egokienak dira prozesu sinpleetarako.

You separate components of blood or body fluids

Odola edo gorputz fluidoak bere osagaietan bana dezakezu

to be able to detect and identify pathogens.

patogenoak dekektatu eta identifikatu ahal izateko.

But centrifuges are bulky, expensive --

Baina zentrifugatzaileak handiak eta garestiak dira,

cost around 1,000 dollars --

gutxi gora behera $1000 balio dute,

and really hard to carry out in the field.

eta oso zailak landa eremuetan erabiltzeko.

And of course,

Eta, noski, ez dabil elektrizitate gabe.

they don't work without power.

Sound familiar?

Ezaguna egiten zaizue?

So we started thinking about solving this problem,

Hortaz, arazoaren konponbidea pentsatzen hasi ginen,

and I came back --

jostailutaz pentsatzen hasi nintzen.

kept thinking about toys.

Now ...

Orain...

I have a few with me here.

zenbait dauzkat nirekin hemen.

I first started with yo-yos ...

Lehenik yo-yo-ekin hasi nintzen,

and I'm a terrible yo-yo thrower.

baina oso txarra naiz yo-yo-ekin.

Because these objects spin,

Objektu hauek biratzen dutenez,

we wondered,

pentsatu genuen ea erabil genezakeen objetu hauen fisika

could we actually use the physics of these objects

zentrifugatzaileak eraikitzeko.

to be able to build centrifuges?

This was possibly the worst throw I could make.

Baliteke hau izatea egin nezakeedan tiro txarrena.

But you might start realizing,

Baina baliteke konturatu izana,

if you start exploring the space of toys --

jostailuen tokia aztertzen hasten bazara,

we tried these spinning tops,

gauza biratzaile hauek frogatu genituen,

and then in the lab,

eta gero laborategian ustekabean sorpresa hau lortu genuen.

we stumbled upon this wonder.

It's the whirligig, or a buzzer, or a rundle.

Ziba, txirrin edo zibota bat da.

A couple of strings and a little disk,

Pare bat soka eta disko txiki bat,

and if I push, it spins.

bultzatzen baduzu, bira egiten du.

How many of you have played with this as a kid?

Zuetako zenbaitek jolastu duzue honekin gaztetan?

This is called a button-on-a-string.

Hau botoi bat soka batean deitua da.

OK, maybe 50 percent of you.

Ados, baliteke zuetako % 50ak.

What you didn't realize --

Zuek ez zinenten ohartu objektu txiki hau

that this little object

is the oldest toy in the history of mankind ...

gizadiaren historiaren jostailu zaharrena dela...

5,000 years ago.

Duela 5 000 urte objektu honen erlikiak aurkitu dira

We have found relics of this object hidden around on our planet.

ezkutuan planeta osoan zehar.

Now the irony is,

Orain ironia da,

we actually don't understand how this little thing works.

ez dugula ulertzen ea nola lan egiten duten gauza txiki hauek.

That's when I get excited.

Orduan urduritzen naiz.

So we got back to work,

Orduan, lanera itzuli ginen,

wrote down a couple of equations.

pare bat ekuazio idatzi genituen.

If you take the input torque that you put in,

Hasieran jartzen duzun bira hartzen baduzu,

you take the drag on this disc,

diskak duen marruskadura,

and the twist drag on these strings,

eta bira marruskadura soketan,

you should be able to mathematically solve this.

matematikoki hau ebazteko gai izan beharko zinake.

This is not the only equation in my talk.

Hau ez da nire hitzaldiko ekuazio bakarra.

Ten pages of math later,

Matematikako hamar orrialde geroago,

we could actually write down the complete analytical solution

erantzun analitiko osoa idazteko gai ginen sistema dinamiko honetan.

for this dynamic system.

And out comes what we call "Paperfuge."

Orduan lortu genuen "Paperfuge" deitzen duguna.

That's my postdoc Saad Bhamla,

Hori Saad Bhamla da nire doktoretza ikaslea,

who's the co-inventor of Paperfuge.

eta "Paperfuge"-ren ko-asmatzaile.

And to the left, you see all the centrifuges

Ezkerraldean, idatzen ari garen zentrifugatzaile horiek ikusi dezakezue.

that we're trying to replace.

This little object that you see right here

Eskuinean ikusten duzuen gauza txiki hori

is a disc, a couple of strings and a handle.

disko bat, bi soka eta helduleku bat dira.

And when I spin

Eta biratzen dudanean,

and I push,

eta bultzatu, biraka hasten da.

it starts to spin.

Orain, konturatzen zarenean,

Now, when you realize,

when you do the math,

Matematikak egitean,

when we calculate the rpm for this object,

objektuaren abiadura kalkulatzean,

mathematically, we should be able to go all the way to a million rpm.

matematikoki, milioi bat bira minutuko mugitzeko gai izango ginen.

Now, there is a little twist in human anatomy,

Orain, nahaste bat dago giza anatomian,

because the resonant frequency of this object is about 10 hertz,

objetu honen resonantzia frekuentzia 10 Hz-koa delako,

and if you've ever played the piano,

eta noizbait pianoa jo baldin baduzu,

you can't go higher than two or three hertz.

ezin dezakezu 2 edo 3 Hz baino gehiago lortu.

The maximum speed we've been able to achieve with this object

Objektu honekin lortu dugun abiadura handiena

is not 10,000 rpm,

ez dira 10 000 bira minutuko,

not 50,000 rpm --

ezta 50 000 bira minutuko:

120,000 rpm.

120 000 bira minutuko esaterako,

That's equal to 30,000 g-forces.

30 000 g-indarren berdina dena.

If I was to stick you right here and have it spin,

Zu bertan itsatsiko bazina eta birak eman,

you would think about the types of forces you would experience.

biziko zenituen indar motei buruz pentsako zenuen.

One of the factors of a tool like this

Horrelako tresna baten faktoreetako bat

is to be able to do diagnosis with this.

berarekin diagnosiak egiteko gai izatea da.

So, I'm going to do a quick demo here, where --

Hemen, erakustaldi azkar bat egingo dizuet.

this is a moment where I'm going to make a little finger prick,

Orain hatzan ziztada bat egingo dut,

and a tiny drop of blood is going to come out.

eta odol tanta bat irtengo da.

If you don't like blood, you don't have to look at it.

Ez baduzue odola gustuko, ez duzue zertan begiratu.

Here is a little lancet.

Hemen dago lantzeta bat.

These lancets are available everywhere,

Lantzeta hauek edonon lor daitezke, guztiz pasibo.

completely passive.

And if I've had breakfast today ...

Eta gaur gosaldu izan banu...

That didn't hurt at all.

ez zuen inolako minik egingo.

OK, I take a little capillary with a drop of blood --

Kapilar txiki bat hartzen dut odol erorketarekin.

now this drop of blood has answers,

Orain odol tanta honek erantzunak ditu, eta horrek interesatzen nau.

that's why I'm interested in it.

It might actually tell me whether I have malaria right now or not.

Orain malaria dudan edo ez esan lekidake.

I take a little capillary,

Kapilar txiki bat hartzen dut,

and you see it starts wicking in.

eta ikusiko duzue:

I'm going to draw a little more blood.

odol pixka bat gehiago jarriko dut.

And that's good enough for right now.

Eta nahikoa odol izango da oraingoz.

Now, I just seal this capillary by putting it in clay.

Orain, kapilar hau isten dut.

And now that's sealed the sample.

Eta hau da itxitako lagina.

We're going to take the sample,

Lagina hartuko dugu,

mount it on Paperfuge.

eta Paperfuge-an jarriko dugu,

A little piece of tape to make a sealed cavity.

zinta zati bat hutsune itxi bat egiteko.

So now the sample is completely enclosed.

Orduan, orain lagina guztiz itxita dago.

And we are ready for a spin.

Eta birak emateko prest dago.

I'm pushing and pulling with this object.

Bultza eta tiraka ari naiz objektu honekin.

I'm going to load this up ...

Hau beteko dut...

And you see the object starts spinning.

eta ikusiko duzue objektua biraka hasten dela.

Unlike a regular centrifuge,

Ohiko zentrifugatzaile bat ez bezala, alderantzizko zentrifugatzaile bat.

this is a counter-rotating centrifuge.

It goes back and forth, back and forth ...

Aurrera eta atzera doa, aurrera eta atzera...

And now I'm charging it up,

Orain kargatzen ari naiz,

and you see it builds momentum.

ikusten duzue momentua handitzen dela.

And now -- I don't know if you can hear this --

Eta orain, ez dakit hau entzun dezakezuen,

30 seconds of this,

horrelako 30 segundu,

and I should be able to separate all the blood cells with the plasma.

eta odol zelulak eta plasma banatzeko gai izan beharko nintzateke,

And the ratio of those blood cells to plasma --

eta odol zelulen eta plasmaren arteko ratioa.

(Applause)

(Txaloak)

Already, if you see right here,

Dagoeneko, hona begiratzen baduzue,

if you focus on this,

eta arreta jartzen baduzue,

you should be able to see a separated volume

banandutako odol eta plasma bolumenak

ikus zenitzakete,

of blood and plasma.

And the ratio of that actually tells me whether I might be anemic.

eta ratio honek esaten dit baliteke anemiko egotea.

One of the aspects of this is, we build many types of Paperfuges.

Honen aspektuetako bat da, Paperfuge mota desberdin asko sortu genituen.

This one allows us to identify malaria parasites

Honek malariaren parasituak identifika ditzake

by running them for a little longer,

pixkat gehiagoz biratuz,

and we can identify malaria parasites that are in the blood

eta odolean dauden malariaren parasituak identifika ditzazkegu

that we can separate out and detect with something like a centrifuge.

banatu ditzazkegunak zentrifugatzaile antzeko batekin.

Another version of this allows me to separate nucleic acids

Honen beste bertsio batek azido nukleikoak banatzea uzten dit,

to be able to do nucleic acid tests out in the field itself.

azido nukleikoen testak egin ahal izateko kanpoan bertan.

Here is another version that allows me to separate bulk samples,

Hemen da beste bertsio bat, zuntz laginak banatzen uzten nauena,

and then, finally,

eta azkenik, lan egiten egon garen zerbait berria

something new that we've been working on

to be able to implement the entire multiplex test on an object like this.

test guzti hauek horrelako objektu batean elkartu ahal izateko.

So where you do the sample preparation and the chemistry in the same object.

Hortaz, lagin prestaketa eta kimika objektu berean egin daitekeenean.

Now ...

Hau guztia zoragarria da,

this is all good,

but when you start thinking about this,

baina honetaz pentsatzen hasi ginenean,

you have to share these tools with people.

tresnak jendearekin partekatu behar dituzu.

And one of the things we did is -- we just got back from Madagascar;

Eta egin genuen gauzetako bat zen -- Madagaskar-tik itzuli berri geuden;

this is what clinical trials for malaria look like --

horrelakoak dira malariaren saio klinikoak --

(Laughter)

(Barreak)

You can do this while having coffee.

Kafea hartzen zauden bitartean egin dezakezu.

But most importantly,

Baina garrantzitsuena dena,

this is a village six hours from any road.

herri hau edozein errepidetatik bost ordutara dago.

We are in a room with one of the senior members of the community

Gela batean gaude komunitateko nagusi batekin

and a health care worker.

eta osasun langile batekin.

It really is this portion of the work that excites me the most --

Benetan hau da lanaren gehien gustatzen zaidan zatia:

that smile,

irri egiten dutela,

to be able to share simple but powerful tools with people around the world.

gauza sinple baina indartsuak partekatzeko mundu osoko jendearen artean.

Now, I forgot to tell you this,

Orain, ahaztu egin zait hau zuei esatea,

that all of that cost me 20 cents to make.

guzti horrek 20 zentimo kostatu zait.

OK, in the negative time I have left,

Ados, utzi geratzen zaidan denboran,

I'll tell you about the most recent --

Berriki gertatutakoaz hitz egingo dizuet,

(Laughter)

(Barreak)

invention from our lab.

gure laborategian egindako asmakizuna.

It's called Abuzz --

Abuzz du izena.

the idea that all of you could help us fight mosquitoes;

Ideia honekin zuek guztiek lagun diezagukezue eltxoei aurre egiten;

you could all help us track our enemies.

gure arerioak kontrolatzen lagun diezagukezue.

These are enemies because they cause malaria, Zika, chikungunya, dengue.

Hauek etsaiak dira malaria, zika, chikungunya eta dengea sortzen dutelako.

But the challenge is that we actually don't know where our enemies are.

Baina benetako erronka da ez dakigula non dauden gure etsaiak.

The world map for where mosquitoes are is missing.

Eltxoen lokalekua adierazten duen mundu mapa ez dago.

Hortaz pentsatzen hasi ginen.

So we started thinking about this.

There are 3,500 species of mosquitoes,

3 500 eltxo klase desberdin daude, eta oso antzekoak dira.

and they're all very similar.

Some of them are so identical

Batzuk hain antzekoak dira

that even an entomologist cannot identify them under a microscope.

entomologo batek ez dela identifikatzeko gai

mikroskopioaren laguntzaz.

But they have an Achilles' heel.

Baina ahulgune bat dute.

This is what mosquitoes flirting with each other looks like.

Eltxoak larrukeritan daudenean hau dirudite.

That's a male chasing a female.

Hemen arra emearen atzetik dabil.

They're actually talking to each other with their wingbeat frequencies.

Izatez, hitz egiten ari dira hegoen mugimenduaren frekuentziarekin,

(Buzzing sound)

(Burrunba)

And thus, they have a signature.

eta horrela markak uzten dituzte.

We realized that using a regular phone,

Konturatu ginen ohiko mugikor bat erabiliz,

a $5-10 flip phone --

5 - 10 dolarreko telefonoa...

how many remember what this object is?

zenbatek gogoratzen duzue zer den hau?

(Laughter)

(Barreak)

We can record these acoustic signatures from mosquitoes.

Eltxoen marka akustikoak grabatu ditzazkegu.

I'll tell you exactly how to do this.

Azalduko dizuet nola egin zehatz mehatz.

I caught some mosquitoes outside.

Zenbait eltxo harrapatu ditut.

Unlike Bill [Gates], I'm not going to release them.

Bill [Gates] ez bezala, ez ditut askatuko.

(Laughter)

But I will tell you how to record from this.

(Barreak)

Baina nola grabatu azalduko dizuet.

All you do is tap them and they fly.

Egin behar den guztia grabatu eta gero askatzea da.

You can first test --

Lehenik saiatu zaitezke...

I can actually hear that.

esaterako entzun dezaket.

And you bring your phone, which has microphones --

Eta zure telefonoa ekar dezakezu, mikrofonoa duena.

it turns out the mics are so damn good already,

Argi uzten du mikrofonoak oso onak direla, baita mugikor arruntetan,

even on regular phones,

that you can pick up this near-field signature.

eta graba dezakezu gertuko markaren bat.

And since I'm out of time,

Eta denboraz kanpo nagoenetik,

let me just play the recording that I made a day ago.

atzo egindako grabaketa jarriko dut.

(Mosquitoes buzz)

(Eltxoen burrunba)

This is all the charming sound that you heard before

Lehen entzun duzuen zarata erakargarri hori da guztiok maite duzuena.

that you all love.

One of the contexts of this

Kontextu honetan,

is that being able to do this with a regular cell phone

adierazgarria da hau mugikor arrunt batekin egin daitekeela,

allows us to map mosquito species.

eltxoen klaseen mapa bat egitea ahalbidetzen duena.

Using a flip phone,

Ireki daitekeen mugikor bat erabiliz

we mapped one of the largest acoustic databases

datu-base akustiko handiena egitea lortu dugu,

with 25 to 20 species of mosquitoes that carry human pathogens.

giza patogenoak garraiatzen dituzten 20 - 25 eltxo motekin.

And from this and machine learning,

Honekin eta makineria ulertuz,

anybody who uploads this data,

informazioa edonork igo dezake,

we can identify and tell the probability

eta guk identifika ditzakegu erabili dituzuen eltxoak,

of what species of mosquitoes you're actually working with.

probabilitatea zehaztuz.

We call this Abuzz, and if any of you want to sign up,

Hau Abuzz deitzen dugu, eta norbaitek izena eman nahi badu,

just go to the website.

soilik sartu web-orrian.

Let me close with something

Utz nazazue zerbaitekin amaitzen,

that's very important and dear to my heart.

oso garrantzitsua dena eta oso maitea niretzat.

One of the challenges of today is we have terrible problems.

Ditugun arazoak gaur egungo erronketako bat da.

We have a billion people with absolutely no health care,

Bilioi pertsona daude munduan osasun zerbitzurik gabe,

climate change, biodiversity loss,

klima-aldaketa, biodibertsitate galera, eta abar.

on and on and on.

And we hope that science is going to provide the answer.

Eta espero dugu zientziak erantzuna izatea.

But before you leave this theatre today,

Baina antzerki hau uzten duzuen aurretik,

I want you to promise one thing.

zerbait prometatu behar duzue.

We're going to make science accessible --

Zientzia eskugai egingo dugu,

not just to the people who can afford it,

ez soilik ordaidu dezaketenentzat,

ezin dutenen bilioi horrentzat.

but a billion others who can't.

Let's make science and scientific literacy a human right.

Egin dezagun zientzia eta zientziar jakinduria giza eskubide.

The moment that you pass the tingling feeling of making a discovery

Igarotzen duzun kili-kilia aurkikuntza bat egitean

beste haur bati pasatzen diozunean,

to another child,

you're enabling them to be the next group of people

ahalbidetzen ari zara

hurrengo jende taldeak dituen arazoak konpontzea.

who will actually solve these problems.

Thank you.

Eskerrik asko.

(Applause)

(Txaloak)