Lifesaving scientific tools made of paper | Manu Prakash

170,675 views ใƒป 2017-07-24

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Eunkyung Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : JY Kang
00:12
So, I love making tools and sharing them with people.
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์ €๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
I remember as a child,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ
00:18
my first tool I built was actually a microscope
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:21
that I built by stealing lenses from my brother's eyeglasses.
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์ œ ๋‚จ๋™์ƒ์˜ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ›”์ณ์™€์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:26
He wasn't that thrilled.
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๋™์ƒ์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
00:27
But, you know, maybe because of that moment,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
00:30
30 years later,
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30๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„
00:31
I'm still making microscopes.
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
And the reason I built these tools is for moments like this.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
(Video) Girl: I have black things in my hair --
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) ์†Œ๋…€: ๋‚ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ ์†์— ๊ฒ€์ •์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:41
Manu Prakash: This is a school in the Bay Area.
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๋งˆ๋ˆ„ ํ”„๋ผ์นด์‰ฌ: ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ƒŒํ”„๋ž€์‹œ์Šค์ฝ”์˜ ์–ด๋Š ํ•™๊ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
(Video) MP: The living world far supersedes our imagination
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) MP: ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
00:49
of how things actually work.
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์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
(Video) Boy: Oh my God!
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(๋น„๋””์˜ค) ์†Œ๋…„: ์˜ค ๋งˆ์ด ๊ฐ“!
00:55
MP: Right -- oh my God!
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MP: ๋งž์•„์š”. '์˜ค ๋งˆ์ด ๊ฐ“!'
00:58
I hadn't realized this would be such a universal phrase.
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์ด ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ด์ œ ์•Œ์•˜๋„ค์š”.
01:02
Over the last two years,
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์ง€๋‚œ 2๋…„ ๊ฐ„
01:04
in my lab,
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” 5๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ข…์ดํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
we built 50,000 Foldscopes
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01:08
and shipped them to 130 countries in the world,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 130๊ฐœ ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
at no cost to the kids we sent them to.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:14
This year alone,
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๊ธˆ๋…„์—๋Š”
01:15
with the support of our community,
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์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ
01:17
we are planning to ship a million microscopes
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๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๊ณ„ํš์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
to kids around the world.
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01:21
What does that do?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
01:23
It creates an inspiring community of people around the world,
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ธ์žฌ ์–‘์„ฑ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
learning and teaching each other,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:28
from Kenya to Kampala to Kathmandu to Kansas.
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์ผ€๋ƒ์—์„œ ์บ„ํŒ”๋ผ๊นŒ์ง€, ์นดํˆฌ๋งŒ๋‘์—์„œ ์ผ„์ž์Šค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:33
And one of the phenomenal things that I love about this
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ์  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
01:35
is the sense of community.
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๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์˜์‹์ด์—์š”.
01:37
There's a kid in Nicaragua
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๋‹ˆ์นด๋ผ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋Š”
01:39
teaching others how to identify mosquito species that carry dengue
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ ์œ ์ถฉ์„ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด์„œ
๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด ์ „์—ผ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:43
by looking at the larva under a microscope.
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01:45
There's a pharmacologist who came up with a new way
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์–ด๋Š ์•ฝ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ€์งœ ์•ฝ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
to detect fake drugs anywhere.
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01:51
There is a girl who wondered:
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๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์ง๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ–ˆ๋˜ ์–ด๋Š ์†Œ๋…€๋Š”
01:53
"How does glitter actually work?"
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01:55
and discovered the physics of crystalline formation in glitter.
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๋ฐ˜์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
There is an Argentinian doctor
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์ด ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•” ๊ฒ€์ง„์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ ์–ด๋Š ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š”
02:01
who's trying to do field cervical cancer screening with this tool.
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02:05
And yours very truly found a species of flea
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์ €์˜ ๋ฐœ ๋’ท๊ฟˆ์น˜์— 1 cm๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
02:09
that was dug inside my heel in my foot one centimeter deep.
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๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
Now, you might think of these as anomalies.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ก€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ณ„์‹ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
02:19
But there is a method to this madness.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด๋ก€์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
I call this "frugal science" --
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  "๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™" ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
the idea of sharing the experience of science,
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๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:28
and not just the information.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ์ •๋ณด๋งŒ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
02:30
To remind you:
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์ž˜ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
02:32
there are a billion people on this planet
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 10์–ต ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
02:34
who live with absolutely no infrastructure:
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:36
no roads,
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๋„๋กœ๋„ ์—†๊ณ 
02:38
no electricity
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์ „๊ธฐ๋„ ์—†๊ณ 
02:39
and thus, no health care.
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์˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ์„ค๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
Also, there a billion kids on this planet that live in poverty.
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๋นˆ๊ณค ์†์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 10์–ต ๋ช…์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:47
How are we supposed to inspire them
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด ๋„ฃ์–ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
02:49
for the next generation of solution makers?
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02:52
There are health care workers that we put on the line
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ
02:54
to fight infectious diseases,
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๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ 
02:56
to protect us with absolutely bare-minimum tools and resources.
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ์™€ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
So as a lab at Stanford,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šคํƒ ํผ๋“œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ
03:04
I think of this from a context of frugal science
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒ€์†Œํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
and building solutions for these communities.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋นˆ๊ณค ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋‚ด๋†“๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:10
Often we think about being able to do diagnosis under a tree, off-grid.
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์ข…์ข… ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
I'll tell you two examples today of new tools.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
One of them starts in Uganda.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:20
In 2013,
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2013๋…„์—
03:22
on a field trip to detect schistosomiasis with Foldscopes,
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์ข…์ด ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผํ˜ˆํก์ถฉ์ฆ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ˜„์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ
03:26
I made a minor observation.
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์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
In a clinic,
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์•„์ฃผ ์™ธ๋”ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒ์†Œ์—์„œ
03:30
in a far, remote area,
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03:31
I saw a centrifuge being used as a doorstop.
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์›์‹ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œ์ผœ๋†“๋Š” ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
I mean -- quite literally, the doorstop.
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ„ํŒ€์‡ ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:38
And I asked them and they said,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
03:40
"Oh, we don't actually have electricity,
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"์˜ค, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋“ค์–ด์™€์š”.
03:42
so this piece of junk is good as a doorstop."
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ„ํŒ€์‡ ๋กœ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฑ ์ข‹์•„์š”."
03:46
Centrifuges, for some of you who don't know,
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์›์‹ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ณ„์‹คํ…๋ฐ์š”.
03:49
are the pinnacle tool to be able to do sample processing.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
You separate components of blood or body fluids
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ํ•ผ์•ก๊ณผ ์ฒด์•ก ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ
03:55
to be able to detect and identify pathogens.
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๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๋น„์ฃ .
03:58
But centrifuges are bulky, expensive --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์›์‹ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ณ , ๋น„์‹ธ์š”.
04:01
cost around 1,000 dollars --
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์•„๋งˆ ์ฒœ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •๋„ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:03
and really hard to carry out in the field.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ต์ฃ .
04:05
And of course,
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ „๊ธฐ ์—†์ด๋Š” ์ž‘๋™์ด ์•ˆ๋˜์ฃ .
04:06
they don't work without power.
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04:07
Sound familiar?
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์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์‹œ์ฃ ?
04:09
So we started thinking about solving this problem,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:11
and I came back --
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ํ˜„์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:13
kept thinking about toys.
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04:15
Now ...
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—
04:17
I have a few with me here.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:19
I first started with yo-yos ...
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์š”์š”๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:21
and I'm a terrible yo-yo thrower.
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์ €๋Š” ์š”์š”๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
Because these objects spin,
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์ด ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์ด ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ถ๊ธˆํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
04:26
we wondered,
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04:27
could we actually use the physics of these objects
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
์›์‹ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:30
to be able to build centrifuges?
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04:33
This was possibly the worst throw I could make.
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ํ‰์†Œ์—” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž˜ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:36
But you might start realizing,
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๋ˆˆ์น˜์ฑ„์‹  ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ณ„์‹คํ…๋ฐ์š”.
04:37
if you start exploring the space of toys --
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ
04:40
we tried these spinning tops,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŒฝ์ด ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ๋„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ ์š”.
04:43
and then in the lab,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ
04:45
we stumbled upon this wonder.
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์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
It's the whirligig, or a buzzer, or a rundle.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํšŒ์ „ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ•๋ถ•์ด๋‚˜ ํšŒ์ „์ฐจ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:51
A couple of strings and a little disk,
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ค„๊ณผ ์ž‘์€ ์›๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:53
and if I push, it spins.
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์ค„์„ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์›๋ฐ˜์ด ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ฃ .
04:56
How many of you have played with this as a kid?
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์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋†€์•„๋ณด์‹  ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
04:58
This is called a button-on-a-string.
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ํŒ”๋ž‘๊ฐœ๋น„ ํŒฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ธ์ฃ .
05:00
OK, maybe 50 percent of you.
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๋„ค. ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„๋‚˜ ๋˜๋„ค์š”.
05:02
What you didn't realize --
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
05:03
that this little object
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€
05:05
is the oldest toy in the history of mankind ...
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
5,000 years ago.
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5000๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ๋œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์ˆจ์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
We have found relics of this object hidden around on our planet.
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05:16
Now the irony is,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ์ ์€
05:18
we actually don't understand how this little thing works.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
05:22
That's when I get excited.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ ์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
So we got back to work,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ
05:26
wrote down a couple of equations.
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต์‹์„ ์ ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:28
If you take the input torque that you put in,
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๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ํšŒ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ 
05:32
you take the drag on this disc,
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์›๋ฐ˜์˜ ํ•ญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ
05:34
and the twist drag on these strings,
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์ด ๊ผฌ์ธ ์ค„์—์„œ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:36
you should be able to mathematically solve this.
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์ด๊ฑธ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
This is not the only equation in my talk.
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์ด ๊ณต์‹๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:41
Ten pages of math later,
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10์ชฝ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ณต์‹์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ๋์—
05:43
we could actually write down the complete analytical solution
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋™์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์™„์„ฑ๋œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
for this dynamic system.
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05:48
And out comes what we call "Paperfuge."
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ "์ข…์ด ์›์‹ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
That's my postdoc Saad Bhamla,
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์ด ๋ถ„์€ ์ œ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์ธ '์‚ฌ๋“œ ๋ฐค๋ผ'์”จ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
05:54
who's the co-inventor of Paperfuge.
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์ข…์ด ์›์‹ฌ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณต๋™๋ฐœ๋ช…์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
And to the left, you see all the centrifuges
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์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ต์ฒดํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์›์‹ฌ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
that we're trying to replace.
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05:59
This little object that you see right here
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋Š”
06:04
is a disc, a couple of strings and a handle.
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์›๋ฐ˜๊ณผ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์†์žก์ด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:08
And when I spin
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋ฉด..
06:09
and I push,
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์ค„์„ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์›๋ฐ˜์ด ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:10
it starts to spin.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
06:12
Now, when you realize,
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06:14
when you do the math,
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์‹์„ ํ’€์–ด์„œ
06:17
when we calculate the rpm for this object,
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์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ํšŒ์ „์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
06:19
mathematically, we should be able to go all the way to a million rpm.
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์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋‹น ๋ฐฑ๋งŒํšŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ํšŒ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
Now, there is a little twist in human anatomy,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ธ์ฒด ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
06:26
because the resonant frequency of this object is about 10 hertz,
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์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ณต์ง„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 10 Hz ์ •๋„ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
and if you've ever played the piano,
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ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์ณ๋ณธ ๋ถ„์ด์‹œ๋ผ๋ฉด
06:31
you can't go higher than two or three hertz.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 2 ๋‚˜ 3 Hz ์ด์ƒ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
06:33
The maximum speed we've been able to achieve with this object
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์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ  ํšŒ์ „์†๋„๋Š”
06:37
is not 10,000 rpm,
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๋ถ„๋‹น 10,000ํšŒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
06:39
not 50,000 rpm --
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50,000 ํšŒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
120,000 rpm.
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๋ถ„๋‹น 120,000ํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
That's equal to 30,000 g-forces.
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์ค‘๋ ฅ์˜ 3๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์›์‹ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์ฃ .
06:45
If I was to stick you right here and have it spin,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ด ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ ํšŒ์ „์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:48
you would think about the types of forces you would experience.
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:52
One of the factors of a tool like this
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์ธ์€ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
is to be able to do diagnosis with this.
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06:57
So, I'm going to do a quick demo here, where --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์‹œ๋ฒ”์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
this is a moment where I'm going to make a little finger prick,
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์ด์ œ ์ œ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ์‚ด์ง ์ฐŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
07:05
and a tiny drop of blood is going to come out.
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ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ํ…๋ฐ
ํ”ผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์‹ซ์œผ์‹œ๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋ณด์…”๋„ ๋ผ์š”.
07:08
If you don't like blood, you don't have to look at it.
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07:10
Here is a little lancet.
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์ฑ„ํ˜ˆ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
07:12
These lancets are available everywhere,
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์ด๊ฑด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
completely passive.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ˆ˜๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:15
And if I've had breakfast today ...
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ .. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์นจ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด...
07:21
That didn't hurt at all.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์•ˆ ์•„ํ”„๋„ค์š”.
07:23
OK, I take a little capillary with a drop of blood --
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
now this drop of blood has answers,
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์ด์ œ ์ด ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์šธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ๋งํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
07:29
that's why I'm interested in it.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ฃ .
07:31
It might actually tell me whether I have malaria right now or not.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋Š”์ง€ ์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
I take a little capillary,
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ด€์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ
07:37
and you see it starts wicking in.
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:39
I'm going to draw a little more blood.
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
07:44
And that's good enough for right now.
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์ด ์ •๋„๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
07:47
Now, I just seal this capillary by putting it in clay.
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์ด์ œ ์ด ๊ด€์„ ์ฐฐํ™์œผ๋กœ ๋ด‰์ธํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
And now that's sealed the sample.
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์ด์ œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์ด ๋ด‰์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
We're going to take the sample,
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์ด์ œ ์ด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„
07:59
mount it on Paperfuge.
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์ข…์ด ์›์‹ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
A little piece of tape to make a sealed cavity.
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ํ…Œ์ดํ”„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋ง‰์•„์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
So now the sample is completely enclosed.
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์ด์ œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ด‰์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
And we are ready for a spin.
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ํšŒ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋„ค์š”.
08:22
I'm pushing and pulling with this object.
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์ด ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
I'm going to load this up ...
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์ผ๋‹จ ์ข€ ๊ฐ์•„๋‘๊ณ ์š”.
08:28
And you see the object starts spinning.
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๋ฌผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
08:30
Unlike a regular centrifuge,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์›์‹ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
08:32
this is a counter-rotating centrifuge.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—‡ํšŒ์ „์‹ ์›์‹ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
It goes back and forth, back and forth ...
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ํšŒ์ „๊ณผ ์—ญํšŒ์ „์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์ฃ .
08:39
And now I'm charging it up,
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์ด์ œ ์ ์  ๋นจ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
and you see it builds momentum.
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๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์€ ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
08:44
And now -- I don't know if you can hear this --
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์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์‹ค์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
08:46
30 seconds of this,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 30์ดˆ๋งŒ์—
08:48
and I should be able to separate all the blood cells with the plasma.
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ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
And the ratio of those blood cells to plasma --
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ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ --
08:56
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:00
Already, if you see right here,
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์ž ์ด์ œ, ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
09:04
if you focus on this,
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
09:05
you should be able to see a separated volume
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์ด ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
09:09
of blood and plasma.
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09:10
And the ratio of that actually tells me whether I might be anemic.
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๊ทธ ๋น„์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋นˆํ˜ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
One of the aspects of this is, we build many types of Paperfuges.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ข…์ด ์›์‹ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:18
This one allows us to identify malaria parasites
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์ด ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
by running them for a little longer,
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09:25
and we can identify malaria parasites that are in the blood
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๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ•ผ์•ก ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ์„
09:28
that we can separate out and detect with something like a centrifuge.
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์›์‹ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:32
Another version of this allows me to separate nucleic acids
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•ต์‚ฐ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ผœ
09:37
to be able to do nucleic acid tests out in the field itself.
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ํ˜„์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํ•ต์‚ฐ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
Here is another version that allows me to separate bulk samples,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
and then, finally,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ
09:47
something new that we've been working on
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ค‘์ธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
09:49
to be able to implement the entire multiplex test on an object like this.
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์ด๊ฒƒ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
So where you do the sample preparation and the chemistry in the same object.
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์ด ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ ์ค€๋น„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์— ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:59
Now ...
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์ด์ œ...
10:00
this is all good,
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๋‹ค ์ข‹์€๋ฐ์š”.
10:01
but when you start thinking about this,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๊ฑธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
10:03
you have to share these tools with people.
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10:06
And one of the things we did is -- we just got back from Madagascar;
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ•œ ์ผ์€.. ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค์นด์— ๋ง‰ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
10:09
this is what clinical trials for malaria look like --
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:13
You can do this while having coffee.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ปคํ”ผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:15
But most importantly,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:17
this is a village six hours from any road.
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์ด ๊ณณ์€ ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ 6์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
We are in a room with one of the senior members of the community
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ํ•œ ์–ด๋ฅด์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
10:26
and a health care worker.
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10:27
It really is this portion of the work that excites me the most --
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์ €๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
10:31
that smile,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ € ๋ฏธ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
to be able to share simple but powerful tools with people around the world.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ .
10:37
Now, I forgot to tell you this,
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋น ๋œจ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
10:39
that all of that cost me 20 cents to make.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ 20์„ผํŠธ ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:43
OK, in the negative time I have left,
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๋ฐœํ‘œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งˆ์ด๋„ˆ์Šค๋„ค์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‚จ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์€
10:46
I'll tell you about the most recent --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— --
10:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:49
invention from our lab.
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๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
10:51
It's called Abuzz --
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์–ด๋ฒ„์ฆˆ(Abuzz)๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”.
10:53
the idea that all of you could help us fight mosquitoes;
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ์–ป์–ด์„œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์™€ ์‹ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
you could all help us track our enemies.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
These are enemies because they cause malaria, Zika, chikungunya, dengue.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์ง€์นด, ์น˜์ฟค์ฟ ๋‹ˆ์•„, ๋Ž…๊ธฐ์—ด์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
11:03
But the challenge is that we actually don't know where our enemies are.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ ์€ ๊ทธ ์ ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
The world map for where mosquitoes are is missing.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์—†์ž–์•„์š”.
11:12
So we started thinking about this.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
There are 3,500 species of mosquitoes,
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3,500์ข…์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
11:15
and they're all very similar.
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11:17
Some of them are so identical
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ์„œ
11:18
that even an entomologist cannot identify them under a microscope.
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๊ณค์ถฉํ•™์ž์กฐ์ฐจ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
But they have an Achilles' heel.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์•ฝ์ ์€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:24
This is what mosquitoes flirting with each other looks like.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
11:27
That's a male chasing a female.
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์ˆ˜์ปท์ด ์•”์ปท์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‹ค๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
They're actually talking to each other with their wingbeat frequencies.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ์ง“ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
(Buzzing sound)
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(์œ™์œ™ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
11:35
And thus, they have a signature.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
11:38
We realized that using a regular phone,
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์ด์ œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณดํ†ต ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์œผ๋กœ
11:41
a $5-10 flip phone --
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5-10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์งœ๋ฆฌ ํด๋”ํฐ์œผ๋กœ--
11:44
how many remember what this object is?
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์ด ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
11:46
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:47
We can record these acoustic signatures from mosquitoes.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์Œํ–ฅ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋…น์Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
I'll tell you exactly how to do this.
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๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
11:53
I caught some mosquitoes outside.
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๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์•„์™”๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
11:55
Unlike Bill [Gates], I'm not going to release them.
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๋นŒ ๊ฒŒ์ด์ธ ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋†”์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:58
But I will tell you how to record from this.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋…น์Œํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
12:01
All you do is tap them and they fly.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํˆญ ์น˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ฃ .
12:04
You can first test --
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๋จผ์ € ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๊ณ ์š”.
12:05
I can actually hear that.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋„ค์š”.
12:07
And you bring your phone, which has microphones --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์„œ --
12:09
it turns out the mics are so damn good already,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ณดํ†ต ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์•„์š”.
12:12
even on regular phones,
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12:13
that you can pick up this near-field signature.
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…น์Œ์ด ์ž˜ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
And since I'm out of time,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
12:17
let me just play the recording that I made a day ago.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ œ ๋…น์Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
12:21
(Mosquitoes buzz)
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(๋ชจ๊ธฐ ์œ™์œ™๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
12:24
This is all the charming sound that you heard before
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ‰์†Œ ๋“ฃ๋˜ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
12:27
that you all love.
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ ?
12:30
One of the contexts of this
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์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์€
12:32
is that being able to do this with a regular cell phone
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ†ต ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์œผ๋กœ๋„
12:35
allows us to map mosquito species.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
Using a flip phone,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํด๋”ํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
12:41
we mapped one of the largest acoustic databases
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” 20-25์ข… ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜
12:44
with 25 to 20 species of mosquitoes that carry human pathogens.
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์Œํ–ฅ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
And from this and machine learning,
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์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
12:51
anybody who uploads this data,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์—…๋กœ๋“œํ•˜๋ฉด
12:52
we can identify and tell the probability
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:54
of what species of mosquitoes you're actually working with.
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12:57
We call this Abuzz, and if any of you want to sign up,
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์–ด๋ฒ„์ฆˆ(Abuzz)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
๊ฐ€์ž…์„ ์›ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
13:00
just go to the website.
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13:02
Let me close with something
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ
13:04
that's very important and dear to my heart.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜ ์ƒˆ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
One of the challenges of today is we have terrible problems.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฅ์นœ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
We have a billion people with absolutely no health care,
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๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
13:14
climate change, biodiversity loss,
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:16
on and on and on.
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13:18
And we hope that science is going to provide the answer.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
But before you leave this theatre today,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•ฝ์†์„ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
I want you to promise one thing.
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13:25
We're going to make science accessible --
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ฝ์†์ด์š”.
13:28
not just to the people who can afford it,
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์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:31
but a billion others who can't.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„์š”.
13:33
Let's make science and scientific literacy a human right.
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
13:39
The moment that you pass the tingling feeling of making a discovery
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐŒ๋ฆฟํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
13:44
to another child,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉด
13:46
you're enabling them to be the next group of people
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๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
13:50
who will actually solve these problems.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์–ด์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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