Reviving New York's rivers -- with oysters! | Kate Orff

30,173 views ・ 2011-01-31

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I am passionate about the American landscape
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and how the physical form of the land,
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from the great Central Valley of California
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to the bedrock of Manhattan,
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has really shaped our history and our character.
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But one thing is clear.
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In the last 100 years alone,
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our country -- and this is a sprawl map of America --
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our country has systematically
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flattened and homogenized the landscape
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to the point where we've forgotten
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our relationship with the plants and animals
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that live alongside us
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and the dirt beneath our feet.
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And so, how I see my work contributing
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is sort of trying to literally re-imagine these connections
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and physically rebuild them.
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This graph represents what we're dealing with now
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in the built environment.
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And it's really a conflux
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of urban population rising,
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biodiversity plummeting
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and also, of course, sea levels rising
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and climate changing.
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So when I also think about design,
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I think about
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trying to rework and re-engage
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the lines on this graph
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in a more productive way.
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And you can see from the arrow here
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indicating "you are here,"
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I'm trying to sort of blend and meld
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these two very divergent fields
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of urbanism and ecology,
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and sort of bring them together in an exciting new way.
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So the era of big infrastructure is over.
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I mean, these sort of top-down,
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mono-functional, capital-intensive solutions
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are really not going to cut it.
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We need new tools and new approaches.
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Similarly, the idea of architecture
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as this sort of object in the field,
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devoid of context,
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is really not the --
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excuse me, it's fairly blatant --
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is really not the approach
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that we need to take.
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So we need new stories,
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new heroes and new tools.
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So now I want to introduce you to my new hero
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in the global climate change war,
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and that is the eastern oyster.
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So, albeit a very small creature
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and very modest,
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this creature is incredible,
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because it can agglomerate
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into these mega-reef structures.
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It can grow; you can grow it;
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and -- did I mention? -- it's quite tasty.
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So the oyster was the basis
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for a manifesto-like urban design project
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that I did about the New York Harbor
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called "oyster-tecture."
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And the core idea of oyster-tecture is to harness the biological power
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of mussels, eelgrass and oysters --
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species that live in the harbor --
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and, at the same time,
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harness the power of people
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who live in the community
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towards making change now.
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Here's a map of my city, New York City,
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showing inundation in red.
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And what's circled is the site that I'm going to talk about,
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the Gowanus Canal and Governors Island.
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If you look here at this map,
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showing everything in blue
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is out in the water,
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and everything in yellow is upland.
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But you can see, even just intuit, from this map,
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that the harbor has dredged and flattened,
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and went from a rich, three-dimensional mosaic to flat muck
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in really a matter of years.
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Another set of views of actually the Gowanus Canal itself.
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Now the Gowanus is particularly smelly -- I will admit it.
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There are problems of sewage overflow
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and contamination,
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but I would also argue that almost every city
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has this exact condition,
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and it's a condition that we're all facing.
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And here's a map of that condition,
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showing the contaminants in yellow and green,
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exacerbated by this new flow of
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storm-surge and sea-level rise.
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So we really had a lot to deal with.
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When we started this project,
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one of the core ideas was to look back in history
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and try to understand what was there.
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And you can see from this map,
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there's this incredible geographical signature
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of a series of islands
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that were out in the harbor
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and a matrix of salt marshes and beaches
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that served as natural wave attenuation
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for the upland settlement.
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We also learned at this time
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that you could eat an oyster about the size of a dinner plate
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in the Gowanus Canal itself.
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So our concept is really this back-to-the-future concept,
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harnessing the intelligence of that land settlement pattern.
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And the idea has two core stages.
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One is to develop a new artificial ecology,
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a reef out in the harbor,
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that would then protect new settlement patterns
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inland and the Gowanus.
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Because if you have cleaner water and slower water,
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you can imagine a new way of living with that water.
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So the project really addresses these three core issues
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in a new and exciting way, I think.
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Here we are, back to our hero, the oyster.
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And again, it's this incredibly exciting animal.
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It accepts algae and detritus in one end,
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and through this beautiful, glamorous
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set of stomach organs,
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out the other end comes cleaner water.
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And one oyster can filter up to 50 gallons of water a day.
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Oyster reefs also covered
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about a quarter of our harbor
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and were capable of filtering water in the harbor in a matter of days.
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They were key in our culture and our economy.
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Basically, New York was built
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on the backs of oystermen,
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and our streets were literally built over oyster shells.
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This image
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is an image of an oyster cart,
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which is now as ubiquitous as the hotdog cart is today.
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So again, we got the short end of the deal there.
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(Laughter)
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Finally, oysters can attenuate
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and agglomerate onto each other
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and form these amazing natural reef structures.
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They really become nature's wave attenuators.
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And they become the bedrock
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of any harbor ecosystem.
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Many, many species depend on them.
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So we were inspired by the oyster,
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but I was also inspired by the life cycle of the oyster.
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It can move from a fertilized egg
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to a spat, which is when they're floating through the water,
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and when they're ready to attach onto another oyster,
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to an adult male oyster or female oyster,
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in a number of weeks.
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We reinterpreted this life cycle
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on the scale of our sight
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and took the Gowanus
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as a giant oyster nursery
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where oysters would be grown up in the Gowanus,
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then paraded down in their spat stage
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and seeded out on the Bayridge Reef.
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And so the core idea here
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was to hit the reset button
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and regenerate an ecology over time
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that was regenerative and cleaning
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and productive.
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How does the reef work? Well, it's very, very simple.
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A core concept here
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is that climate change
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isn't something that --
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the answers won't land down from the Moon.
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And with a $20 billion price tag,
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we should simply start and get to work with what we have now
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and what's in front of us.
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So this image is simply showing --
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it's a field of marine piles
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interconnected with this woven fuzzy rope.
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What is fuzzy rope, you ask?
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It's just that; it's this very inexpensive thing,
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available practically at your hardware store, and it's very cheap.
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So we imagine that we would actually
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potentially even host a bake sale
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to start our new project.
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(Laughter)
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So in the studio, rather than drawing,
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we began to learn how to knit.
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The concept was to really knit this rope together
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and develop this new soft infrastructure
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for the oysters to grow on.
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You can see in the diagram how it grows over time
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from an infrastructural space
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into a new public urban space.
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And that grows over time dynamically
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with the threat of climate change.
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It also creates this incredibly interesting, I think,
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new amphibious public space,
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where you can imagine working,
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you can imagine recreating in a new way.
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In the end, what we realized we were making
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was a new blue-green watery park
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for the next watery century --
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an amphibious park, if you will.
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So get your Tevas on.
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So you can imagine scuba diving here.
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This is an image of high school students,
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scuba divers that we worked with on our team.
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So you can imagine a sort of new manner of living
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with a new relationship with the water,
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and also a hybridizing of recreational and science programs
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in terms of monitoring.
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Another new vocabulary word for the brave new world:
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this is the word "flupsy" --
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it's short for "floating upwelling system."
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And this glorious, readily available device
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is basically a floating raft
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with an oyster nursery below.
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So the water is churned through this raft.
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You can see the eight chambers on the side
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host little baby oysters and essentially force-feed them.
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So rather than having 10 oysters,
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you have 10,000 oysters.
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And then those spat are then seeded.
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Here's the Gowanus future
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with the oyster rafts on the shorelines --
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the flupsification of the Gowanus.
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New word.
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And also showing oyster gardening for the community
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along its edges.
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And finally, how much fun it would be
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to watch the flupsy parade
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and cheer on the oyster spats
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as they go down to the reef.
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I get asked two questions about this project.
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One is: why isn't it happening now?
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And the second one is: when can we eat the oysters?
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And the answer is: not yet, they're working.
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But we imagine, with our calculations,
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that by 2050,
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you might be able to sink your teeth into a Gowanus oyster.
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To conclude, this is just one cross-section
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of one piece of city,
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but my dream is, my hope is,
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that when you all go back to your own cities
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that we can start to work together and collaborate
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on remaking and reforming
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a new urban landscape
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towards a more sustainable, a more livable
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and a more delicious future.
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Thank you.
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09:56
(Applause)
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