A 30-year history of the future | Nicholas Negroponte

299,755 views ใƒป 2014-07-08

TED


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(Video) Nicholas Negroponte: Can we switch to the video disc,
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which is in play mode?
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I'm really interested in how you put people and computers together.
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We will be using the TV screens or their equivalents
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for electronic books of the future.
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(Music, crosstalk)
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Very interested in touch-sensitive displays,
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high-tech, high-touch, not having to pick up your fingers to use them.
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There is another way where computers
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touch people: wearing, physically wearing.
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Suddenly on September 11th,
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the world got bigger.
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NN: Thank you. (Applause)
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Thank you.
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When I was asked to do this,
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I was also asked to look at all 14 TED Talks
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that I had given,
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chronologically.
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The first one was actually two hours.
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The second one was an hour,
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and then they became half hours,
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and all I noticed was my bald spot getting bigger.
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(Laughter)
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Imagine seeing your life, 30 years of it, go by,
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and it was, to say the least,
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for me, quite a shocking experience.
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So what I'm going to do in my time
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is try and share with you what happened
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during the 30 years,
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and then also make a prediction,
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and then tell you a little bit
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about what I'm doing next.
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And I put on a slide
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where TED 1 happened in my life.
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And it's rather important
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because I had done 15 years of research before it,
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so I had a backlog, so it was easy.
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It's not that I was Fidel Castro
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and I could talk for two hours,
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or Bucky Fuller.
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I had 15 years of stuff,
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and the Media Lab was about to start.
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So that was easy.
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But there are a couple of things
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about that period
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and about what happened that are
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really quite important.
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One is that
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it was a period when computers
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weren't yet for people.
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And the other thing that sort of happened
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during that time is that
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we were considered sissy computer scientists.
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We weren't considered the real thing.
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So what I'm going to show you is, in retrospect,
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a lot more interesting and a lot more accepted
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than it was at the time.
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So I'm going to characterize the years
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and I'm even going to go back
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to some very early work of mine,
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and this was the kind of stuff I was doing in the '60s:
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very direct manipulation,
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very influenced as I studied architecture
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by the architect Moshe Safdie,
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and you can see that we even built robotic things
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that could build habitat-like structures.
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And this for me was
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not yet the Media Lab,
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but was the beginning of what I'll call
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sensory computing,
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and I pick fingers
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partly because everybody thought it was ridiculous.
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Papers were published
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about how stupid it was to use fingers.
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Three reasons: One was they were low-resolution.
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The other is your hand would occlude
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what you wanted to see,
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and the third, which was the winner,
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was that your fingers would get the screen dirty,
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and hence, fingers would never be
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a device that you'd use.
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And this was a device we built in the '70s,
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which has never even been picked up.
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It's not just touch sensitive,
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it's pressure sensitive.
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(Video) Voice: Put a yellow circle there.
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NN: Later work, and again this was before TED 1 โ€”
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(Video) Voice: Move that west of the diamond.
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Create a large green circle there.
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Man: Aw, shit.
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NN: โ€” was to sort of do interface concurrently,
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so when you talked and you pointed
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and you had, if you will,
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multiple channels.
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Entebbe happened.
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1976, Air France was hijacked,
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taken to Entebbe,
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and the Israelis not only did an extraordinary rescue,
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they did it partly because they had practiced
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on a physical model of the airport,
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because they had built the airport,
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so they built a model in the desert,
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and when they arrived at Entebbe,
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they knew where to go because they had actually been there.
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The U.S. government asked some of us, '76,
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if we could replicate that computationally,
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and of course somebody like myself says yes.
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Immediately, you get a contract,
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Department of Defense,
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and we built this truck and this rig.
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We did sort of a simulation,
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because you had video discs,
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and again, this is '76.
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And then many years later,
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you get this truck,
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and so you have Google Maps.
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Still people thought,
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no, that was not serious computer science,
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and it was a man named Jerry Wiesner,
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who happened to be the president of MIT,
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who did think it was computer science.
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And one of the keys for anybody
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who wants to start something in life:
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Make sure your president is part of it.
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So when I was doing the Media Lab,
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it was like having a gorilla in the front seat.
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If you were stopped for speeding
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and the officer looked in the window
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and saw who was in the passenger seat,
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then, "Oh, continue on, sir."
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And so we were able,
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and this is a cute, actually, device, parenthetically.
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This was a lenticular photograph of Jerry Wiesner
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where the only thing that changed in the photograph
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were the lips.
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So when you oscillated that little piece
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of lenticular sheet with his photograph,
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it would be in lip sync
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with zero bandwidth.
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It was a zero-bandwidth teleconferencing system
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at the time.
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So this was the Media Lab's โ€”
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this is what we said we'd do,
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that the world of computers, publishing,
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and so on would come together.
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Again, not generally accepted,
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but very much part of TED in the early days.
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And this is really where we were headed.
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And that created the Media Lab.
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One of the things about age
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is that I can tell you with great confidence,
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I've been to the future.
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I've been there, actually, many times.
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And the reason I say that is,
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how many times in my life have I said,
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"Oh, in 10 years, this will happen,"
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and then 10 years comes.
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And then you say, "Oh, in five years, this will happen."
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And then five years comes.
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So I say this a little bit with having felt
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that I'd been there a number of times,
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and one of the things that is most quoted
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that I've ever said
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is that computing is not about computers,
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and that didn't quite get enough traction,
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and then it started to.
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It started to because people caught on
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that the medium wasn't the message.
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And the reason I show this car
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in actually a rather ugly slide
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is just again to tell you the kind of story
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that characterized a little bit of my life.
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This is a student of mine
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who had done a Ph.D. called "Backseat Driver."
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It was in the early days of GPS,
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the car knew where it was,
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and it would give audio instructions
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to the driver, when to turn right, when to turn left and so on.
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Turns out, there are a lot of things
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in those instructions that back in that period
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were pretty challenging,
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like what does it mean, take the next right?
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Well, if you're coming up on a street,
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the next right's probably the one after,
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and there are lots of issues,
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and the student did a wonderful thesis,
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and the MIT patent office said "Don't patent it.
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It'll never be accepted.
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The liabilities are too large.
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There will be insurance issues.
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Don't patent it."
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So we didn't,
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but it shows you how people, again, at times,
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don't really look at what's happening.
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Some work, and I'll just go through these very quickly,
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a lot of sensory stuff.
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You might recognize a young Yo-Yo Ma
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and tracking his body for playing
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the cello or the hypercello.
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These fellows literally walked around like that at the time.
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It's now a little bit more discreet
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and more commonplace.
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And then there are at least three heroes
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I want to quickly mention.
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Marvin Minsky, who taught me a lot
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about common sense,
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and I will talk briefly about Muriel Cooper,
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who was very important to Ricky Wurman
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and to TED, and in fact, when she got onstage,
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she said, the first thing she said was,
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"I introduced Ricky to Nicky."
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And nobody calls me Nicky
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and nobody calls Richard Ricky,
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so nobody knew who she was talking about.
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And then, of course, Seymour Papert,
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who is the person who said,
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"You can't think about thinking
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unless you think about thinking about something."
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And that's actually โ€” you can unpack that later.
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It's a pretty profound statement.
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I'm showing some slides
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that were from TED 2,
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a little silly as slides, perhaps.
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Then I felt television really was about displays.
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Again, now we're past TED 1,
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but just around the time of TED 2,
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and what I'd like to mention here is,
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even though you could imagine
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intelligence in the device,
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I look today at some of the work
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being done about the Internet of Things,
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and I think it's kind of tragically pathetic,
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because what has happened is people take
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the oven panel and put it on your cell phone,
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or the door key onto your cell phone,
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just taking it and bringing it to you,
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and in fact that's actually what you don't want.
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You want to put a chicken in the oven,
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and the oven says, "Aha, it's a chicken,"
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and it cooks the chicken.
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"Oh, it's cooking the chicken for Nicholas,
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and he likes it this way and that way."
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So the intelligence, instead of being in the device,
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we have started today
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to move it back onto the cell phone
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or closer to the user,
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not a particularly enlightened view
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of the Internet of Things.
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Television, again, television what I said today,
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that was back in 1990,
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and the television of tomorrow
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would look something like that.
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Again, people, but they laughed cynically,
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they didn't laugh with much appreciation.
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Telecommunications in the 1990s,
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George Gilder decided that he would call this diagram
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the Negroponte switch.
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I'm probably much less famous than George,
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so when he called it the Negroponte switch, it stuck,
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but the idea of things that came in the ground
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would go in the air and stuff in the air
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would go into the ground
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has played itself out.
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That is the original slide from that year,
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and it has worked in lockstep obedience.
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We started Wired magazine.
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Some people, I remember we shared
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the reception desk periodically,
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and some parent called up irate that his son
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had given up Sports Illustrated
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to subscribe for Wired,
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and he said, "Are you some porno magazine or something?"
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and couldn't understand why his son
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would be interested in Wired, at any rate.
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I will go through this a little quicker.
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This is my favorite, 1995,
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back page of Newsweek magazine.
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Okay. Read it. (Laughter)
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["Nicholas Negroponte, director of the MIT Media Lab, predicts that we'll soon buy books and newspapers straight over the Internet. Uh, sure." โ€”Clifford Stoll, Newsweek, 1995]
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You must admit that gives you,
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at least it gives me pleasure
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when somebody says how dead wrong you are.
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"Being Digital" came out.
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For me, it gave me an opportunity
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to be more in the trade press
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and get this out to the public,
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and it also allowed us to build the new Media Lab,
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which if you haven't been to, visit,
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because it's a beautiful piece of architecture
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aside from being a wonderful place to work.
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So these are the things we were saying in those TEDs.
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[Today, multimedia is a desktop or living room experience, because the apparatus is so clunky. This will change dramatically with small, bright, thin, high-resolution displays. โ€” 1995]
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We came to them.
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I looked forward to it every year.
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It was the party that Ricky Wurman never had
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in the sense that he invited many of his old friends,
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including myself.
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And then something for me changed
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pretty profoundly.
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I became more involved with computers and learning
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and influenced by Seymour,
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but particularly looking at learning
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as something that is best approximated
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by computer programming.
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When you write a computer program,
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you've got to not just list things out
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and sort of take an algorithm
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and translate it into a set of instructions,
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but when there's a bug, and all programs have bugs,
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you've got to de-bug it.
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You've got to go in, change it,
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and then re-execute,
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and you iterate,
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and that iteration is really
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a very, very good approximation of learning.
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So that led to my own work with Seymour
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in places like Cambodia
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and the starting of One Laptop per Child.
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Enough TED Talks on One Laptop per Child,
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so I'll go through it very fast,
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but it did give us the chance
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to do something at a relatively large scale
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in the area of learning, development and computing.
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Very few people know that One Laptop per Child
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was a $1 billion project,
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and it was, at least over the seven years I ran it,
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but even more important, the World Bank
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contributed zero, USAID zero.
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It was mostly the countries using their own treasuries,
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which is very interesting,
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at least to me it was very interesting
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in terms of what I plan to do next.
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So these are the various places it happened.
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I then tried an experiment,
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and the experiment happened in Ethiopia.
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And here's the experiment.
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The experiment is,
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can learning happen where there are no schools.
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And we dropped off tablets
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with no instructions
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and let the children figure it out.
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And in a short period of time,
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they not only
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15:22
turned them on and were using 50 apps per child
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within five days,
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15:27
they were singing "ABC" songs within two weeks,
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15:30
but they hacked Android within six months.
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And so that seemed sufficiently interesting.
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15:37
This is perhaps the best picture I have.
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The kid on your right
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has sort of nominated himself as teacher.
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Look at the kid on the left, and so on.
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There are no adults involved in this at all.
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So I said, well can we do this
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at a larger scale?
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And what is it that's missing?
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The kids are giving a press conference at this point,
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16:00
and sort of writing in the dirt.
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16:02
And the answer is, what is missing?
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16:06
And I'm going to skip over my prediction, actually,
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16:08
because I'm running out of time,
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16:10
and here's the question, is what's going to happen?
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16:14
I think the challenge
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16:15
is to connect the last billion people,
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16:18
and connecting the last billion
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16:21
is very different than connecting the next billion,
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16:24
and the reason it's different
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16:25
is that the next billion
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16:27
are sort of low-hanging fruit,
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16:29
but the last billion are rural.
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16:33
Being rural and being poor
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16:36
are very different.
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Poverty tends to be created by our society,
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16:41
and the people in that community are not poor
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in the same way at all.
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16:48
They may be primitive,
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16:50
but the way to approach it and to connect them,
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16:54
the history of One Laptop per Child,
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16:56
and the experiment in Ethiopia,
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17:00
lead me to believe that we can in fact
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17:03
do this in a very short period of time.
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And so my plan,
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17:08
and unfortunately I haven't been able
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2234
17:10
to get my partners at this point
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17:13
to let me announce them,
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17:14
but is to do this with a stationary satellite.
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4907
17:19
There are many reasons
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2459
17:22
that stationary satellites aren't the best things,
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4515
17:26
but there are a lot of reasons why they are,
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2937
17:29
and for two billion dollars,
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3095
17:32
you can connect a lot more than 100 million people,
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17:36
but the reason I picked two,
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17:39
and I will leave this as my last slide,
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17:42
is two billion dollars
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17:44
is what we were spending
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17:47
in Afghanistan
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2093
17:49
every week.
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17:51
So surely if we can connect
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17:54
Africa and the last billion people
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17:57
for numbers like that,
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17:58
we should be doing it.
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Thank you very much.
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(Applause)
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3529
18:05
Chris Anderson: Stay up there. Stay up there.
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18:10
NN: You're going to give me extra time?
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2030
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CA: No. That was wickedly clever, wickedly clever.
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18:14
You gamed it beautifully.
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18:16
Nicholas, what is your prediction?
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2630
18:19
(Laughter)
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2026
18:21
NN: Thank you for asking.
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18:23
I'll tell you what my prediction is,
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2773
18:26
and my prediction, and this is a prediction,
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2700
18:29
because it'll be 30 years. I won't be here.
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18:31
But one of the things about learning how to read,
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4728
18:36
we have been doing a lot of consuming
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2849
18:39
of information going through our eyes,
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2285
18:41
and so that may be a very inefficient channel.
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3076
18:44
So my prediction is that we are going to ingest information
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5085
18:49
You're going to swallow a pill and know English.
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3197
18:52
You're going to swallow a pill and know Shakespeare.
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2692
18:55
And the way to do it is through the bloodstream.
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2609
18:58
So once it's in your bloodstream,
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1857
19:00
it basically goes through it and gets into the brain,
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2218
19:02
and when it knows that it's in the brain
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2182
19:04
in the different pieces,
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1322
19:05
it deposits it in the right places.
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2625
19:08
So it's ingesting.
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19:09
CA: Have you been hanging out with Ray Kurzweil by any chance?
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2520
19:12
NN: No, but I've been hanging around with Ed Boyden
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3213
19:15
and hanging around with one of the speakers
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1845
19:17
who is here, Hugh Herr,
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1813
19:19
and there are a number of people.
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1897
19:21
This isn't quite as far-fetched,
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1397
19:22
so 30 years from now.
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2945
19:25
CA: We will check it out.
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19:27
We're going to be back and we're going to play this clip 30 years from now,
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19:29
and then all eat the red pill.
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19:32
Well thank you for that.
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19:34
Nicholas Negroponte.
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19:36
NN: Thank you.
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19:37
(Applause)
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About this website

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