3 psychological tricks to help you save money | The Way We Work, a TED series

373,923 views ・ 2019-02-09

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Mónica Martín Palmas Reviewer: Judit Rodríguez
Tots sabem que estalviar és important
i que hauríem de fer-ho.
Tot i així, cada cop ho fem menys.
[Com funcionem]
Sabem què hem de fer.
La pregunta és: com ho fem?
Jo us ho explicaré.
La vostra actitud d'estalvi no depèn de si sou llestos
o de la força de voluntat.
Els estalvis depenen dels factors ambientals.
Aquí teniu un exemple.
Vam fer un estudi on a un grup
se'ls mostraven els seus ingresos mensuals.
A l'altre grup sel's mostraven els ingressos setmanals.
Vam descobrir que les persones que veien el seus ingressos setmanalment
podien administrar-se millor durant tot el mes.
Ara bé, és important saber
que no vam canviar la quantitat rebuda,
simplement vam canviar els factors pels quals entenien els seus ingressos.
I els factors ambientals com aquest suposen un gran canvi.
No compartiré amb vosaltres trucs que ja coneixeu.
No us explicaré com obrir un compte d'estalvi
o com estalviar per a la jubilació.
Us ensenyaré com omplir el forat
entre la voluntat d'estalviar
i les vostres accions.
Llestos?
Aquí va el número u:
aprofitar el poder del pre-compromís.
Fonamentalment, pensem en nosaltres de dues maneres diferents:
el nostre jo present i el nostre jo futur.
En el futur, som perfectes.
En el futur, estalviarem per a la jubilació,
perdrem pes,
telefonarem més als pares.
Però sovint oblidem que el nostre jo futur
és exactament la mateixa persona que el jo present.
Sabem que un dels millors moments per a l'estalvi és la devolució d'impostos.
Així que vam fer un test d'A o B.
Vam enviar un missatge al primer grup al principi de febrer,
sortosament abans de la declaració d'impostos.
I els vam preguntar:
"si us tornen part dels impostos, quin percentatge us agradaria estalviar?"
És una pregunta realment difícil.
No sabien si tindrien una devolució ni quina seria la quantitat.
Però ho vam preguntar igualment.
Al segon grup els vam preguntar tot just després de la devolució,
"quin percentatge us agradaria estalviar?"
Això és el que va passar.
En el segon supòsit, on la gent acabava de rebre la devolució,
desitjaven estalviar el 17 % de la devolució.
Però en el supòsit en què preguntàvem a la gent abans de fer la declaració,
el percentatge d'estalvi augmentava d'un 17 a un 27 %
quan se'ls preguntava al febrer.
Per què?
Perquè us esteu comprometent amb el vostre jo futur,
i el vostre jo futur per suposat que pot estalviar el 27 %.
Aquests canvis radicals en l'actitud d'estalvi
provenen del fet de canviar el context de la presa de decisions.
Volem que aprofiteu aquest mateix poder.
Preneu-vos un moment
per pensar en maneres en què podeu acordar amb el jo futur
quelcom que actualment seria una mica difícil.
Registreu-vos en una aplicació per a prendre decisions d'estalvi anticipades.
El truc es tenir aquest contracte vinculant.
Número dos: utilitzeu els moments de transició al vostre favor.
Vam fer un experiment en un lloc web
que ajuda a la gent gran a compartir habitatge.
Vam publicar dos anuncis a les xarxes socials
dirigits a la mateixa població de 64 anys d'edat.
En un grup vam dir, "Ei, t'estàs fent gran.
Estàs llest per a la jubilació?
Compartir casa pot ajudar".
En el segon grup vam ser una mica més específics
i vam dir: "Tens 64 i vas cap als 65.
Estàs llest per a la jubilació?
Compartir casa pot ajudar".
El que vam fer en el segon grup
és destacar que es troben en una transició.
De sobte,
vam veure el nombre de clics i d'enregistraments incrementar-se
quan ho vam destacar.
En psicologia s'anomena "efecte de començar de nou".
Tant si és l'inici d'un nou any o una nova estació,
la motivació per actuar s'incrementa.
Així que ara mateix convoqueu una reunió al calendari
pel dia abans del vostre aniversari.
Identifiqueu l'acció financera que més voleu fer.
I comprometeu-vos-hi.
El tercer i últim truc:
controleu les compres petites i freqüents.
Hem fet diversos estudis
i hem descobert que la despesa que la gent més lamenta després de les taxes bancàries
és dinar fora.
És una despesa freqüent que fem gairebé diàriament
i és una mort a foc lent.
Un cafè per aquí, un burrito per allà...
Va sumant i disminueix la capacitat d'estalvi.
Quan vivia a Nova York,
vaig mirar les meves despeses
i vaig veure que havia gastat uns 2000 $ en aplicacions de transport compartit.
04:22
So now that I was 4,000 dollars in the hole, I did two things.
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Era més que el meu lloguer a Nova York.
Vaig prometre fer un canvi.
04:25
The first is that I unlinked my credit card
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El mes següent vaig tornar a gastar 2000 $.
04:28
from my car-sharing apps.
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Cap canvi, ja que només la informació no va canviar el meu comportament.
04:29
Instead, I linked a debit card that only had 300 dollars a month.
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No vaig canviar el meu entorn.
04:34
If I needed more,
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Ara que el forat era de 4000 $, vaig fer dues coses.
04:35
I had to go through the whole process of adding a new card,
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and we know that every click, every barrier, changes our behavior.
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We all know that saving is important
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and is something that we should be doing.
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And yet, overall, we're doing less and less of it.
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[The Way We Work]
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We know what we need to do.
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The question is: How do we do it?
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And that's what I'm here to teach you.
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Your savings behavior isn't a question of how smart you are
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or how much willpower you have.
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The amount we save depends on the environmental cues around us.
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Let me give you an example.
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We ran a study in which, in one group,
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we showed people their income on a monthly basis.
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In another group, we showed people their income on a weekly basis.
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And what we found was that people who saw their income on a weekly basis
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were able to budget better throughout the month.
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Now, it's important to know
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that we didn't change how much money people were receiving,
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we just changed the environment in which they understood their income.
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And environmental cues like this have an impact.
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So I'm not going to share tricks with you that you already know.
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I'm not going to tell you how to open up a savings account
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or how to start saving for your retirement.
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What I am going to share with you is how to bridge this gap
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from your intentions to save
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and your actions.
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Are you ready?
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Here's number one:
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harness the power of pre-commitment.
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Fundamentally, we think about ourselves in two different ways:
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our present self and our future self.
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In the future, we're perfect.
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In the future, we're going to save for retirement,
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we're going to lose weight,
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we're going to call our parents more.
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But we oftentimes forget that our future self
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is exactly the same person as our present self.
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We know that one of the best times to save is when you get your tax return.
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01:30
So we tried an A/B test.
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01:32
In the first group, we texted people in early February,
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hopefully before they even filed for their taxes.
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And we asked them,
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"If you get a tax refund, what percentage would you like to save?"
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Now this is a really hard question.
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They didn't know if they would receive a tax refund or how much.
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But we asked the question anyway.
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In the second group, we asked people right after they received their refund,
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"What percentage would you like to save?"
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Now, here's what happened.
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In that second condition, when people just received their tax refund,
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they wanted to save about 17 percent of their tax refund.
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But in the condition when we asked people before they even filed their taxes,
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savings rates increased from 17 percent to 27 percent
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when we asked in February.
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Why?
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Because you're committing for your future self,
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and of course your future self can save 27 percent.
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These large changes in savings behavior
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came from the fact that we changed the decision-making environment.
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We want you to be able to harness that same power.
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So take a moment
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and think about the ways in which you can sign up your future self
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for something that you know today will be a little bit hard.
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Sign up for an app that lets you make savings decisions in advance.
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The trick is, you have to have that binding contract.
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Number two: use transition moments to your advantage.
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We did an experiment with a website
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that helps older adults share their housing.
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We ran two ads on social media,
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targeted to the same population of 64-year-olds.
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In one group, we said, "Hey, you're getting older.
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Are you ready for retirement?
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House sharing can help."
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In the second group, we got a little bit more specific
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and said, "You're 64 turning 65.
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Are you ready for retirement?
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House sharing can help."
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What we're doing in that second group
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is highlighting that a transition is happening.
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All of a sudden,
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we saw click-through rates, and ultimately sign-up rates, increase
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when we highlight that.
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In psychology, we call this the "fresh start effect."
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Whether it's the start of a new year or even a new season,
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your motivation to act increases.
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So right now, put a meeting request on your calendar
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for the day before your next birthday.
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Identify the one financial thing you most want to do.
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And commit yourself to it.
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The third and final trick:
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get a handle on small, frequent purchases.
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We've run a few different studies
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and found that the number one purchase people say they regret, after bank fees,
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is eating out.
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It's a frequent purchase we make almost every day,
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and it's death by a thousand cuts.
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A coffee here, a burrito there ...
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It adds up and decreases our ability to save.
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Back when I lived in New York City,
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I looked at my expenses
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and saw that I spent over 2,000 dollars on ride-sharing apps.
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It was more than my New York City rent.
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I vowed to make a change.
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And the next month, I spent 2,000 dollars again --
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no change, because the information alone didn't change my behavior.
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I didn't change my environment.
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La primera va ser desvincular la targeta de crèdit
de l'app per a compartir cotxe.
04:42
We aren't machines.
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A canvi vaig vincular una targeta de dèbit que només tenia 300 $ al mes.
04:43
We don't carry around an abacus every day,
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adding up what we're spending, in comparison to what we wanted.
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Si necessitava més,
havia de passar per tot el tràmit d'afegir una targeta nova,
04:50
But what our brains are very good at
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i sabem que cada clic, cada barrera, canvia la nostra actitud.
04:52
is counting up the number of times we've done something.
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No som màquines.
04:55
So I gave myself a limit.
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No portem un àbac amb nosaltres cada dia
04:57
I can only use ride-sharing apps three times a week.
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per sumar què gastem i comparar-ho amb el que ens agradaria.
05:00
It forced me to ration my travels.
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Però els nostres cervells són molt bons
05:03
I got a handle on my car-sharing expenses to the benefit of my husband,
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recordant quantes vegades hem fet una cosa.
05:07
because of the environmental changes that I did.
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Així que em vaig posar un límit.
05:09
So get a handle on whatever that purchase is for you,
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Només podia usar apps per compartir cotxe tres cops per setmana.
05:12
and change your environment to make it harder to do so.
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Això em va obligar a racionar els meus desplaçaments.
05:15
Those are my tips for you.
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Vaig controlar les despeses de compartir cotxe, per sort pel meu marit,
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But I want you to remember one thing.
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As human beings, we can be irrational when it comes to saving
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gràcies als canvis a l'entorn que vaig fer.
Tingueu control sobre aquest tipus de despesa
05:23
and spending and budgeting.
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i canvieu el vostre entorn per fer-la més difícil.
05:25
But luckily, we know this about ourselves,
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and we can predict how we'll act under certain environments.
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Aquests són els meus consells.
Però vull que recordeu el següent.
05:31
Let's do that with saving.
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Com humans, podem ser irracionals quan es tracta d'estalviar,
05:33
Let's change our environment to help our future selves.
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gastar i pressupostar.
Per sort, som conscients d'això
i podem predir com actuarem en certes circumstàncies.
Fem-ho estalviant.
Canviem les circumstàncies per ajudar els nostres jo futurs.
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