3 psychological tricks to help you save money | The Way We Work, a TED series

376,867 views ・ 2019-02-09

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Mónica Martín Palmas Reviewer: Judit Rodríguez
Tots sabem que estalviar és important
i que hauríem de fer-ho.
Tot i així, cada cop ho fem menys.
[Com funcionem]
Sabem què hem de fer.
La pregunta és: com ho fem?
Jo us ho explicaré.
La vostra actitud d'estalvi no depèn de si sou llestos
o de la força de voluntat.
Els estalvis depenen dels factors ambientals.
Aquí teniu un exemple.
Vam fer un estudi on a un grup
se'ls mostraven els seus ingresos mensuals.
A l'altre grup sel's mostraven els ingressos setmanals.
Vam descobrir que les persones que veien el seus ingressos setmanalment
podien administrar-se millor durant tot el mes.
Ara bé, és important saber
que no vam canviar la quantitat rebuda,
simplement vam canviar els factors pels quals entenien els seus ingressos.
I els factors ambientals com aquest suposen un gran canvi.
No compartiré amb vosaltres trucs que ja coneixeu.
No us explicaré com obrir un compte d'estalvi
o com estalviar per a la jubilació.
Us ensenyaré com omplir el forat
entre la voluntat d'estalviar
i les vostres accions.
Llestos?
Aquí va el número u:
aprofitar el poder del pre-compromís.
Fonamentalment, pensem en nosaltres de dues maneres diferents:
el nostre jo present i el nostre jo futur.
En el futur, som perfectes.
En el futur, estalviarem per a la jubilació,
perdrem pes,
telefonarem més als pares.
Però sovint oblidem que el nostre jo futur
és exactament la mateixa persona que el jo present.
Sabem que un dels millors moments per a l'estalvi és la devolució d'impostos.
Així que vam fer un test d'A o B.
Vam enviar un missatge al primer grup al principi de febrer,
sortosament abans de la declaració d'impostos.
I els vam preguntar:
"si us tornen part dels impostos, quin percentatge us agradaria estalviar?"
És una pregunta realment difícil.
No sabien si tindrien una devolució ni quina seria la quantitat.
Però ho vam preguntar igualment.
Al segon grup els vam preguntar tot just després de la devolució,
"quin percentatge us agradaria estalviar?"
Això és el que va passar.
En el segon supòsit, on la gent acabava de rebre la devolució,
desitjaven estalviar el 17 % de la devolució.
Però en el supòsit en què preguntàvem a la gent abans de fer la declaració,
el percentatge d'estalvi augmentava d'un 17 a un 27 %
quan se'ls preguntava al febrer.
Per què?
Perquè us esteu comprometent amb el vostre jo futur,
i el vostre jo futur per suposat que pot estalviar el 27 %.
Aquests canvis radicals en l'actitud d'estalvi
provenen del fet de canviar el context de la presa de decisions.
Volem que aprofiteu aquest mateix poder.
Preneu-vos un moment
per pensar en maneres en què podeu acordar amb el jo futur
quelcom que actualment seria una mica difícil.
Registreu-vos en una aplicació per a prendre decisions d'estalvi anticipades.
El truc es tenir aquest contracte vinculant.
Número dos: utilitzeu els moments de transició al vostre favor.
Vam fer un experiment en un lloc web
que ajuda a la gent gran a compartir habitatge.
Vam publicar dos anuncis a les xarxes socials
dirigits a la mateixa població de 64 anys d'edat.
En un grup vam dir, "Ei, t'estàs fent gran.
Estàs llest per a la jubilació?
Compartir casa pot ajudar".
En el segon grup vam ser una mica més específics
i vam dir: "Tens 64 i vas cap als 65.
Estàs llest per a la jubilació?
Compartir casa pot ajudar".
El que vam fer en el segon grup
és destacar que es troben en una transició.
De sobte,
vam veure el nombre de clics i d'enregistraments incrementar-se
quan ho vam destacar.
En psicologia s'anomena "efecte de començar de nou".
Tant si és l'inici d'un nou any o una nova estació,
la motivació per actuar s'incrementa.
Així que ara mateix convoqueu una reunió al calendari
pel dia abans del vostre aniversari.
Identifiqueu l'acció financera que més voleu fer.
I comprometeu-vos-hi.
El tercer i últim truc:
controleu les compres petites i freqüents.
Hem fet diversos estudis
i hem descobert que la despesa que la gent més lamenta després de les taxes bancàries
és dinar fora.
És una despesa freqüent que fem gairebé diàriament
i és una mort a foc lent.
Un cafè per aquí, un burrito per allà...
Va sumant i disminueix la capacitat d'estalvi.
Quan vivia a Nova York,
vaig mirar les meves despeses
i vaig veure que havia gastat uns 2000 $ en aplicacions de transport compartit.
04:22
So now that I was 4,000 dollars in the hole, I did two things.
0
262300
3535
Era més que el meu lloguer a Nova York.
Vaig prometre fer un canvi.
04:25
The first is that I unlinked my credit card
1
265859
2554
El mes següent vaig tornar a gastar 2000 $.
04:28
from my car-sharing apps.
2
268437
1465
Cap canvi, ja que només la informació no va canviar el meu comportament.
04:29
Instead, I linked a debit card that only had 300 dollars a month.
3
269926
4096
No vaig canviar el meu entorn.
04:34
If I needed more,
4
274046
1198
Ara que el forat era de 4000 $, vaig fer dues coses.
04:35
I had to go through the whole process of adding a new card,
5
275268
2850
04:38
and we know that every click, every barrier, changes our behavior.
6
278142
4452
00:00
We all know that saving is important
7
165
1759
00:01
and is something that we should be doing.
8
1948
1994
00:03
And yet, overall, we're doing less and less of it.
9
3966
2357
00:06
[The Way We Work]
10
6347
2602
00:10
We know what we need to do.
11
10622
1587
00:12
The question is: How do we do it?
12
12233
2135
00:14
And that's what I'm here to teach you.
13
14392
1826
00:16
Your savings behavior isn't a question of how smart you are
14
16242
2833
00:19
or how much willpower you have.
15
19099
1510
00:20
The amount we save depends on the environmental cues around us.
16
20633
3277
00:23
Let me give you an example.
17
23934
1413
00:25
We ran a study in which, in one group,
18
25371
2508
00:27
we showed people their income on a monthly basis.
19
27903
2896
00:30
In another group, we showed people their income on a weekly basis.
20
30823
3643
00:34
And what we found was that people who saw their income on a weekly basis
21
34490
4286
00:38
were able to budget better throughout the month.
22
38800
2372
00:41
Now, it's important to know
23
41196
1300
00:42
that we didn't change how much money people were receiving,
24
42520
2777
00:45
we just changed the environment in which they understood their income.
25
45321
3314
00:48
And environmental cues like this have an impact.
26
48659
2445
00:51
So I'm not going to share tricks with you that you already know.
27
51128
3008
00:54
I'm not going to tell you how to open up a savings account
28
54160
2762
00:56
or how to start saving for your retirement.
29
56946
2012
00:58
What I am going to share with you is how to bridge this gap
30
58982
2885
01:01
from your intentions to save
31
61891
1813
01:03
and your actions.
32
63728
1294
01:05
Are you ready?
33
65046
1181
01:06
Here's number one:
34
66251
1191
01:07
harness the power of pre-commitment.
35
67466
1747
01:09
Fundamentally, we think about ourselves in two different ways:
36
69237
3023
01:12
our present self and our future self.
37
72284
2461
01:14
In the future, we're perfect.
38
74769
1651
01:16
In the future, we're going to save for retirement,
39
76444
2356
01:18
we're going to lose weight,
40
78824
1295
01:20
we're going to call our parents more.
41
80143
1793
01:21
But we oftentimes forget that our future self
42
81960
2125
01:24
is exactly the same person as our present self.
43
84109
3040
01:27
We know that one of the best times to save is when you get your tax return.
44
87173
3579
01:30
So we tried an A/B test.
45
90776
1634
01:32
In the first group, we texted people in early February,
46
92434
3389
01:35
hopefully before they even filed for their taxes.
47
95847
2452
01:38
And we asked them,
48
98323
1159
01:39
"If you get a tax refund, what percentage would you like to save?"
49
99506
3337
01:42
Now this is a really hard question.
50
102867
1698
01:44
They didn't know if they would receive a tax refund or how much.
51
104589
3576
01:48
But we asked the question anyway.
52
108189
1693
01:49
In the second group, we asked people right after they received their refund,
53
109906
4189
01:54
"What percentage would you like to save?"
54
114119
1976
01:56
Now, here's what happened.
55
116119
1294
01:57
In that second condition, when people just received their tax refund,
56
117437
3935
02:01
they wanted to save about 17 percent of their tax refund.
57
121396
3121
02:04
But in the condition when we asked people before they even filed their taxes,
58
124541
4516
02:09
savings rates increased from 17 percent to 27 percent
59
129081
4453
02:13
when we asked in February.
60
133558
1378
02:14
Why?
61
134960
1170
02:16
Because you're committing for your future self,
62
136154
2216
02:18
and of course your future self can save 27 percent.
63
138394
2699
02:21
These large changes in savings behavior
64
141117
2603
02:23
came from the fact that we changed the decision-making environment.
65
143744
3159
02:26
We want you to be able to harness that same power.
66
146927
2419
02:29
So take a moment
67
149370
1260
02:30
and think about the ways in which you can sign up your future self
68
150654
3415
02:34
for something that you know today will be a little bit hard.
69
154093
2976
02:37
Sign up for an app that lets you make savings decisions in advance.
70
157093
3659
02:40
The trick is, you have to have that binding contract.
71
160776
3206
02:44
Number two: use transition moments to your advantage.
72
164006
3602
02:47
We did an experiment with a website
73
167632
1884
02:49
that helps older adults share their housing.
74
169540
2521
02:52
We ran two ads on social media,
75
172085
1952
02:54
targeted to the same population of 64-year-olds.
76
174061
2842
02:56
In one group, we said, "Hey, you're getting older.
77
176927
3041
02:59
Are you ready for retirement?
78
179992
1434
03:01
House sharing can help."
79
181450
1183
03:02
In the second group, we got a little bit more specific
80
182657
2816
03:05
and said, "You're 64 turning 65.
81
185497
2382
03:07
Are you ready for retirement?
82
187903
1425
03:09
House sharing can help."
83
189352
1328
03:10
What we're doing in that second group
84
190704
1841
03:12
is highlighting that a transition is happening.
85
192569
2492
03:15
All of a sudden,
86
195085
1151
03:16
we saw click-through rates, and ultimately sign-up rates, increase
87
196260
3122
03:19
when we highlight that.
88
199406
1160
03:20
In psychology, we call this the "fresh start effect."
89
200590
2717
03:23
Whether it's the start of a new year or even a new season,
90
203331
3175
03:26
your motivation to act increases.
91
206530
2434
03:28
So right now, put a meeting request on your calendar
92
208988
2549
03:31
for the day before your next birthday.
93
211561
1881
03:33
Identify the one financial thing you most want to do.
94
213466
3092
03:36
And commit yourself to it.
95
216863
1893
03:38
The third and final trick:
96
218780
1717
03:40
get a handle on small, frequent purchases.
97
220521
3191
03:43
We've run a few different studies
98
223736
2032
03:45
and found that the number one purchase people say they regret, after bank fees,
99
225792
4587
03:50
is eating out.
100
230403
1150
03:51
It's a frequent purchase we make almost every day,
101
231577
2778
03:54
and it's death by a thousand cuts.
102
234379
2171
03:56
A coffee here, a burrito there ...
103
236574
2359
03:58
It adds up and decreases our ability to save.
104
238957
2846
04:02
Back when I lived in New York City,
105
242513
1731
04:04
I looked at my expenses
106
244268
1381
04:05
and saw that I spent over 2,000 dollars on ride-sharing apps.
107
245673
4190
04:09
It was more than my New York City rent.
108
249887
2015
04:11
I vowed to make a change.
109
251926
1802
04:13
And the next month, I spent 2,000 dollars again --
110
253752
2962
04:16
no change, because the information alone didn't change my behavior.
111
256738
3815
04:20
I didn't change my environment.
112
260577
1699
La primera va ser desvincular la targeta de crèdit
de l'app per a compartir cotxe.
04:42
We aren't machines.
113
282618
1270
A canvi vaig vincular una targeta de dèbit que només tenia 300 $ al mes.
04:43
We don't carry around an abacus every day,
114
283912
2452
04:46
adding up what we're spending, in comparison to what we wanted.
115
286388
3686
Si necessitava més,
havia de passar per tot el tràmit d'afegir una targeta nova,
04:50
But what our brains are very good at
116
290098
2254
i sabem que cada clic, cada barrera, canvia la nostra actitud.
04:52
is counting up the number of times we've done something.
117
292376
3151
No som màquines.
04:55
So I gave myself a limit.
118
295551
1785
No portem un àbac amb nosaltres cada dia
04:57
I can only use ride-sharing apps three times a week.
119
297360
3558
per sumar què gastem i comparar-ho amb el que ens agradaria.
05:00
It forced me to ration my travels.
120
300942
2714
Però els nostres cervells són molt bons
05:03
I got a handle on my car-sharing expenses to the benefit of my husband,
121
303680
3658
recordant quantes vegades hem fet una cosa.
05:07
because of the environmental changes that I did.
122
307362
2247
Així que em vaig posar un límit.
05:09
So get a handle on whatever that purchase is for you,
123
309633
2872
Només podia usar apps per compartir cotxe tres cops per setmana.
05:12
and change your environment to make it harder to do so.
124
312529
2973
Això em va obligar a racionar els meus desplaçaments.
05:15
Those are my tips for you.
125
315895
1801
Vaig controlar les despeses de compartir cotxe, per sort pel meu marit,
05:17
But I want you to remember one thing.
126
317720
2135
05:19
As human beings, we can be irrational when it comes to saving
127
319879
3927
gràcies als canvis a l'entorn que vaig fer.
Tingueu control sobre aquest tipus de despesa
05:23
and spending and budgeting.
128
323830
1874
i canvieu el vostre entorn per fer-la més difícil.
05:25
But luckily, we know this about ourselves,
129
325728
2246
05:27
and we can predict how we'll act under certain environments.
130
327998
3619
Aquests són els meus consells.
Però vull que recordeu el següent.
05:31
Let's do that with saving.
131
331641
1785
Com humans, podem ser irracionals quan es tracta d'estalviar,
05:33
Let's change our environment to help our future selves.
132
333450
3104
gastar i pressupostar.
Per sort, som conscients d'això
i podem predir com actuarem en certes circumstàncies.
Fem-ho estalviant.
Canviem les circumstàncies per ajudar els nostres jo futurs.
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7