The fascinating (and dangerous) places scientists aren't exploring | Ella Al-Shamahi

149,740 views ใƒป 2019-08-27

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Taher Koja ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Ayman Hosny
00:12
So I've got something that I'm slightly embarrassed to admit to.
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ู„ุฏูŠ ู…ุง ุฃุดุนุฑ ุจุงู„ุญุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุนุชุฑุงู ุจู‡.
00:17
At the age of 17,
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ุญูŠู† ูƒู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ู€17ุŒ
00:19
as a creationist,
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ูˆูƒุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ู…ุคู…ู†ุงุช ุจู†ุธุฑูŠุฉู ุงู„ุฎูŽู„ู’ู‚ูุŒ
00:21
I decided to go to university to study evolution
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ู‚ุฑุฑุช ุงู„ุฐู‘ู‡ุงุจูŽ ู„ู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ู„ุฃุฏุฑุณ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ
00:24
so that I could destroy it.
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ู„ุฃุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ู†ููŠู‡ุง.
00:26
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
00:28
I failed.
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ููŽุดู„ุช ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ.
00:29
I failed so spectacularly that I'm now an evolutionary biologist.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ูุดู„ูŠ ู…ุฏู‡ุดุงู‹ ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุนุงู„ู…ุฉ ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุชุทูˆุฑูŠุฉ.
00:33
(Applause)
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(ุชูŽุตููŠู‚)
00:36
So I'm a paleoanthropologist, I'm a National Geographic Explorer
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ุฃู†ุง ุนุงู„ูู…ุฉ ุชู†ู‚ูŠุจ ุจุดุฑูŠุŒ ูˆู…ุณุชูƒุดูุฉ ู„ุฏู‰ ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ู†ุงุดูŠูˆู†ุงู„ ุฌูŠูˆุบุฑุงููŠูƒ
00:39
specializing in fossil hunting in caves
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ูˆู…ุฎุชุตุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู
00:42
in unstable, hostile and disputed territories.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ู†ุฒุงุน.
00:45
And we all know that if I was a guy and not a girl,
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ูˆุฌู…ูŠุนู†ุง ูŠุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ูƒู†ุช ุดุงุจุงู‹ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ูุชุงุฉุŒ
00:49
that wouldn't be a job description, that would be a pick-up line.
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ู„ูŽู…ู’ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุตูุงู‹ ูˆุธูŠููŠุงู‹ุŒ ุจู„ ู„ูŽุตุงุฑูŽ ู…ุฏุนุงุฉู‹ ู„ู…ูˆุงุนุฏุฉู ุบุฑุงู…ูŠุฉู.
00:52
(Laughter)
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(ุถูŽุญูƒ)
00:54
Now, here's the thing. I do not have a death wish.
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ูˆุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ. ุฅู†ู†ูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุจุญุซ ุนู† ุญูŽู€ุชู’ู€ูููŠ.
00:57
I'm not an adrenaline junkie.
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ูˆู„ุณุช ุจุงุญุซุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ.
00:59
I just looked at a map.
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ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูุนู„ุชู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุซู…ุฉ ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ.
01:02
See, frontline exploratory science does not happen as much
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ุงู†ุธุฑูˆุงุŒ ุฅู† ุงู„ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹
01:06
in politically unstable territories.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉ ุณูŠุงุณูŠุงู‹.
01:09
This is a map of all the places which the British Foreign Office
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุตุฏุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ู…ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุดุคูˆู† ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠ ุจูŠุงู†ุงู‹
01:13
have declared contain red zones, orange zones
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ุจุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุตุฑุงุนุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู…ุญุธูˆุฑุฉ
01:16
or have raised some kind of a threat warning about.
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ุฃูˆ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุชุดูƒู„ ุชู‡ุฏูŠุฏุงู‹ ู…ุง.
01:19
Now I'm going to go out on a limb here and say that it is a tragedy
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ุณุฃูƒูˆู† ุตุฑูŠุญุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุญุฒู†
01:23
if we're not doing frontline exploratory science in a huge portion of the planet.
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ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ู†ุณุชุทุน ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุงุณุชูƒุดุงููŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุณู… ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
01:28
And so science has a geography problem.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู…ู† ุนู‚ุจุฉ ุฌุบุฑุงููŠุฉ.
01:32
Also, as a paleoanthropologist,
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ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ุŒ ุจุตูุชูŠ ุนุงู„ูู…ุฉ ุชู†ู‚ูŠุจุŒ
01:35
guys, this is basically a map of some of the most important places
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ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุฆูŠุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ู„ุจุนุถ ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚
01:38
in the human journey.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ.
01:40
There are almost definitely fascinating fossils to be found here.
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ู„ุงุจุฏ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ู…ุฏู‡ุดุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
01:44
But are we looking for them?
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ุŒ ู‡ู„ ู†ุญู† ุจุตุฏุฏ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงูู‡ุงุŸ
01:47
And so as an undergraduate, I was repeatedly told
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒู†ุช ุทุงู„ุจุฉุŒ ู‚ูู€ูŠู„ูŽ ู„ูŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹
01:50
that humans, be they ourselves, homo sapiens, or earlier species,
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ุฅู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑุŒ ุณูŠุงู† ุฅู†ู’ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฏู…ุŒ
01:55
that we left Africa via the Sinai of Egypt.
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ุบุงุฏุฑู†ุง ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุณูŽูŠู’ู†ูŽุงุก ุจู…ุตุฑ.
02:00
I'm English, as you can probably tell from my accent,
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ุฃู†ุง ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุถุญ ู…ู† ู„ูƒู†ุชูŠุŒ
02:03
but I am actually of Arab heritage,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ู† ุฃุตูˆู„ ุนุฑุจูŠุฉุŒ
02:05
and I always say that I'm very, very Arab on the outside.
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ูˆุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ููŠ ุธุงู‡ุฑูŠ ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
02:08
You know, I can really be passionate.
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ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุงู‹ ุฃูƒูˆู† ุงู†ูุนุงู„ูŠุฉู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
02:10
Like, "You're amazing! I love you!"
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ูƒู…ุซุงู„ุŒ "ุฃู†ุช ู…ุฏู‡ุด! ุฃู†ุง ุฃุญุจูƒ!"
02:12
But on the inside, I'm really English, so everybody irritates me.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุŒ ุฃุชุตุฑู ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒุŒ ููŠุฒุนุฌู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน.
02:15
(Laughter)
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(ุถูŽุญูƒ)
02:20
It's true.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
02:21
And the thing is, my family are Arab from Yemen,
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ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ุŒ ุนุงุฆู„ุชูŠ ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู…ู†ุŒ
02:25
and I knew that that channel,
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ูˆูƒู†ุช ุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉุŒ
02:28
Bab-el-Mandeb,
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ุจุงุจ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฏุจุŒ
02:30
is not that much of a feat to cross.
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ู„ุง ุชุดูƒู‘ู„ ุนู‚ุจุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุนุจูˆุฑ.
02:32
And I kept asking myself this really simple question:
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ูˆุธู„ู„ุช ุฃุณุฃู„ ู†ูุณูŠ ุณุคุงู„ุงู‹ ุจุณูŠุทุงู‹:
02:36
if the ancestors to New World monkeys could somehow cross the Atlantic Ocean,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุจูˆุณู’ุน ุงู„ู‚ูุฑุฏุฉุŒ ุฃุณู„ุงู "ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏ"ุŒ ุนุจูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ุฃุทู„ุณูŠ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุงุŒ
02:42
why couldn't humans cross that tiny stretch of water?
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ูู„ูู…ุงุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ู…ู† ุนุจูˆุฑ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจู‚ุนุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุฏุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุงุกุŸ
02:46
But the thing is, Yemen,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ุŒ ุงู„ูŠูŽู…ูŽู†ุŒ
02:48
compared to, let's say, Europe,
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ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ู…ุน ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุงุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ุงูุชุฑุงุถุŒ
02:50
was so understudied
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุญุช ุงู„ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู
02:52
that it was something akin to near virgin territory.
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ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุฃุฑุถุงู‹ ุจููƒู’ุฑุงู‹.
02:56
But that, along with its location, made the sheer potential for discovery
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูˆู‚ุนู‡ุงุŒ ุฌุนู„ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู
03:03
so exciting,
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ุฃู…ุฑุงู‹ ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุดูˆูŠู‚ุŒ
03:05
and I had so many questions.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠ ุชุณุงุคู„ุงุชูŒ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉุŒ
03:08
When did we first start using Bab-el-Mandeb?
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ุฃุญุฏู‡ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุชู‰ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… "ุจุงุจ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฏุจ"ุŸ
03:11
But also, which species of human besides ourselves made it to Yemen?
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ุŒ ุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุนู ู…ู† ุฃุณู„ุงูู†ุง ุณุจูŽู‚ูŽู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ู†ุŸ
03:16
Might we find a species as yet unknown to science?
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ุฃูŠุนู‚ู„ ุฃู† ู†ูƒุชุดู ุซู…ุฉ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู„ู… ูŠุชูˆุตู‘ู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู†ุŸ
03:20
And it turned out, I wasn't the only one who had noticed Yemen's potential.
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ูˆุชุจูŠู‘ู† ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู„ู… ุฃูƒู† ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุงุญุธุชู’ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุงุช ุงู„ูŠู…ูŽู†.
03:24
There was actually a few other academics out there.
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏู…ูŠูŠู† ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
03:27
But sadly, due to political instability, they moved out, and so I moved in.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ูุญุฒูู†ุŒ ูˆุจุณุจุจ ุนุฏู… ุงู„ุงุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ุฑุญู„ูˆุง ุนู†ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุซู…ูŽ ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ุช ุฃู†ุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง.
03:32
And I was looking for caves:
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ุจุญุซุชู ุนู† ุงู„ูƒูู‡ููˆู:
03:35
caves because caves are the original prime real estate.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒูู‡ููˆูุ› ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… ุงู„ุฃุตูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†.
03:40
But also because if you're looking for fossils in that kind of heat,
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ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู„ุฃู†ูƒ ุฅู†ู’ ูƒู†ุช ุชุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠู‘ุงุช ููŠ ุฐุงูƒ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฑ ุงู„ุดุฏูŠุฏุŒ
03:44
your best bet for fossil preservation is always going to be caves.
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ูุฃูุถู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุญููˆุธุฉ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู.
03:48
But then, Yemen took a really sad turn for the worse,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุญูŠู†ู‡ุงุŒ ุณุงุก ูˆุถุนู ุงู„ูŠู…ู†ุŒ
03:53
and just a few days before I was due to fly out to Yemen,
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ูˆู‚ุจู„ ุนุฏุฉ ุฃูŠุงู… ู…ู† ุฐู‡ุงุจูŠ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ
03:57
the civil war escalated into a regional conflict,
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ุชูุงู‚ู…ุช ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุฃู‡ู„ูŠุฉ ุญุชู‰ ุฃุตุจุญุช ุตุฑุงุนุงู‹ ุฅู‚ู„ูŠู…ุงู‹ุŒ
04:01
the capital's airport was bombed
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ูˆู‚ูุตูู ู…ุทุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุงุตู…ุฉ
04:03
and Yemen became a no-fly zone.
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ูˆุตุงุฑุช ุงู„ูŠู…ู† ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุญุธุฑ ุฌูˆูŠู‘ู.
04:08
Now, my parents made this decision before I was born:
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุฃู‡ู„ูŠุŒ ู‚ุจู„ ูˆู„ุงุฏุชูŠุŒ ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุฑุฑูˆุง:
04:12
that I would be born British.
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ุฃู† ุฃูƒูˆู† ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆู„ุฏ.
04:16
I had nothing to do with the best decision of my life.
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ู„ู… ุฃูƒู† ุตุงุญุจุฉ ุดุฃู†ู ููŠ ุงุชุฎุงุฐ ุฃูุถู„ ู‚ุฑุงุฑู ุจุญูŠุงุชูŠ.
04:21
And now ...
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ูˆุงู„ุขู†...
04:23
Now the lucky ones in my family have escaped,
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ุงู„ู…ุญุธูˆุธูˆู† ู…ู† ุนุงุฆู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ู‡ุฑุจูˆุงุŒ
04:28
and the others, the others are being been bombed
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ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูˆู†ุŒ ููŠุชุนุฑุถูˆู† ู„ู„ู‚ุตู
04:31
and send you WhatsApp messages that make you detest your very existence.
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ูˆูŠุฑุณู„ูˆู† ุฑุณุงุฆู„ูŽ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ูˆุงุชุณ-ุงุจ ุชุฌุนู„ูƒ ุชูƒุฑู‡ ูˆุฌูˆุฏูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ.
04:39
This war's been going on for four years.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงุณุชู…ุฑุช ุฃุฑุจุน ุณู†ูˆุงุช.
04:42
It's been going on for over four years, and it has led to a humanitarian crisis.
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ุฃุฑุจุน ุณู†ูˆุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฑุจุŒ ูˆู‚ุฏ ุฃุฏู‘ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒุงุฑุซุฉ ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ.
04:48
There is a famine there,
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ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ู…ุฌุงุนุฉุŒ
04:50
a man-made famine.
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ู…ุฌุงุนุฉูŒ ุจูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†.
04:52
That's a man-made famine, so not a natural famine,
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ู…ุฌุงุนุฉ ุจุฃูŠุงุฏู ุจุดุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุฌุงุนุฉ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉุŒ
04:55
an entirely man-made famine that the UN has warned
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ู…ุฌุงุนุฉูŒ ูƒู„ูŠุงู‹ ุจูŠุฏู ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ูˆุญุฐู‘ุฑุช ุงู„ุฃู…ู… ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ
04:59
could be the worst famine the world has seen in a hundred years.
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆุช ุฃุณูˆุฃ ู…ุฌุงุนุฉ ุดู‡ุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ู†ุฐ ู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†.
05:04
This war has made it clear to me more than ever
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ุฃูˆุถุญุช ู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุถู‰
05:07
that no place, no people deserve to get left behind.
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ุฃู† ู„ุง ู…ูƒุงู†ูŽุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุดุนุจูŽุŒ ูŠุณุชุญู‚ ุงู„ุชุฌุงู‡ู„.
05:13
And so I was joining these other teams, and I was forming new collaborations
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุงู„ุงู†ุถู…ุงู… ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุชุŒ ูˆุนู‚ุฏุชู ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุชุนุงูˆู†ูŠุฉ
05:16
in other unstable places.
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ููŠ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉ.
05:18
But I was desperate to get back into Yemen,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ูŠ ูƒู†ุช ุฃุฑุบุจ ุจุดุฏุฉู ุจุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ู†ุŒ
05:22
because for me, Yemen's really personal.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠุŒ ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŽู† ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ.
05:27
And so I kept trying to think of a project I could do in Yemen
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุฃุฎุฐุชู ุฃููƒู‘ุฑ ููŠ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ูŠู…ูƒูู†ู†ูŠ ุชู†ููŠุฐู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠู…ู†
05:32
that would help highlight what was going on there.
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ู„ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ููŠ ุชุณู„ูŠุท ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุฌุฑูŠ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
05:35
And every idea I had just kept failing,
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ูƒู„ ุฃููƒุงุฑูŠ ูุงุดู„ุฉุŒ
05:39
or it was just too high-risk, because let's be honest,
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ุฃูˆ ู„ุฑุจู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฑุฉุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠุŒ
05:42
most of Yemen is just too dangerous for a Western team.
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ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ูŠู…ู† ุฎุทุฑ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุบุฑุจูŠ.
05:47
But then I was told that Socotra, a Yemeni island,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹ ุนู„ู…ุชู ุจุฃู† ุณูู‚ูุทู’ุฑูŽู‰ุŒ ุฌุฒูŠุฑุฉูŒ ูŠู…ู†ูŠุฉุŒ
05:53
was safe once you got there.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุขู…ู†ุฉ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง.
05:56
In fact, it turned out there was a few local and international academics
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุชุจูŠู† ุฃู† ุนุฏุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠูŠู†
06:01
that were still working there.
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ุงุณุชู…ุฑูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
06:03
And that got me really excited,
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ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃู†ู‘ูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชุดูˆู‚ุชู ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ุŒ
06:06
because look at Socotra's proximity to Africa.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูˆุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‚ุฑุจ ุณูู‚ูุทู’ุฑูŽู‰ ู…ู† ุฅูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง.
06:12
And yet we have no idea when humans arrived on that island.
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุง ู†ุนู„ู… ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุชู‰ ูˆุตู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฑุฉ.
06:18
But Socotra, for those of you who know it,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุณูู‚ูุทู’ุฑู‰ุŒ ู„ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนุฑููˆู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†ูƒู…ุŒ
06:21
well, let's just say you probably know it for a completely different reason.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู„ู†ู‚ูู€ู„ ุฃู†ู‘ูƒู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุงูŠุฉ ุจู‡ุง ู„ุณุจุจู ู…ุฎุชู„ูู ูƒู„ูŠุงู‹.
06:25
You probably know it as the Galapagos of the Indian Ocean,
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ู„ุฑุจู…ุง ุชุนุฑููˆู†ู‡ุง ูƒู…ุง ุชุนุฑููˆู† ุฌุฒุฑ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุงุจุงุบูˆุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูŠุŒ
06:28
because it is one of the most biodiverse places on this earth.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชูุนูŽุฏู ู…ู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ู…ุชู†ูˆุนุฉ ุญูŠูˆูŠุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
06:33
But we were also getting information
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆุตู„ุชู†ุง ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชูŒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹
06:35
that this incredibly delicate environment and its people
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ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ุญุณุงุณุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูˆุณูƒู‘ุงู†ู‡ุง
06:39
were under threat
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ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ููŠ ุฎุทุฑ
06:40
because they were at the frontline of both Middle Eastern politics
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุณูŠุงุณุงุช ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุท
06:44
and climate change.
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ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุฎูŠ.
06:46
And it slowly dawned on me that Socotra was my Yemen project.
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ูˆุชุฏุฑูŠุฌูŠุงู‹ุŒ ุงุชุถู‘ุญ ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุณูู‚ูุทู’ุฑูŽู‰ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุดุฑูˆุนูŠ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŽู†.
06:52
And so I wanted to put together a huge multidisciplinary team.
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ูˆู„ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏุช ุชุดูƒูŠู„ ูุฑูŠู‚ู ุถุฎู… ู…ุชุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุชุฎุตุตุงุช.
06:57
We wanted to cross the archipelago on foot, camel and dhow boat
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ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ุนุจูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฎุจูŠู„ ุณูŠุฑุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌูู…ูŽุงู„ุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจ ุงู„ุดุฑุงุนูŠ
07:01
to conduct a health check of this place.
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ู„ู†ู†ุฎุฑุท ููŠ ูุญุต ู†ุงุฌุน ู„ู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ.
07:04
This has only been attempted once before, and it was in 1999.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุญุงูˆู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ุŒ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ 1999.
07:07
But the thing is, that is not an easy thing to pull off.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุฐุง.
07:12
And so we desperately needed a recce,
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒู†ุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุก ุงุณุชุทู„ุงุนุŒ
07:14
and for those of you who aren't familiar with British English,
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ูˆู„ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุง ุชุนุฏู‘ู ุงู„ุฅู†ูƒู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุฃู„ูˆูุฉ ู„ู‡ู…ุŒ
07:17
a recce is like a scouting expedition.
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ูƒู„ู…ุฉ (recce) ุชุดุจู‡ ุจุนุซุฉ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงููŠุฉุŒ
07:19
It's like a reconnaissance.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุทู„ูŠุนูŠู‘.
07:20
And I often say that a really big expedition without a recce
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ูˆุนุงุฏุฉู‹ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฅู† ุจุนุซุฉู‹ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุจุฏูˆู† ุงุณุชุทู„ุงุน
07:27
is a bit like a first date without a Facebook stalk.
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ุชุดุจู‡ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ุง ู…ูˆุงุนุฏุฉู‹ ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุทุงุฑุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููŠุณุจูˆูƒ.
07:31
(Laughter)
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(ุถูŽุญูƒ)
07:32
Like, it's doable, but is it wise?
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ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูƒู…ุฉุŸ
07:35
(Laughter)
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(ุถูŽุญูƒ)
07:39
There's a few too many knowing laughs in this room.
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ูŠุถุญูƒู ุฌู…ุนู ูƒุจูŠุฑูŒ ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุนู…ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ.
07:42
Anyway, so then our recce team thankfully were no strangers to unstable places,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠุฉ ุญุงู„ุŒ ูุฑูŠู‚ู ุงุณุชุทู„ุงุนู†ุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุญุณู† ุงู„ุญุธ ุฐุง ุฎุจุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉุŒ
07:48
which, let's be honest, is kind of important
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ุจุญูŠุซูุŒ ูˆู„ู†ูƒู† ุตุงุฏู‚ูŠู†ุŒ ูŠุนุฏู ุฃู…ุฑุงู‹ ู…ู‡ู…ุงู‹
07:50
because we were trying to get to a place between Yemen and Somalia,
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูŠู‚ุน ุจูŠู† ุงู„ูŠู…ู† ูˆุงู„ุตูˆู…ุงู„ุŒ
07:54
And after calling in what felt like a million favors,
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุณุทุงุชุŒ
07:58
including to the deputy governor,
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ูˆุฅุญุฏุงู‡ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุน ู†ุงุฆุจ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุฉุŒ
08:01
we finally found ourselves on the move,
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ุชู…ูƒู†ู‘ุง ุฃุฎูŠุฑุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุญุฑูƒุŒ
08:05
albeit on a wooden cement cargo ship
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ูˆุฅู† ูƒุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุชู† ุณููŠู†ุฉ ู†ู‚ู„ู ุฅุณู…ู†ุช ุฎุดุจูŠุฉ
08:08
sailing through pirate waters in the Indian Ocean
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ุชุจุญุฑ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุตู†ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุท ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูŠ
08:12
with this as a toilet.
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ูˆูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ุฑุญุงุถูŒ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง.
08:14
(Laughter)
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(ุถูŽุญูƒ)
08:15
Can you guys see this?
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ุฃุชุฑูˆู† ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
08:19
You know how everybody has their worst toilet story?
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ุฃุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ูƒูŠู ุฃู† ู„ูƒู„ู ู…ู†ู‘ุง ู‚ุตุฉ ุชุจูˆู‘ู„ู ูƒุงุฑุซูŠุฉุŸ
08:23
Well, I've never swam with dolphins before.
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠุŒ ู„ู… ุฃุณุจุญ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฏู„ุงููŠู† ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„.
08:28
I just went straight to pooping on them.
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ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูุนู„ุชู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชุบูˆุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ.
08:30
(Laughter)
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(ุถูŽุญูƒ)
08:35
And also, I genuinely discovered that I am genuinely less stressed
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ูˆุงูƒุชุดูุช ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ุŒ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุตุฏู‚ุงู‹ ู„ุง ุฃุดุนุฑ ุจุงู„ุชูˆุชุฑ
08:42
by pirate waters
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฅุจุญุงุฑ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑุงุตู†ุฉ
08:43
than I am with a cockroach infestation
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ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉู‹ ู…ุน ุดุนูˆุฑุงู„ุถุบุท ุงู„ู†ุงุฌู… ุนู† ุบุฒูˆ ุตุฑุงุตูŠุฑ
08:47
that was so intense
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ุงุฆู„ุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹
08:49
that at one point I went belowdeck,
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃุฌุจุฑุชู ููŠ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุฒูˆู„ ู„ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุŒ
08:51
and the floor was black and it was moving.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุณููŠู†ุฉ ุฃุณูˆุฏ ูˆูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ ู…ู† ูƒุซุฑุฉ ุงู„ุตุฑุงุตูŠุฑ.
08:54
(Audience moans)
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(ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ ูŠุชู†ู‡ู‘ู€ุฏ)
08:55
Yeah, and at night there was three raised platforms to sleep on,
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ ูƒุงู† ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู†ุตุงุช ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ู†ูˆู…ุŒ
09:00
but there was only -- let's say there was four team members,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู… ูŠุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ุฅู„ุง... ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู‚ู„ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุนุถุงุก ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ุŒ
09:03
and the thing is, if you got a raised platform to sleep on,
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ูˆุฅู† ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุตุงุช ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ
09:06
you only had to contend with a few cockroaches during the night,
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ูุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฎูู ู…ู† ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุตุฑุงุตูŠุฑ ุญูˆู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ุŒ
09:09
whereas if you got the floor, good luck to you.
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ุชุฌุฏ ุณูˆู‰ ู…ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุณููŠู†ุฉ ู„ุชู†ุงู… ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ูุญุธุงู‹ ู…ูˆูู‚ุงู‹.
09:12
And so I was the only girl in the team and the whole ship,
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ูˆูƒู†ุช ุฃู†ุง ุงู„ูุชุงุฉ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ู…ุชู† ุงู„ุณููŠู†ุฉุŒ
09:16
so I got away without sleeping on the floor.
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ูุชู…ูƒู†ุช ู…ู† ุชุฌู†ุจ ุงู„ู†ูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุณููŠู†ุฉ.
09:19
And then, on, like, the fourth or fifth night,
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ููŠ ุฑุงุจุน ุฃูˆ ุฎุงู…ุณ ู„ูŠู„ุฉุŒ
09:22
Martin Edstrรถm looks at me and goes, "Ella, Ella I really believe in equality."
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ูŠู†ุธุฑ ู…ุงุฑุชู† ุฅุฏุณุชุฑูˆู… ุฅู„ูŠู‘ูŽุŒ ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„: "ุฅูŠู„ุงุŒ ุฅูŠู„ุงุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฃุคู…ู† ุจุงู„ู…ุณุงูˆุงุฉ."
09:27
(Laughter)
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(ุถูŽุญูƒ)
09:31
So we were sailing on that cement cargo ship for three days,
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุฃุจุญุฑู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุชู† ู†ุงู‚ู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฅุณู…ู†ุช ุชู„ูƒุŒ ู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูŠุงู…ุŒ
09:36
and then we slowly started seeing land.
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ูˆุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ูุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ุจุฑ.
09:41
And after three years of failing,
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุนูˆุงู… ู…ู† ุงู„ูุดู„ุŒ
09:44
I was finally seeing Yemen.
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ุชู…ูƒู†ุช ุฃุฎูŠุฑุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŽู†.
09:46
And there is no feeling on earth like that start of an expedition.
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ู…ุดุงุนุฑ ุชู†ุงุธุฑ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงู†ุชุงุจุชู†ุง ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุจุนุซุฉ ุงุณุชุทู„ุงุนูŠู‘ุฉ.
09:51
It's this moment where you jump out of a jeep
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ุงู„ู‚ูุฒ ู…ู† ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ุฌุจู„ูŠุฉ
09:54
or you look up from a boat
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู„ู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ู‚ุงุฑุจ
09:57
and you know that there's this possibility,
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ูˆุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒุŒ
09:59
it's small but it's still there,
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ูˆู„ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉุŒ
10:02
that you're about to find something
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ุจุฃู†ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุดูƒ ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุดูŠุก ู…ุง
10:04
that could add to or change our knowledge of who we are and where we come from.
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ู…ู† ุดุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ุนุฑูุชู†ุง ุฃูˆ ูŠุบูŠู‘ุฑู‡ุง ุนู† ู‡ูˆูŠุชู†ุง: ู…ู† ู†ุญู†ุŒ ูˆู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ุฃุชูŠู†ุง.
10:09
There is no feeling like it on earth,
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ู„ุง ู…ุซูŠู„ูŽ ู…ุทู„ู‚ุงู‹ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑุŒ
10:12
and it's a feeling that so many scientists have
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุดุนุฑ ุจู‡ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก
10:16
but rarely in politically unstable places.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู†ุงุฏุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉ ุณูŠุงุณูŠุงู‹.
10:20
Because Western scientists are discouraged or all-out barred
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ู„ุฃู†ูŽ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠูŠู† ูŠุญูŽุฐูŽุฑูˆู† ุฃูˆ ูŠูู…ู†ูŽุนูˆู† ูƒู„ูŠุงู‹
10:25
from working in unstable places.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉ.
10:28
But here's the thing:
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹:
10:30
scientists specialize in the jungle.
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ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ูŠุชุฎุตุตูˆู† ููŠ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ุบุงุจุงุช.
10:33
Scientists work in deep cave systems.
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ูˆูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ููŠ ุฃุบูˆุงุฑ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู.
10:37
Scientists attach themselves to rockets and blow themselves into outer space.
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ูˆูŠู„ุตู‚ูˆู† ุฃุฌุณุงุฏู‡ู… ุจุงู„ุตูˆุงุฑูŠุฎ ูˆูŠุทู„ู‚ูˆู†ู‡ุง ู„ู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ.
10:42
But apparently, working in an unstable place
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠุจุฏูˆุŒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑ
10:44
is deemed too high-risk.
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ูŠูุนูŽุฏู ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฑุฉ.
10:47
It is completely arbitrary.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงุนุชุจุงุทูŠ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹.
10:49
Who here in this room wasn't brought up on adventure stories?
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ู…ูŽู† ู‡ู†ุง ู„ู… ูŠู†ุดุฃ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠู‚ุฑุฃ ู‚ุตุต ุงู„ู…ุบุงู…ุฑุงุชุŸ
10:55
And most of our heroes were actually scientists and academics.
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ูˆุฃุบู„ุจ ุฃุจุทุงู„ู†ุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุนู„ู…ุงุก ูˆุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠูŠู†.
11:00
Science was about going out into the unknown.
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ูˆู„.
11:03
It was about truly global exploration, even if there were risks.
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ูƒุงู† ุจุญู‚ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ุนู†ุฏ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุทุฑ.
11:09
And so when did it become acceptable to make it difficult for science to happen
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ู…ู†ุฐ ู…ุชู‰ ุตุงุฑ ู…ู‚ุจูˆู„ุงู‹ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุตุนุจ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงู„
11:14
in unstable places?
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ู…ุถุทุฑุจุฉุŸ
11:17
And look, I'm not saying that all scientists should go off
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ูˆู„ุนู„ู…ูƒู…ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุญุจู‘ุฐ ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹
11:20
and start working in unstable places.
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ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุฐุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ุงู‚ู„.
11:22
This isn't some gung-ho call.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุญู…ุงุณู ุฃุนู…ู‰.
11:24
But here's the thing:
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ูˆู„ูƒู†:
11:27
for those who have done the research, understand security protocol
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ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃุฌุฑูˆุง ุงู„ุจุญูˆุซุŒ ูˆูŠูู‡ู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุชุฏุงุจูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฃู…ู†ูŠุฉ
11:32
and are trained,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฎุถุนูˆุง ู„ู„ุชุฏุฑูŠุจุŒ
11:34
stop stopping those who want to.
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ูƒููู‘ููˆุง ุนู† ุญุธุฑู‡ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ!
11:37
Plus,
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ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ุŒ
11:39
just because one part of a country is an active war zone
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ูˆู‚ูˆุน ุฌุฒุก ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุจู„ุฏ ู…ุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุญุฑุจ ู†ุงุดุจุฉ
11:43
doesn't mean the whole country is.
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ู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡ ูŠุฎูˆุถ ุญุฑุจุงู‹.
11:45
I'm not saying we should go into active war zones.
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ูˆุงู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุฏุนูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ.
11:48
But Iraqi Kurdistan looks very different from Fallujah.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญุงู„ุฉ ูƒุฑุฏุณุชุงู† ุงู„ุนุฑุงู‚ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ูƒู„ูŠุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ูู„ูˆุฌุฉ.
11:52
And actually, a few months after I couldn't get into Yemen,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุจุนุฏ ุนุฏุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ู…ู† ุนุฌุฒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŽู†ุŒ
11:56
another team adopted me.
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ู‚ุงู… ูุฑูŠู‚ ุขุฎุฑ ุจุงุตุทุญุงุจูŠ.
11:58
So Professor Graeme Barker's team were actually working in Iraqi Kurdistan,
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ูุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆููŠุณูˆุฑ ุบุฑุงู… ุจุงุฑูƒุฑุŒ ูˆูƒุงู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ููŠ ูƒุฑุฏุณุชุงู† ุงู„ุนุฑุงู‚ุŒ
12:04
and they were digging up Shanidar Cave.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุญูุฑูˆู† ูƒู‡ู "ุดุงู†ูุฏูŽุฑโ€Ž".
12:07
Now, Shanidar Cave a few decades earlier
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ูุฅู† ูƒู‡ู ุดุงู†ูุฏูŽุฑุŒโ€Ž ูˆู‚ุจู„ ุนุฏุฉ ุนู‚ูˆุฏ
12:10
had unveiled a Neanderthal known as Shanidar 1.
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ู‚ุฏ ูƒูŽุดูŽููŽ ุนู† ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ู€"ู†ูŠุงู†ุฏุฑุชุงู„" ูˆุนูุฑููููŽ ุจู€"ุดุงู†ูุฏูŽุฑ 1".
ูˆู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฅุญูŠุงุก "ุดุงู†ูุฏูŽุฑโ€Ž"1 ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู…ุชู„ูุฒุฉ ู„ู‚ู†ูˆุงุช ุจูŠ ุจูŠ ุณูŠ/ุจูŠ ุจูŠ ุงุณุŒ
12:16
Now, for a BBC/PBS TV series we actually brought Shanidar 1 to life,
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12:20
and I want you guys to meet Ned, Ned the Neanderthal.
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุดุงู‡ุฏูˆุง ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ู€"ู†ูŠุงู†ุฏุฑุชุงู„"ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุฏุนูˆ "ู†ูŠุฏ".
12:25
Now here's the coolest thing about Ned.
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ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ุฃุฑูˆุน ุดูŠุก ุจุดุฃู†ู‡.
12:28
Ned, this guy,
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"ู†ูŠุฏ"ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุตุŒ
12:30
you're meeting him before his injuries.
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ุฃู†ุชู… ุชู‚ุงุจู„ูˆู†ู‡ ู‚ุจู„ ุชุนุฑุถู‡ ู„ู„ุฅุตุงุจุงุช.
12:33
See, it turned out that Ned was severely disabled.
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ุชุจูŠู† ุฃู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู…ุนุงู‚ุงู‹ ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ.
12:38
He was in fact so disabled that there is no way he could have survived
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ูƒุงู† ู…ุนุงู‚ุงู‹ ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุจูˆุณุนู‡ ุฃู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุญูŠุงู‹
12:42
without the help of other Neanderthals.
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ู„ูˆู„ุง ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ุฌู…ูˆุน "ุงู„ู€"ู†ูŠุงู†ุฏุฑุชุงู„" ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ู…ุซู„ู‡.
12:45
And so this was proof that,
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฏู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ุŒ
12:47
at least for this population of Neanderthals at this time,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ู€"ู†ูŠุงู†ุฏุฑุชุงู„" ุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆูŠูŠู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ุŒ
12:51
Neanderthals were like us,
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ุฅู† ุงู„ู€"ู†ูŠุงู†ุฏุฑุชุงู„" ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู…ุซู„ู†ุง.
12:52
and they sometimes looked after those who couldn't look after themselves.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุงู‹ ูŠู…ุฏู‘ูˆู† ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุนูˆู†ู ุฅู„ู‰ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู†.
12:58
Ned's an Iraqi Neanderthal.
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ูˆ"ู†ูŠุฏ" ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ู€"ู†ูŠุงู†ุฏุฑุชุงู„" ุงู„ุนุฑุงู‚ูŠ.
13:01
So what else are we missing?
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฌู‡ู„ู‡ ุจุนุฏุŸ
13:03
What incredible scientific discoveries
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ู…ุง ุงู„ูƒูุดููˆูุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ
13:05
are we not making because we're not looking?
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ู†ุฌุฑูŠู‡ุง ุจุนุฏู ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุจุญุซุŸ
13:10
And by the way, these places, they deserve narratives of hope,
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠุฉ ุญุงู„ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุชุณุชุญู‚ ุฒุฑุน ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ุŒ
13:13
and science and exploration can be a part of that.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุนู„ู… ูˆุงู„ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ุง ุฌุฒุกุงู‹ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง.
13:17
In fact, I would argue that it can tangibly aid development,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุฃุธู† ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู†ู…ูŠุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ู„ู…ูˆุณุŒ
13:20
and these discoveries become a huge source of local pride.
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ูˆุชุตุจุญ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒูุดููˆูุงุช ู…ุตุฏุฑุงู‹ ูƒุจูŠุฑุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุนุชุฒุงุฒ ุจุงู„ูˆุทู†.
13:25
And that brings me to the second reason why science has a geography problem.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠู‚ูˆุฏู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุนุงู†ุงุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู…ู† ุนู‚ุจุฉู ุฌุบุฑุงููŠุฉ.
13:31
See, we don't empower local academics, do we?
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ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ูู…ูƒู‘ู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠูŠู†ุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
13:35
Like, it's not lost on me
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ุฃุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู„ู… ูŠูุชู†ูŠ
13:37
that in my particular field of paleoanthropology
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ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุญู‚ู„ ุชุฎุตู‘ุตูŠ ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…
13:42
we study human origins,
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ู†ุฏุฑุณ ุฃุตูˆู„ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ
13:43
but we have so few diverse scientists.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุชู†ูˆุน ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก.
13:48
And the thing is, these places are full of students and academics
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู‡ูˆุŒ ุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู…ู„ูŠุฆุฉ ุจุงู„ุทู„ุงุจ ูˆุงู„ุฃูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠูŠู†
13:52
who are desperate to collaborate,
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ุงู„ู…ูŠู‘ูŽุงู„ูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนุงูˆู†ุŒ
13:54
and the truth is
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ูˆุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠุŒ
13:56
that for them,
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ู…ุŒ
13:57
they have fewer security issues than us.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ู…ูู‚ุฏุงุฑูŒ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ู…ุนู†ุง.
14:02
I think we constantly forget that for them it's not a hostile environment;
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ุฅู†ู†ุง ู†ู†ุณู‰ ุจุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู‡ู…ุ›
14:06
for them it's home.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃูˆุทุงู†ู‡ู….
14:09
I'm telling you,
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ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูƒู…ุŒ
14:11
research done in unstable places with local collaborators
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ุงู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฅุฌุฑุงุคู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุชุนุงูˆู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠูŠู†
14:15
can lead to incredible discoveries,
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ู‚ุฏ ุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒุดูˆูุงุชู ุนุธูŠู…ุฉุŒ
14:18
and that is what we are hoping upon hope to do in Socotra.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุฃู…ู„ ุจูƒู„ ุงู„ุชูุงุคู„ ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ู‡ ููŠ ุณูู‚ูุทู’ุฑูŽู‰.
14:24
They call Socotra
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ูŠุฒุนู…ูˆู† ุฃู† ุณูู‚ูุทู’ุฑูŽู‰
14:27
the most alien-looking place on earth,
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ุฃุบุฑุจ ู…ูƒุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
14:30
and myself, Leon McCarron, Martin Edstrรถm and Rhys Thwaites-Jones could see why.
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ุจู†ูุณูŠุŒ ูˆู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ูƒุงุฑู†ุŒ ูˆู…ุงุฑุชู† ุฅุฏุณุชุฑู…ุŒ ูˆุฑุงูŠุณ ูˆุงูŠุชุณ-ุฌูˆู†ุฒุ› ูƒุงู† ุจูˆุณุนู†ุง ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุฐู„ูƒ.
14:36
I mean, look at this place.
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ุงู†ุธุฑูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†ุŒ
14:37
These places, they're not hellholes, they're not write-offs,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู„ูŠุณุช ุฌุญูŠู…ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณุช ู‡ุงู…ุดูŠู‘ุฉุŒ
14:41
they're the future frontline of science and exploration.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุทู„ูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูˆุงู„ุงูƒุชุดุงู.
14:46
90 percent of the reptiles on this island,
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%90 ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒูˆุงุญู ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฑุฉุŒ
14:49
37 percent of the plant species exist here and nowhere else on earth,
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ูˆ37% ู…ู† ุฃุตู†ุงู ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุชุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุง ูู‚ุทุŒ ูˆู„ุง ุชุชูˆูู‘ุฑ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
14:55
and that includes this species of dragon's blood tree,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุดู…ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุดุฌุฑุฉ "ุฏู…ุงุก ุงู„ุชู†ูŠู†ุŒ"
14:57
which actually bleeds this red resin.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุฑุฒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุตู…ุบูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก.
15:01
And there's something else.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุดูŠุก ุขุฎุฑุŒ
15:02
People on Socotra, some of them still live in caves,
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ู…ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุณู‚ุทุฑูŽู‰ ูŠุณูƒู†ูˆู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆูุŒ
15:07
and that is really exciting,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุดูˆู‚ูŒ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
15:09
because it means if a cave is prime real estate this century,
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ุจู…ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ู ู…ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ู…ู†ุฒู„ุงู‹ ูุนู„ูŠุงู‹ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุฑู†ุŒ
15:12
maybe it was a few thousand years ago.
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ูู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุฑุจู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู…ู†ุฒู„ุงู‹ ู…ู†ุฐ ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†.
15:14
But we need the data to prove it, the fossils, the stone tools,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู„ุฅุซุจุงุช ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุญูุฑูŠุงุชุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุงู„ุญุฌุฑูŠุฉุŒ
15:18
and so our scouting team have teamed up with other scientists,
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ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุชุนุงูˆู† ูุฑูŠู‚ู†ุง ู…ุน ูุฑูŽู‚ู ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุกุŒ
15:22
anthropologists and storytellers,
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ูˆุจุงุญุซูŠู† ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ ูˆุญูƒู‘ุงุฆูŠู†ุŒ
15:24
international as well as local, like Ahmed Alarqbi,
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ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠูŠู† ู…ู†ู‡ู… ูˆุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠูŠู†ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุฃุญู…ุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฑู‚ุจูŠุŒ
15:27
and we are desperate to shed a light on this place
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ูƒู…ุง ู†ุนู…ู„ ุจุฌุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุณู„ูŠุท ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†
15:30
before it's too late.
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ู‚ุจู„ ููˆุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆุงู†.
15:34
And now, now we just somehow need to get back
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุขู† ุงู„ุฃูˆุงู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุงุฌุชู†ุง ู„ู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุง
15:38
for that really big expedition,
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ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจุนุซุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุชูƒุดุงููŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉุŒ
15:40
because science,
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุŒ
15:42
science has a geography problem.
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ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูŠุนุงู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุนู‚ุจุฉู ุฌุบุฑุงููŠุฉ.
15:45
You guys have been a really lovely audience.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุชู… ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑุงู‹ ุฑุงุฆุนุงู‹.
15:47
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒู….
15:49
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7