The fascinating (and dangerous) places scientists aren't exploring | Ella Al-Shamahi

148,706 views

2019-08-27 ใƒป TED


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The fascinating (and dangerous) places scientists aren't exploring | Ella Al-Shamahi

148,706 views ใƒป 2019-08-27

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So I've got something that I'm slightly embarrassed to admit to.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
00:17
At the age of 17,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 17,
00:19
as a creationist,
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ื›ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”,
00:21
I decided to go to university to study evolution
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
00:24
so that I could destroy it.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืื•ืชื”.
00:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:28
I failed.
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ื ื›ืฉืœืชื™.
00:29
I failed so spectacularly that I'm now an evolutionary biologist.
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ื ื›ืฉืœืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
00:33
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:36
So I'm a paleoanthropologist, I'm a National Geographic Explorer
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืคืœื™ืื•-ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง
00:39
specializing in fossil hunting in caves
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ื•ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช
00:42
in unstable, hostile and disputed territories.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื, ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช.
00:45
And we all know that if I was a guy and not a girl,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืจื”,
00:49
that wouldn't be a job description, that would be a pick-up line.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“, ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืขื ื ืฉื™ื.
00:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:54
Now, here's the thing. I do not have a death wish.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืžืฉืืœืช ืžื•ื•ืช.
00:57
I'm not an adrenaline junkie.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื›ื•ืจื” ืœืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ.
00:59
I just looked at a map.
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžืคื”.
01:02
See, frontline exploratory science does not happen as much
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื”
01:06
in politically unstable territories.
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ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
01:09
This is a map of all the places which the British Foreign Office
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ื–ืืช ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™
01:13
have declared contain red zones, orange zones
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ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ืชื•ืžื™ื
01:16
or have raised some kind of a threat warning about.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืื–ื”ืจืช ืกื›ื ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
01:19
Now I'm going to go out on a limb here and say that it is a tragedy
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืฆืืช ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื’ื•ืจืคืช ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ืืช ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”
01:23
if we're not doing frontline exploratory science in a huge portion of the planet.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:28
And so science has a geography problem.
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ื•ื›ืš ืœืžื“ืข ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช.
01:32
Also, as a paleoanthropologist,
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ื’ื ื›ืคืœื™ืื•-ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
01:35
guys, this is basically a map of some of the most important places
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ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:38
in the human journey.
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ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:40
There are almost definitely fascinating fossils to be found here.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
01:44
But are we looking for them?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื?
01:47
And so as an undergraduate, I was repeatedly told
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ื›ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืืžืจื• ืœื™
01:50
that humans, be they ourselves, homo sapiens, or earlier species,
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื•, ื”ื•ืžื•-ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก, ืื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:55
that we left Africa via the Sinai of Egypt.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื–ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื“ืจืš ืกื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.
02:00
I'm English, as you can probably tell from my accent,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื ืžื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœื™,
02:03
but I am actually of Arab heritage,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืžื•ืฆื ืขืจื‘ื™,
02:05
and I always say that I'm very, very Arab on the outside.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ.
02:08
You know, I can really be passionate.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืจื’ืฉื ื™ืช.
02:10
Like, "You're amazing! I love you!"
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ื›ืžื•, "ืืชื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื! ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืชื›ื!"
02:12
But on the inside, I'm really English, so everybody irritates me.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ืžืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื™.
02:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:20
It's true.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:21
And the thing is, my family are Arab from Yemen,
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžืชื™ืžืŸ,
02:25
and I knew that that channel,
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ื•ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,
02:28
Bab-el-Mandeb,
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ื‘ืื‘-ืืœ-ืžื ื“ื‘,
02:30
is not that much of a feat to cross.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื—ืฆื•ืช.
02:32
And I kept asking myself this really simple question:
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืืœื” ืžืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”:
02:36
if the ancestors to New World monkeys could somehow cross the Atlantic Ocean,
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ืื ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื›ืœื• ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™,
02:42
why couldn't humans cross that tiny stretch of water?
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ืœืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”?
02:46
But the thing is, Yemen,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืชื™ืžืŸ,
02:48
compared to, let's say, Europe,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื’ื™ื“, ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
02:50
was so understudied
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ื ื—ืงืจื”
02:52
that it was something akin to near virgin territory.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืชื•ืœื”.
02:56
But that, along with its location, made the sheer potential for discovery
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื”, ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื ืœืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช
03:03
so exciting,
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ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื’ืฉ.
03:05
and I had so many questions.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช.
03:08
When did we first start using Bab-el-Mandeb?
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ืžืชื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืื‘-ืืœ-ืžื ื“ื‘?
03:11
But also, which species of human besides ourselves made it to Yemen?
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื, ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืชื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืชื™ืžืŸ?
03:16
Might we find a species as yet unknown to science?
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ื”ืื ื ืžืฆื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืžื“ืข?
03:20
And it turned out, I wasn't the only one who had noticed Yemen's potential.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ืœืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืžืŸ.
03:24
There was actually a few other academics out there.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื.
03:27
But sadly, due to political instability, they moved out, and so I moved in.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆืขืจื™, ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื ืขื–ื‘ื•, ื•ื›ื›ื” ืื ื™ ื ื›ื ืกืชื™.
03:32
And I was looking for caves:
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช:
03:35
caves because caves are the original prime real estate.
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ืžืขืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
03:40
But also because if you're looking for fossils in that kind of heat,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฉื›ื–ื”,
03:44
your best bet for fossil preservation is always going to be caves.
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ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช.
03:48
But then, Yemen took a really sad turn for the worse,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:53
and just a few days before I was due to fly out to Yemen,
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœืชื™ืžืŸ,
03:57
the civil war escalated into a regional conflict,
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื” ืœื›ื“ื™ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™,
04:01
the capital's airport was bombed
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ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ืคืฆืฅ
04:03
and Yemen became a no-fly zone.
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ื•ืชื™ืžืŸ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืืœ-ื˜ื™ืกื”.
04:08
Now, my parents made this decision before I was born:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื™:
04:12
that I would be born British.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
04:16
I had nothing to do with the best decision of my life.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™.
04:21
And now ...
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• --
04:23
Now the lucky ones in my family have escaped,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•,
04:28
and the others, the others are being been bombed
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคื’ื–ื™ื
04:31
and send you WhatsApp messages that make you detest your very existence.
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ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืื˜ืฆืืค ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ ืœืชืขื‘ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™.
04:39
This war's been going on for four years.
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื.
04:42
It's been going on for over four years, and it has led to a humanitarian crisis.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ืœืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™.
04:48
There is a famine there,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืจืขื‘,
04:50
a man-made famine.
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ืจืขื‘ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื.
04:52
That's a man-made famine, so not a natural famine,
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ื–ื” ืจืขื‘ ืฉื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื– ืœื ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืข.
04:55
an entirely man-made famine that the UN has warned
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ืจืขื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื”ืื•"ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ
04:59
could be the worst famine the world has seen in a hundred years.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
05:04
This war has made it clear to me more than ever
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื
05:07
that no place, no people deserve to get left behind.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžืงื•ื, ืืฃ ืื•ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
05:13
And so I was joining these other teams, and I was forming new collaborations
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
05:16
in other unstable places.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:18
But I was desperate to get back into Yemen,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืืฉืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื™ืžืŸ,
05:22
because for me, Yemen's really personal.
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ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ืชื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™.
05:27
And so I kept trying to think of a project I could do in Yemen
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ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ
05:32
that would help highlight what was going on there.
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ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื.
05:35
And every idea I had just kept failing,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื ื›ืฉืœ,
05:39
or it was just too high-risk, because let's be honest,
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ืื• ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื™ ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ื™ื,
05:42
most of Yemen is just too dangerous for a Western team.
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ืจื•ื‘ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืžื“ื™ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
05:47
But then I was told that Socotra, a Yemeni island,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉืกื•ืงื•ื˜ืจื”, ืื™ ืชื™ืžื ื™,
05:53
was safe once you got there.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื’ืขืช ืืœื™ื•.
05:56
In fact, it turned out there was a few local and international academics
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื
06:01
that were still working there.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื• ืฉื.
06:03
And that got me really excited,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื™,
06:06
because look at Socotra's proximity to Africa.
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ื›ื™ ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ืงื•ื˜ืจื” ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”.
06:12
And yet we have no idea when humans arrived on that island.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื™ ื”ื–ื”.
06:18
But Socotra, for those of you who know it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื•ืงื•ื˜ืจื”, ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
06:21
well, let's just say you probably know it for a completely different reason.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืืžืจ ืฉืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
06:25
You probably know it as the Galapagos of the Indian Ocean,
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ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื™ื™ ื”ื’ืืœืคื’ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™.
06:28
because it is one of the most biodiverse places on this earth.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:33
But we were also getting information
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื™ื“ืข
06:35
that this incredibly delicate environment and its people
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ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”
06:39
were under threat
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ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื
06:40
because they were at the frontline of both Middle Eastern politics
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขืžื“ื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
06:44
and climate change.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
06:46
And it slowly dawned on me that Socotra was my Yemen project.
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ื•ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืกื•ืงื•ื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™.
06:52
And so I wanted to put together a huge multidisciplinary team.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื ืง.
06:57
We wanted to cross the archipelago on foot, camel and dhow boat
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ืคืœื’ ื‘ืจื’ืœ, ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื’ืžืœ ื•ืกื™ืจื•ืช
07:01
to conduct a health check of this place.
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ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืกืงืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื.
07:04
This has only been attempted once before, and it was in 1999.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื‘1999.
07:07
But the thing is, that is not an easy thing to pull off.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
07:12
And so we desperately needed a recce,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืœrecce,
07:14
and for those of you who aren't familiar with British English,
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ื•ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช,
07:17
a recce is like a scouting expedition.
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recce ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™.
07:19
It's like a reconnaissance.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™.
07:20
And I often say that a really big expedition without a recce
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ื•ืื ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืžืฉืœื—ืช ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ recce
07:27
is a bit like a first date without a Facebook stalk.
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ื”ื™ื ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง.
07:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:32
Like, it's doable, but is it wise?
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื—ื›ื?
07:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:39
There's a few too many knowing laughs in this room.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.
07:42
Anyway, so then our recce team thankfully were no strangers to unstable places,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ ืฉืฆื•ื•ืช ื”-recce ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื,
07:48
which, let's be honest, is kind of important
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ืฉืื ื ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
07:50
because we were trying to get to a place between Yemen and Somalia,
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ื›ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ืกื•ืžืœื™ื”.
07:54
And after calling in what felt like a million favors,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช
07:58
including to the deputy governor,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™,
08:01
we finally found ourselves on the move,
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื–ื•ื–,
08:05
albeit on a wooden cement cargo ship
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืคื™ื ืช ืžืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืขืฅ
08:08
sailing through pirate waters in the Indian Ocean
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ื•ื”ืคืœื’ื ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™
08:12
with this as a toilet.
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ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื–ื”.
08:14
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:15
Can you guys see this?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
08:19
You know how everybody has their worst toilet story?
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ืืชื ืื™ืš ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉืœื•?
08:23
Well, I've never swam with dolphins before.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื—ื™ืชื™ ืขื ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื.
08:28
I just went straight to pooping on them.
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืคืฆืชื™ ื™ืฉืจ ืœืœื—ืจื‘ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
08:30
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:35
And also, I genuinely discovered that I am genuinely less stressed
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ื•ื’ื, ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชืจื’ืฉืช
08:42
by pirate waters
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ืžืžื™ื ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื™ื
08:43
than I am with a cockroach infestation
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืžื›ืช ื’'ื•ืงื™ื
08:47
that was so intense
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื”
08:49
that at one point I went belowdeck,
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ืฉื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื™ืจื“ืชื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืŸ,
08:51
and the floor was black and it was moving.
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ื•ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื•ื–ื–ื”.
08:54
(Audience moans)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ื ืื ื—)
08:55
Yeah, and at night there was three raised platforms to sleep on,
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ื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
09:00
but there was only -- let's say there was four team members,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง -- ื‘ื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช,
09:03
and the thing is, if you got a raised platform to sleep on,
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื ื”ืฉื’ืช ืžืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ื’ื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•,
09:06
you only had to contend with a few cockroaches during the night,
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืขื˜ ื’'ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
09:09
whereas if you got the floor, good luck to you.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืจืฆืคื”, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
09:12
And so I was the only girl in the team and the whole ship,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื”,
09:16
so I got away without sleeping on the floor.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”.
09:19
And then, on, like, the fourth or fifth night,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™,
09:22
Martin Edstrรถm looks at me and goes, "Ella, Ella I really believe in equality."
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ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืื“ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ ื•ืืžืจ "ืืœื”, ืืœื” ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ".
09:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:31
So we were sailing on that cement cargo ship for three days,
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ืื– ื”ืคืœื’ื ื• ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื,
09:36
and then we slowly started seeing land.
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ื•ืื– ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืง.
09:41
And after three years of failing,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช,
09:44
I was finally seeing Yemen.
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืชื™ืžืŸ.
09:46
And there is no feeling on earth like that start of an expedition.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”.
09:51
It's this moment where you jump out of a jeep
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ื–ื” ืจื’ืข ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื• ืืช ืงื•ืคืฆืช ืžืชื•ืš ื’'ื™ืค
09:54
or you look up from a boat
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ืื• ืืช ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคื™ื ื”
09:57
and you know that there's this possibility,
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ื•ืืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
09:59
it's small but it's still there,
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ื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื,
10:02
that you're about to find something
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ืฉืืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉื”ื•
10:04
that could add to or change our knowledge of who we are and where we come from.
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื ื•.
10:09
There is no feeling like it on earth,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื›ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
10:12
and it's a feeling that so many scientists have
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ื•ื–ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
10:16
but rarely in politically unstable places.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื.
10:20
Because Western scientists are discouraged or all-out barred
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืื• ืฉื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื
10:25
from working in unstable places.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื.
10:28
But here's the thing:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
10:30
scientists specialize in the jungle.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ.
10:33
Scientists work in deep cave systems.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช.
10:37
Scientists attach themselves to rockets and blow themselves into outer space.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืขื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
10:42
But apparently, working in an unstable place
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื
10:44
is deemed too high-risk.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืžื“ื™.
10:47
It is completely arbitrary.
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ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
10:49
Who here in this room wasn't brought up on adventure stories?
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ืžื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืœื ื’ื“ืœ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช?
10:55
And most of our heroes were actually scientists and academics.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื• ืื ืฉื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื”.
11:00
Science was about going out into the unknown.
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ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข.
11:03
It was about truly global exploration, even if there were risks.
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ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื•ื ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
11:09
And so when did it become acceptable to make it difficult for science to happen
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ืžืชื™ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
11:14
in unstable places?
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื?
11:17
And look, I'm not saying that all scientists should go off
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ืชืจืื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
11:20
and start working in unstable places.
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื.
11:22
This isn't some gung-ho call.
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ื–ืืช ืœื ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื“ื’ืœ.
11:24
But here's the thing:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
11:27
for those who have done the research, understand security protocol
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
11:32
and are trained,
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ื•ืžืื•ืžื ื™ื,
11:34
stop stopping those who want to.
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ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืืœื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืืช.
11:37
Plus,
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ื•ืขื•ื“,
11:39
just because one part of a country is an active war zone
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคืขื™ืœ
11:43
doesn't mean the whole country is.
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ื”.
11:45
I'm not saying we should go into active war zones.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคืขื™ืœ.
11:48
But Iraqi Kurdistan looks very different from Fallujah.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจืงื™ืช ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืคืืœื•ื’'ื”.
11:52
And actually, a few months after I couldn't get into Yemen,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื™ืžืŸ,
11:56
another team adopted me.
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ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืื™ืžืฅ ืื•ืชื™.
11:58
So Professor Graeme Barker's team were actually working in Iraqi Kurdistan,
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ืื– ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื’ืจื”ื ื‘ืืจืงืจ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจืงื™ืช,
12:04
and they were digging up Shanidar Cave.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืคืจื• ืืช ืžืขืจืช ืฉื ื™ื“ืืจ.
12:07
Now, Shanidar Cave a few decades earlier
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืขืจืช ืฉื ื™ื“ืืจ
12:10
had unveiled a Neanderthal known as Shanidar 1.
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ื—ืฉืคื” ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ืฉื ื™ื“ืืจ 1.
12:16
Now, for a BBC/PBS TV series we actually brought Shanidar 1 to life,
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ื”ืงืžื ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ื“ืืจ 1 ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื“ืจืช ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ BBC/PBS,
12:20
and I want you guys to meet Ned, Ned the Neanderthal.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืคื’ืฉื• ืืช ื ื“, ื ื“ ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœ.
12:25
Now here's the coolest thing about Ned.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื ื“.
12:28
Ned, this guy,
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ื ื“, ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
12:30
you're meeting him before his injuries.
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ืืชื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
12:33
See, it turned out that Ned was severely disabled.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืงืฉื•ืช.
12:38
He was in fact so disabled that there is no way he could have survived
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืจื“
12:42
without the help of other Neanderthals.
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ืœืœื ืขื–ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
12:45
And so this was proof that,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื›ืš
12:47
at least for this population of Neanderthals at this time,
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ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•,
12:51
Neanderthals were like us,
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ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
12:52
and they sometimes looked after those who couldn't look after themselves.
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ื•ื”ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
12:58
Ned's an Iraqi Neanderthal.
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ื ื“ ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœ ืขื™ืจืงื™.
13:01
So what else are we missing?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื—ืกืจ ืœื ื•?
13:03
What incredible scientific discoveries
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ืื™ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช
13:05
are we not making because we're not looking?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื’ืœื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื?
13:10
And by the way, these places, they deserve narratives of hope,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”,
13:13
and science and exploration can be a part of that.
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ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”.
13:17
In fact, I would argue that it can tangibly aid development,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—,
13:20
and these discoveries become a huge source of local pride.
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ื•ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
13:25
And that brings me to the second reason why science has a geography problem.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืžื“ืข ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
13:31
See, we don't empower local academics, do we?
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืขืฆื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:35
Like, it's not lost on me
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”
13:37
that in my particular field of paleoanthropology
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ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืื•-ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
13:42
we study human origins,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
13:43
but we have so few diverse scientists.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื˜ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
13:48
And the thing is, these places are full of students and academics
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
13:52
who are desperate to collaborate,
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ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
13:54
and the truth is
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ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื
13:56
that for them,
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื,
13:57
they have fewer security issues than us.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืœื ื•.
14:02
I think we constantly forget that for them it's not a hostile environment;
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื™ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื™ื ืช;
14:06
for them it's home.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช.
14:09
I'm telling you,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื,
14:11
research done in unstable places with local collaborators
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
14:15
can lead to incredible discoveries,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช,
14:18
and that is what we are hoping upon hope to do in Socotra.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืงื•ื˜ืจื”.
14:24
They call Socotra
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ื”ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ืืช ืกื•ืงื•ื˜ืจื”
14:27
the most alien-looking place on earth,
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
14:30
and myself, Leon McCarron, Martin Edstrรถm and Rhys Thwaites-Jones could see why.
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ื•ืื ื™, ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืžืง'ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืื“ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืจื™ืก ืชื•ื•ื™ื˜ืก-ื’'ื•ื ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืžื”.
14:36
I mean, look at this place.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
14:37
These places, they're not hellholes, they're not write-offs,
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ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ื ืœื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื—ื™ ืืœ,
14:41
they're the future frontline of science and exploration.
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ื”ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ.
14:46
90 percent of the reptiles on this island,
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90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืื™ ื”ื–ื”,
14:49
37 percent of the plant species exist here and nowhere else on earth,
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37 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืจืง ื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
14:55
and that includes this species of dragon's blood tree,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ืช ืงื™ื ื‘ืจ,
14:57
which actually bleeds this red resin.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืจ ืฉืจืฃ ืื“ื•ื.
15:01
And there's something else.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ.
15:02
People on Socotra, some of them still live in caves,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืงื•ื˜ืจื”, ื—ืœืงื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช,
15:07
and that is really exciting,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ืฉ,
15:09
because it means if a cave is prime real estate this century,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืžืขืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื–ืืช,
15:12
maybe it was a few thousand years ago.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
15:14
But we need the data to prove it, the fossils, the stone tools,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื”, ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ,
15:18
and so our scouting team have teamed up with other scientists,
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ื•ื›ืš ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
15:22
anthropologists and storytellers,
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ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
15:24
international as well as local, like Ahmed Alarqbi,
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ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืื—ืžื“ ืขืœืจืืงื‘ื™,
15:27
and we are desperate to shed a light on this place
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื•ืขื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”
15:30
before it's too late.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
15:34
And now, now we just somehow need to get back
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื
15:38
for that really big expedition,
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ืœืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช.
15:40
because science,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื“ืข,
15:42
science has a geography problem.
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ืœืžื“ืข ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
15:45
You guys have been a really lovely audience.
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ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื ืคืœื.
15:47
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:49
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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