How Magellan circumnavigated the globe - Ewandro Magalhaes

翻译人员: Lu Sun 校对人员: Di SUN

On September 6, 1522,

1522年9月6日，

the "Victoria" sailed into harbor in southern Spain.

“维多利亚”号驶入西班牙南部的港口。

The battered vessel and its 18 sailors were all that remained

这个三年前起航的船队，

of a fleet that had departed three years before.

只剩下这艘破旧的船及18名水手。

Yet her voyage was considered a success

而这次航行被认为是成功的，

for the "Victoria" had achieved something unprecedented:

因为“维多利亚”号取得了 前所未有的成就：

the first circumnavigation of the globe.

第一次环球航行。

But this story really begins in 1494,

但故事得从1494年说起，

two years after Columbus's voyage on behalf of Spain.

即在哥伦布代表西班牙航行的两年后。

哥伦布的发现促使了 信仰天主教的西班牙统治者

Columbus's discovery had prompted the Catholic Spanish rulers

to turn to the Pope to preempt any claims by Portugal to the new lands.

向教皇抢争抢任何被葡萄牙 宣称占有的新大陆。

The Pope resolved this dispute by drawing an imaginary line on the world map.

教皇在世界地图上画了一条虚线 以解决这一争端。

西班牙有权要求分界线以西的领土，

Spain had the right to claim territories west of the divide,

and Portugal to the east.

而葡萄牙则可占领东面。

Spain and Portugal, the two major seafaring super powers at the time,

西班牙和葡萄牙， 这两个当时主要的航海超级大国，

agreed to these terms in what came to be called the Treaty of Tordesillas.

同意了这一决议， 并签订了“托德西利亚斯条约”。

At the time, these nations had their eyes on the same prize:

当时，两国都有同一个目标，

trade routes to the Spice Islands in today's Indonesia.

找到通往位于今天印度尼西亚的 香料岛的贸易路线。

The spices found there,

香料在那里被发现，

被用以调味，

which were used as seasonings,

food preservatives,

作为食物防腐剂，

and aphrodisiacs,

也可以作为催情药，

were worth many times their weight in gold.

可以换到是它本身重量 很多倍的黄金。

But because of Portugal's control over eastern sea routes,

但因为葡萄牙控制着东面的航线，

Spain's only viable option was to sail west.

西班牙只能选择向西航行。

当一个叫斐迪南·麦哲伦的 葡萄牙叛逃者

So when a Portuguese defector named Ferdinand Magellan

claimed that a westward route to the Spice Islands existed,

声称存在向西通往香料群岛的路线，

King Charles made him captain of a Spanish armada,

查尔斯国王便任命他为 西班牙舰队的队长，

and gave him all the resources he would need.

并且给他提供了所有需要的资源。

Along with a share in the voyage's profits,

除了航行后的利润分成，

he granted Magellan five ships and about 260 men.

国王还授予麦哲伦 五艘船及约260名船员。

The crew included a young slave named Enrique,

船员包括一个 年轻的奴隶，名叫恩里克，

captured by Magellan on a previous journey to Malacca,

他被麦哲伦在先前的 马六甲之旅中捕获。

and Antonio Pigafetta,

还有安东尼奥·皮加费塔,

a Venetian nobleman seeking adventure.

是一个寻求冒险的威尼斯贵族。

On September 20, 1519, the fleet weighed anchor

在1519年9月20日，船队起锚，

并向西南前行。

and headed southwest.

After making landfall in what is now Brazil,

在现今的巴西登陆后，

it proceeded along the coast, exploring any water way leading inland.

船队沿着海岸进行， 探索任何通往内陆的水路。

They were looking for the fabled passage linking east and west.

他们要寻找传说中连接东西方的通道。

As the weather worsened,

随着天气状况的恶化，

the Spaniards resentment at having a Portuguese captain escalated.

西班牙船员对葡萄牙队长的 不满也逐步升级。

A full-blown mutiny soon erupted,

全面的叛乱很快爆发，

which Magellan crushed with unspeakable cruelty.

而麦哲伦用难以形容的残忍方式 镇压了这场叛乱。

But his problems were only just beginning.

但他的麻烦才刚刚开始。

During a reconnaissance mission, the "Santiago" was wrecked by a storm.

在一次侦察任务中， “圣地亚哥”号被暴风雨摧毁。

Then while exploring a narrow waterway,

随后在探索一条狭窄的航道时，

the captain of the "San Antonio" took the first opportunity to slip away

“圣安东尼奥号”的船长 抓住机会逃跑，

and sail back home.

把船开回了家。

麦哲伦继续奋力向前，

Magellan pressed forward,

and on October 21, he started exploring a navigable sea way.

在10月21日，他开始 探索一条可供航行的海路。

27 freezing days later,

27个寒冷的日子后，

the three remaining ships emerged from what we now call

剩下的三只船从我们现在的

the Strait of Magellan into the Mar Pacifico.

麦哲伦海峡进入太平洋。

The fleet never expected the new ocean to be so vast.

船队从来没有想到 新的海洋是如此广阔。

After 98 days at sea, dozens of sailors had succumbed to scurvy and famine.

在海上航行了98天后， 许多船员死于坏血病和饥荒。

当他们再次登上陆地时，

When they finally reached land again,

Enrique, the young slave, proved able to communicate with the natives.

发现年轻的奴隶恩里克 能与当地人沟通。

Their goal couldn't be far.

这说明他们距离目的地不远了。

Sailing further west, Magellan was warmly received by Rajah Humabon of Cebu.

继续向西航行，麦哲伦受到了 宿雾岛酋长的热情招待。

So when the ruler asked him to help subdue

所以当酋长要他帮助制服

and convert the rebellious chief of Mactan,

并规劝反叛酋长麦克坦时，

the captain readily agreed.

麦哲伦欣然同意了。

The adventure would be his last.

这是他最后一场冒险。

Overconfident and severely outnumbered, Magellan's force was overwhelmed,

由于过分自信和寡不敌众， 麦哲伦的军队不敌对手，

and the native's bamboo spears ended the captain's life.

他自己则死于原住民的竹矛之下。

然而航行还得继续。

Yet the voyage had to continue.

麦哲伦的遗嘱提到 恩里克应该获得自由，

Magellan's will specified that Enrique should be freed,

but the expedition still needed an interpreter.

但船队仍然需要一个翻译。

With his freedom at stake,

以个人自由为赌注，

Enrique is believed to have plotted with the Rajah

恩里克被认为与首长密谋

to have about 30 of the Spaniards killed at a feast on the beach.

在一场海边宴会上 谋杀了约30名西班牙人。

Enrique was never heard from again,

此后再也没有关于恩里克的消息，

but if he ever made it back to Malacca,

但如果他曾回到马六甲，

he may have been the first person to actually circumnavigate the globe.

他可能是第一个完成环球航行的人。

Meanwhile, the survivors burned the Concepcion

同时，幸存者烧了康塞普西翁，

and proceeded onward.

随后继续前进。

They finally reached the Spice Islands in November of 1521

他们最终于1521年11月到达了香料岛，

and loaded up on precious cargo.

把船装满了珍贵的货物。

But they still had to return to Spain.

但他们还得返回西班牙。

The "Trinidad" sank shortly after being captured by the Portuguese.

“特立尼达”号在被葡萄牙人 俘获后不久沉没。

The "Victoria" continued west, piloted by Juan Sebastián Elcano,

“维多利亚”号择继续向西， 由胡安·塞巴斯提安·埃尔卡诺驾驶，

one of the pardoned mutineers.

他是被赦免的叛乱者之一。

Against all odds, the small vessel made it back to Spain

尽管困难重重， 小船总算回到了西班牙，

with a full cargo of cloves and cinnamon,

带着满仓的丁香和肉桂，

enough to cover the expedition and turn a profit.

其价值足以支付远征的花费并盈利。

An obsessive chronicler,

作为一位痴迷编年史的记录者，

Pigafetta described the lands and people they encountered.

皮加费塔记录了所有 经过的地方和遇到的人们。

With the help of a humble slave,

在一个卑微的奴隶的帮助下，

he also compiled the world's first phrase book

他还用土著语编写了世界上第一本

of native languages.

短语书。

His journal is the reason we can tell this story.

我们之所以知道这些故事 要归功于他的日记。

Magellan's legacy lingers.

麦哲伦传奇不灭。

He had galaxies and space programs named after him.

有星系和太空计划以他的名字命名。

Elcano, too, was celebrated in Spain

埃尔卡诺同样在西班牙被歌颂，

with a coat of arms and his face on currency and stamps.

他的盾徽和肖像 被印在了货币和邮票上。

United by fate, the survivors

命中注定一般，

and the hundreds who sacrificed their lives

幸存者及数百位牺牲的船员

challenged conventional wisdom

一起挑战传统观念，

and completed a historic journey once thought impossible.

并完成了一个被认为 不可能完成的历史征程。