The dark history of the overthrow of Hawaii - Sydney Iaukea

1,022,838 views ・ 2022-02-17

TED-Ed


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翻译人员: KIWI KIWI 校对人员: Helen Chang
00:07
It was January 16th, 1895.
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那是1895年1月16日,
00:10
Two men arrived at Lili’uokalani’s door, arrested her,
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两个人来到莉莉乌卡拉尼 (Lili’uokalani)的门口,逮捕了她,
00:14
and led her to the room where she would be imprisoned.
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并把她带到了一个房间, 她将被囚禁在那里。
00:18
A group had recently seized power and now confiscated her diaries,
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一个团体最近夺取了权力, 没收了她的日记,
00:22
ransacked her house, claimed her lands, and hid her away.
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洗劫了她的房子, 抢走了她的土地,并把她隐藏起来。
00:26
Lili’uokalani was Hawaii’s queen.
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莉莉乌卡拉尼曾经是夏威夷的女王。
00:29
And she ruled through one of the most turbulent periods of its history.
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她的统治历经其历史上 最动荡的时期之一。
00:33
75 years earlier, American missionaries first arrived in Hawaii.
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75年前,美国传教士首次抵达夏威夷。
00:38
They quickly amassed power, building businesses
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他们迅速积聚权力,建立企业,
00:40
and claiming arable land that they transformed into plantations.
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索取可耕地, 把这些土地变成了种植园。
00:44
They worked closely with the ali’i,
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他们与阿里人紧密合作,
00:46
or sacred Hawaiian nobility closely linked to the Gods.
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这些人是神圣的夏威夷贵族, 与众神密切相关。
00:50
The ali’i appointed missionaries to government roles
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阿里人任命传教士担任政府职务,
00:54
where they helped establish Hawaii as a sovereign kingdom
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他们帮助夏威夷建立了一个 君主立宪制的主权王国。
00:57
with a constitutional monarchy.
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00:59
But once certain business opportunities emerged—
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但一旦某些商业机会出现——
01:02
namely, the prospect of exporting sugar to the US tariff-free—
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即,免關稅地向美国出口糖的前景——
01:06
some of their descendants shifted positions.
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他们中的一些后裔转移了阵营。
01:09
They formed a political group known as “the Missionary Party”
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他们组成了一个被称为 “传教士党”的政治团体,
01:13
and began plotting to annex Hawaii, bringing it under US control.
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开始谋划吞并夏威夷, 将其置于美国的控制之下。
01:19
Lili’uokalani and her siblings were born into an ali’i family.
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莉莉乌卡拉尼和她的兄弟姐妹们 出生在一个阿里人家庭。
01:24
In 1874, her brother, Kalākaua, ascended the throne,
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1874年,她的弟弟卡拉卡瓦 (Kalākaua)登上了王位。
01:29
but thirteen years into his reign, the emerging threat crystallized.
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但在他执政的13年里, 新的威胁浮出水面。
01:34
The Missionary Party called a meeting where an all-white militia surrounded
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传教士党召开了一次会议, 会议由一支白种人组成的民兵所包围,
01:38
and forced the king to sign new legislation.
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并迫使国王签署新的立法。
01:42
Later called the Bayonet Constitution,
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这项立法后来被称为刺刀宪法,
01:44
it stripped Native Hawaiians of their rights,
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它剥夺了夏威夷土著人的权利,
01:46
diminished the monarchy’s power,
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削弱了君主的权力,
01:48
and ceded control to this group of white businessmen.
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并将控制权让渡给白人商人。
01:52
Four years later, King Kalākaua died,
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四年后,卡拉卡瓦国王去世,
01:56
heartbroken, Lili’uokalani said,
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悲痛的莉莉乌卡拉尼说道,
01:58
“by the base ingratitude of the very persons whose fortunes he had made.”
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“这是由他照拂的那些人 卑劣的忘恩负义所致。”
02:04
Prepared to fight, she assumed the throne.
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做好了战斗的准备,她登上了王位。
02:07
Despite death threats and rumors of insurgency,
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尽管面对着死亡威胁和叛乱的谣言,
02:11
Queen Lili’uokalani was determined to restore power to her people—
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莉莉乌卡拉尼女王决心 恢复她的人民的权力——
02:15
an estimated two thirds of whom had lost their voting rights.
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他们中估计有三分之二的人 已失去了投票权。
02:19
Flooded with requests for change, she authored a new constitution.
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怀揣着变革的愿望, 她撰写了一部新宪法。
02:24
But before she introduced it, the so-called “Committee of Safety,”
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但在她推出新宪法前, 所谓的 “安全委员会“,
02:28
a new organization that consisted of many Missionary Party members,
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一个由许多传教士党员组成的新组织,
02:32
hatched another plot.
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酝酿了另一个阴谋。
02:34
Under the false pretense that this new constitution
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以这部新宪法
02:36
endangered American property and lives,
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危及美国人的财产和生命为幌子,
02:39
they staged a coup on January 17th, 1893.
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他们在1893年1月17日发动了政变。
02:44
More than 160 US Marines marched to the palace,
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160多名美国海军陆战队员向皇宫行进。
02:48
where the “Committee of Safety” removed Queen Lili’uokalani from office.
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在那里,“安全委员会” 将莉莉乌卡拉尼女王免职。
02:55
Thousands of Hawaiian people protested,
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数以千计的夏威夷人进行了抗议,
02:57
some wearing hat bands reading, “Aloha ’Āina,” or “love of the nation.”
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一些人戴着帽子,上面写着 “Aloha ’Āina”即 “爱国之情”。
03:03
The alleged “Provisional Government” declared Hawaii a Republic
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所谓的 “临时政府”在下一年 宣布夏威夷为共和国。
03:07
the following year.
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03:09
They proclaimed that Hawaiians couldn’t vote
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他们宣称夏威夷人不能投票,
03:11
or be government employees without signing a new “oath of allegiance.”
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也不能在未签署新的 “效忠誓言”的情况下成为政府雇员。
03:16
Many refused.
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许多人拒绝签署。
03:18
The following year, some of Lili’uokalani’s supporters
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第二年,莉莉乌卡拉尼的一些支持者 试图进行反革命。
03:21
attempted a counterrevolution.
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03:23
The Republic responded brutally,
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共和国做出了粗暴的回应,
03:26
jailing hundreds and sentencing six people to death.
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监禁了数百人,并判处6人死刑。
03:30
In exchange for their release,
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作为释放他们的交换条件,
03:31
the Republic made Lili’uokalani sign a document
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共和国让莉莉乌卡拉尼 签署了一份文件,
03:35
that claimed to relinquish her throne, and they imprisoned her in the palace.
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文件中声称她放弃王位, 而后他们把她囚禁在宫中。
03:40
Under constant guard, she composed songs expressing her love for her people
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在持续的看守下,她创作了一些歌曲 来表达她对人民的爱,
03:45
and began making a patchwork quilt that told the story of her life.
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并开始制作一条拼接被子 来讲述她的人生故事。
03:50
While she was only allowed news that had been reviewed by her jailers,
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由于她只被允许浏览 狱卒们审查过的新闻,
03:54
her supporters often brought her bouquets from the garden she’d dedicated to them,
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她的支持者们经常 从她馈赠的花园中带来花束,
03:58
wrapped in newspaper.
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用报纸包着。
04:00
After 8 months, Lili’uokalani was placed under house arrest.
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8个月后,莉莉乌卡拉尼被软禁。
04:05
As soon as it was lifted, she traveled to Washington, D.C.
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软禁解除后,她立即前往华盛顿特区,
04:09
with Hawaiian nationalists and over 20,000 signatures.
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带着夏威夷的民族主义者们 与超过20,000个签名。
04:13
There they successfully convinced Congress to halt the Republic’s annexation treaty.
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他们在那里成功地说服了国会 停顿共和国的吞并条约。
04:18
But the following year, the Spanish-American War began.
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但在第二年, 美西战争开始了。
04:22
Seeing Hawaii as a strategic military base,
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视夏威夷为一个战略军事基地,
04:24
President William McKinley declared it a US territory on July 7th, 1898—
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威廉·麦金利总统于1898年7月7日宣布 夏威夷成为美国领土。
04:31
breaking international law and devastating Queen Lili’uokalani and her people.
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这不但违反国际法, 而且伤害了女王和她的人民。
04:37
She spent the rest of her life petitioning for the restoration of her lands,
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她的余生都在请愿, 恢复她的土地,
04:41
Native Hawaiian rights, and national liberation.
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恢复夏威夷原住民的权利, 与解放民族。
04:45
When she died in 1917, these dreams were unrealized.
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当她1917年去世时, 这些梦想尚未实现。
04:51
A member of the group that forced Queen Lili’uokalani out of office
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迫使女王下台的集团的一个成员
04:55
once declared, “If we are ever to have peace and annexation
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曾经宣称:“如果我们获得了和平与归并
04:59
the first thing to do is obliterate the past.”
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第一件要做的事就是抹去过去。”
05:03
They failed at this goal.
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在这个目标上他们失败了。
05:05
Queen Lili’uokalani left a resilient legacy:
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莉莉乌卡拉尼女王留下了 坚韧不拔的遗产。
05:08
Her commitment to her land and people never wavered
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她对她的土地和人民的承诺从未动摇,
05:12
and many Hawaiians continue to fight in her memory.
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许多夏威夷人继续奋战 以纪念她。
05:15
Speaking of Hawaii’s children, Queen Lili’uokalani said,
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谈到夏威夷的儿童, 莉莉乌卡拉尼女王说,
05:20
“It is for them that I would give the last drop of my blood.”
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“正是为了他们,我愿意付出 我最后一滴血“。
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