These companies with no CEO are thriving

271,975 views ・ 2022-09-20

TED-Ed


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翻译人员: Sang Summer 校对人员: Yuwei Wu
00:07
There's a grocery store in Brooklyn, New York,
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纽约布鲁克林区有一家杂货店。
00:10
with sales per square foot 4 times as high as any other grocery store
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杂货店每平方英尺的销售额是 该地区任何其他杂货店的 4 倍,
00:14
in the area.
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00:15
10,000 people work there, and it doesn’t have a CEO.
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这家店有一万名员工, 但却没有CEO。
00:19
This place is the Park Slope Food Co-op,
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这家店就是公园坡食品合作社,
00:21
and it’s one of 3 million cooperatives, or co-ops for short, around the world.
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它是全世界三百万家合作企业, 简称合作社,中的一家。
00:27
Co-ops are a big part of the global economy:
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合作社是全球经济重要的一环:
00:30
they employ 280 million people— 10% of the world’s workforce
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他们雇用了 2.8 亿名员工, 也就是全球 10% 的劳动力
00:34
and the equivalent of over $2 trillion flow through their doors every year.
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也相当于每年有 两万亿美元的资金流动。
00:39
How is it possible that a business with 10,000 workers doesn’t have a CEO?
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为什么一个只有一万名员工 却没有CEO的公司能够顺利运作?
00:45
To answer that, we have to talk about what a co-op is and why they were founded.
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要回答这个问题,我们必须了解 什么是合作社以及它们形成的原因。
00:49
Let’s rewind to 1844.
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让时间回到 1844 年。
00:52
A group of 28 weavers in Rochdale, England
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在英国的洛奇代尔有 28 名织布工人
00:55
came together to create and co-own a store.
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一起建立了一家商店 并且共同拥有其所有权。
00:58
By buying in bulk directly from suppliers, they could negotiate prices,
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直接通过供应商大量进货, 让他们有了可以协商价格的机会,
01:02
which allowed all of them to buy stuff they couldn't otherwise afford.
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变相让他们能够买到之前 负担不起的东西。
01:06
They ran the store collectively and democratically,
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他们集体又民主地 经营着这家商店,
01:08
which was remarkable at the time.
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这在当时可谓是 非常了不起的举措。
01:11
The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers wasn't the world's first co-op,
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罗奇代尔公平先锋协会 并不是全球第一个合作社,
01:15
but it was the first to publicize its principles—
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但它是第一个宣扬准则的合作社——
01:18
principles that guide co-ops to this day.
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指引合作社发展至今的准则。
01:20
Today, there are all kinds of co-ops:
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如今,各种各样的合作社蜂拥而至:
01:22
REI in the US and S-Group in Finland are large consumer co-ops.
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美国的REI和芬兰的S-Group 都是大型消费者合作社。
01:26
Credit unions and mutual insurance companies are financial sector co-ops.
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信用合作社和相互保险公司 是经融方面的合作社。
01:30
And when farmers or other producers come together, that's a producer co-op.
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而且当农民或其他制造商合作时, 便成立了一个制造商合作社。
01:35
And then there are worker co-ops,
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其他还有工人合作社,
01:36
like Mondragon in Spain or The Cheeseboard in Berkeley, California,
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像是西班牙的蒙德拉贡公司 或是加州柏克莱的芝士拼盘公司,
01:40
which are founded to provide jobs to people in the community.
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它们建立的初衷是为了 提供更多工作机会给社区里的人们。
01:43
Some consumer co-ops, like Park Slope,
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一些消费者合作社, 像是公园坡公司,
01:45
require their members to work shifts in the store.
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要求它们的员工要在 不同店铺之间来回切换工作。
01:48
In exchange for their work, members pay 15 to 50% less for groceries,
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他们会在买这些日用品的时候享受 15% 至 50% 的优惠作为工作的报酬,
01:53
and they influence what products are— or aren’t— sold there.
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他们可以决定哪些东西卖, 哪些东西不卖。
01:57
Three crucial things to know about co-ops:
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关于合作社你必须了解的 3 件事:
01:59
first, all co-ops are jointly owned by their members,
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第一,合作社是由其成员共同拥有,
02:03
whether those members are consumers, producers, workers, or whoever.
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不论那些成员是消费者、 制造商、员工,或是其他成员。
02:07
Unlike traditional companies, which can have outside shareholders,
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不同于传统的企业拥有外部股东。
02:10
all owners of a co-op are also members.
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合作社的所有者也是其会员。
02:14
Second, co-ops are not founded to maximize profit.
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第二,合作社的成立初衷 并不是为了追求最大利润。
02:17
Many do turn a significant profit, but that’s not their core mission.
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大多数合作社确实有很可观的收入, 但这并不是它们最主要的目的。
02:21
So evaluating a co-op purely by traditional business metrics
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所以纯粹按照传统业务指标 来评估一个合作社
02:24
ignores the most important reason for their existence:
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忽略了它们存在的最重要的意义:
02:28
how well do they serve their members?
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即它们为会员所提供的优质服务?
02:30
And third: co-ops are controlled democratically by their members.
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还有第三,合作社由会员们 民主地管理支配。
02:34
But how do decisions get made?
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但决定又如何做出呢?
02:37
It varies.
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因公司而制宜。
02:38
At a small worker co-op like The Cheeseboard,
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如果说是一个类似 芝士拼盘公司的小型合作社,
02:40
day-to-day operational decisions are just made by the workers.
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员工们会做出日常的运营决策。
02:44
As co-ops get larger, they do institute some form of leadership or management.
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越大的合作社, 越会制定一些领导或管理的方法。
02:49
Park Slope has a general manager who leads the 80 or so employees.
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公园坡公司便有一位 领导大约 80 名员工的总经理。
02:53
And the largest network of worker and consumer co-ops in the world,
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蒙德拉贡公司,作为拥有 全球最大员工和消费者关系网的
02:56
Mondragon, has a president and managers who lead
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02:59
the roughly 30,000 worker-owners and 50,000 contract workers.
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合作社,有董事长、总经理领导着 大概三万所有者员工和五万合同工。
03:04
But leadership roles in a co-op are very different than in a traditional company.
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但合作社中领导者的角色 与传统企业的有很大不同。
03:08
The leadership implements policies that its members or worker-owners
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领导者会执行全体所有员工 全票通过的政策。
03:12
have agreed upon, by vote.
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03:13
And at Mondragon workers, can vote to fire the president.
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在蒙德拉贡公司,员工们甚至可以
03:17
At a co-op, there’s no single person
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投票决定要不要炒了他们的董事长。 一个合作社里,没有一个人拥有支配一切的、
03:20
with overarching, top-down power over everyone else,
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03:23
like a CEO would have in a traditional company.
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自上而下的权力不可凌驾于他人之上 不像传统企业里的CEO。
03:26
Meanwhile, in both co-ops and traditional companies,
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与此同时, 在合作社和传统企业之中,
03:29
major company-wide decisions are made by voting.
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重要的公司范围内的决定 都是通过投票决定的。
03:32
But who votes and how is wildly different.
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但谁来投票以及怎样投票 却大不相同。
03:35
In a traditional company, voting rights usually come with shares of stock.
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在一个传统公司中, 投票权往往掌握在股东手中。
03:39
The more shares you own, the more votes you have.
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你拥有越多的股票, 你便拥有更大的投票权。
03:42
Take Alphabet, the parent company of Google:
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以字母控股,谷歌的母公司为例:
03:44
there are thousands of shareholders,
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这家公司有成千上万个股东,
03:46
but the two founders control 51% of the votes
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但是由两个创办者 掌握着 51% 的投票权
03:49
and therefore the direction of the company.
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因此也掌握着公司的未来动向。
03:51
In a co-op, every member has the right to vote,
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在一个合作社中, 每个会员都有投票的权利,
03:54
and in most co-ops, every member gets one vote.
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而且在大多数合作社中, 每个会员都有一票。
03:57
That difference results in radically different policies
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这种差异导致了合作社和传统企业 有着完全不同的政策。
04:00
than you’d find at traditional companies.
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04:02
For example, Mondragon limits the salaries of its management
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例如,蒙德拉贡将其管理层的工资限制 在最低工资工人的 6 倍左右。
04:05
to about 6 times what the lowest paid worker makes.
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04:09
In Spain, CEOs of traditional companies make, on average,
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在西班牙,平均来说传统企业CEO 的工资是普通员工的 143 倍。
04:12
143 times as much as a typical worker.
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04:15
At Park Slope, there’s a monthly general meeting,
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在公园坡公司,会有每月例会,
04:18
where any member can show up to vote,
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会员可以参加例会投票表决,
04:20
and a motion needs a simple majority to pass.
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一个议案只需要 大多数人同意就可通过。
04:22
It then gets taken up by the Board of directors,
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然后逐渐由合作社成员组成的董事会 取代并且正式批准。
04:24
which is composed of co-op members, for official approval.
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04:28
At The Cheeseboard, the worker-owners try to reach consensus on major decisions.
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在芝士拼盘公司,所有者员工想要 尝试在一些重大的决策上达成共识。
04:32
This means that some decisions can take a long time.
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这意味着有些决策 可以拖延很长时间。
04:36
For example, in the late 1970s,
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举一个例子, 上个世纪 70 年代末,
04:38
the workers debated whether to post a sign outside declaring
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员工们为了是否要向外贴标宣称
04:41
that The Cheeseboard was a collective for one and a half years.
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芝士拼盘公司是集体企业 而争论了一年半。
04:45
But the extensive discussion, and disagreements,
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但是围绕这个决策的 广泛争论和反对声音,
04:47
around that decision made it a solid one—
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使其愈发坚定——
04:50
The Cheeseboard still advertises the fact that it’s a collective
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即使过了 50 年。芝士拼盘公司仍宣传
04:53
almost 50 years later.
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它是一个集体企业。
04:55
And that’s not all that’s working well at co-ops.
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但这不一定适合所有的合作社。 英国的研究表明,合作社初创企业
04:58
Studies in the UK show that co-op start-ups are almost half as likely
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在五年内关闭的可能性几乎是 传统企业的一半。一项专题调查中,
05:02
to close within five years as traditional businesses.
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05:05
And in one study, researchers polled 600 workers
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研究人员调研了六百名来自 两个家庭医疗保健业务的员工:
05:08
at two in-home healthcare businesses:
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05:10
one was a worker co-op and the other was a traditional company.
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一个是员工合作社, 还有一个是传统的企业公司。
05:13
The workers did similar work with similar salaries.
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这些员工从事相似的业务, 领着相似的薪水。
05:16
The biggest difference?
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那他们最大的区别是什么呢?
05:17
Co-op workers were about 40% happier with their jobs.
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合作社员工对工作的满意程度 要比传统公司的高上 40% 。
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