Why are manhole covers round? - Marc Chamberland

Zašto su poklopci šahtova okrugli? - Mark Čemberlend (Marc Chamberland)

650,285 views

2015-04-13 ・ TED-Ed


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Why are manhole covers round? - Marc Chamberland

Zašto su poklopci šahtova okrugli? - Mark Čemberlend (Marc Chamberland)

650,285 views ・ 2015-04-13

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric
00:07
Why are most manhole covers round?
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Zašto je većina šahtova okruglo?
00:10
Sure, it makes them easy to roll and slide into place in any alignment
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Naravno da ih je lakše kotrljati i postaviti u bilo koji položaj
00:15
but there's another more compelling reason
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ali postoji i ubedljiviji razlog
00:17
involving a peculiar geometric property of circles and other shapes.
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koji ima veze sa posebnim geometrijskim svojstvom krugova i drugih oblika.
00:23
Imagine a square separating two parallel lines.
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Zamislite kvadrat koji deli dve paralelne linije.
00:26
As it rotates, the lines first push apart, then come back together.
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Dok se rotira, linije se prvo razdvajaju a onda se spajaju.
00:31
But try this with a circle
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Ali pokušajte ovo sa krugom
00:33
and the lines stay exactly the same distance apart,
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i linije će ostati na istoj razdaljini,
00:37
the diameter of the circle.
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na prečniku kruga.
00:39
This makes the circle unlike the square,
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Zbog ovoga krug ne liči na kvadrat,
00:41
a mathematical shape called a curve of constant width.
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i to je matematički oblik koji se naziva krivom konstantne širine.
00:46
Another shape with this property is the Reuleaux triangle.
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Ovo svojstvo ima i Roloov trougao.
00:50
To create one, start with an equilateral triangle,
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Kako bi ga stvorili, počinjemo sa jednakostraničnim trouglom,
00:53
then make one of the vertices the center of a circle that touches the other two.
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onda jedno od temena postavimo za centar kruga koji dotiče druga dva.
00:58
Draw two more circles in the same way, centered on the other two vertices,
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Na isti način nacrtamo još dva kruga, sa centrom na druga dva temena,
01:03
and there it is, in the space where they all overlap.
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i eto ga, u prostoru gde se preklapaju.
01:07
Because Reuleaux triangles can rotate between parallel lines
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Kako Roloovi trouglovi mogu da se rotiraju između paralelnih linija
01:11
without changing their distance,
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bez menjanja odstojanja,
01:13
they can work as wheels, provided a little creative engineering.
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mogu da funkcionišu kao točkovi, uz malo kreativnog inženjerstva.
01:18
And if you rotate one while rolling its midpoint in a nearly circular path,
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A ako jedan od njih okrenete na središtu u skoro kružnoj putanji,
01:23
its perimeter traces out a square with rounded corners,
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njegov obim ocrtaće kvadrat sa zaobljenim ćoškovima,
01:28
allowing triangular drill bits to carve out square holes.
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čime se omogućava trouglastim burgijama da izbuše rupe u obliku kvadrata.
01:32
Any polygon with an odd number of sides
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Bilo koji mnogougao sa neparnim brojem strana
01:34
can be used to generate a curve of constant width
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može se iskoristiti da se dobije kriva konstantne širine
01:38
using the same method we applied earlier,
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koristeći isti metod od ranije,
01:41
though there are many others that aren't made in this way.
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iako ima mnogo onih koji nisu urađeni na ovaj način.
01:44
For example, if you roll any curve of constant width around another,
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Na primer, ako bilo koju krivu konstante okrenete oko ćoška,
01:49
you'll make a third one.
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napravićete treću.
01:51
This collection of pointy curves fascinates mathematicians.
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Ovaj zbir šiljatih kriva fascinira matematičare.
01:55
They've given us Barbier's theorem,
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Dali su nam Barbijeovu teoremu,
01:57
which says that the perimeter of any curve of constant width,
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koja kaže da je obim svake krive konstantne širine,
02:01
not just a circle, equals pi times the diameter.
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ne samo kruga, jednak pi puta prečniku.
02:05
Another theorem tells us that if you had a bunch of curves of constant width
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Druga teorema nam kaže da ako bismo imali gomilu kriva konstantne širine
02:09
with the same width,
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sa istom širinom,
02:11
they would all have the same perimeter,
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one bi sve imale isti obim,
02:13
but the Reuleaux triangle would have the smallest area.
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ali Roloov trougao bi imao najmanju površinu.
02:17
The circle, which is effectively a Reuleaux polygon
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Krug, koji je efektivno Roloov mnogougao,
02:20
with an infinite number of sides, has the largest.
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sa beskonačnim brojem strana, ima najveću površinu.
02:24
In three dimensions, we can make surfaces of constant width,
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U tri dimenzije, možemo napraviti površine konstatne širine,
02:28
like the Reuleaux tetrahedron,
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poput Roloovog tetraedra,
02:30
formed by taking a tetrahedron,
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koji se dobija tako što se uzme tetraedar
02:32
expanding a sphere from each vertex until it touches the opposite vertices,
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i proširi sfera od svakog temena dok ne dotakne suprotno teme
02:37
and throwing everything away except the region where they overlap.
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i odbaci sve osim područja gde se poklapaju.
02:42
Surfaces of constant width
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Površine konstantne širine
02:44
maintain a constant distance between two parallel planes.
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održavaju konstantnu udaljenost između dve paralelne ravni.
02:49
So you could throw a bunch of Reuleaux tetrahedra on the floor,
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Tako biste mogli da bacite hrpu Roloovih tetraedara na pod
02:52
and slide a board across them as smoothly as if they were marbles.
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i preko njih prevučete dasku glatko kao da su od klikera.
02:57
Now back to manhole covers.
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Sada da se vratimo na šahtove.
03:00
A square manhole cover's short edge
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Kratka ivica kvadratnog šahta
03:02
could line up with the wider part of the hole and fall right in.
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mogla bi da se poravna sa širim delom rupe i šaht bi upao.
03:07
But a curve of constant width won't fall in any orientation.
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Ali kriva konstantne širine neće pasti ni u kom položaju.
03:12
Usually they're circular, but keep your eyes open,
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Obično su okrugli, ali obratite pažnju,
03:14
and you just might come across a Reuleaux triangle manhole.
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i možda naletite na šaht oblika Roloovog trougla.
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