The great brain debate - Ted Altschuler

Velika debata o mozgu - Ted Altšuler (Ted Altschuler)

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Mile Živković

In 1861, two scientists got into a very brainy argument.

1861. godine, dva naučnika su pokrenula mozgašku raspravu.

Specifically, they had opposing ideas of how speech and memory

Preciznije, imali su suprotstavljene ideje o tome kako govor i pamćenje

operated within the human brain.

upravljaju ljudskim mozgom.

Ernest Aubertin, with his localistic model,

Ernerst Obertin, sa svojim lokalističkim modelom,

argued that a particular region or the brain

tvrdio je da je određena regija mozga

was devoted to each separate process.

namenjena svakom zasebnom procesu.

Pierre Gratiolet, on the other hand, argued for the distributed model,

Pjer Graciole, sa druge strane, zastupao je model raspodele,

where different regions work together

gde različite oblasti rade zajedno

to accomplish all of these various functions.

da bi postigle sve te raznovrsne funkcije.

The debate they began reverberated throughout the rest of the century,

Debata koju su otpočeli odzvanjala je ostatkom veka,

involving some of the greatest scientific minds of the time.

uključujući neke od najvećih naučnih umova tog vremena.

Aubertin and his localistic model had some big names on his side.

Obertin i njegov lokalizovani model su imali velika imena na svojoj strani.

In the 17th century, René Descartes had assigned the quality

U XVII veku, Rene Dekart je pripisivao svojstvo

of free will and the human soul to the pineal gland.

slobodne volje i ljudske duše epifizi.

And in the late 18th century, a young student named Franz Joseph Gall

A u poznom XVIII veku, mladi student po imenu Franc Jozef Gal

had observed that the best memorizers in his class had the most prominent eyes

je uočio da oni koji najbolje pamte u njegovom razredu imaju najizraženije oči

and decided that this was due to higher development

i rešio da je to zbog većeg razvoja

in the adjacent part of the brain.

dela mozga u blizini.

As a physician, Gall went on to establish the study of phrenology,

Kao lekar, Gal je zatim osnovao nauku frenologiju,

which held that strong mental faculties corresponded to

koja je verovala da jake mentalne sposobnosti odgovaraju

highly developed brain regions, observable as bumps in the skull.

visoko razvijenim oblastima mozga,

koje je moguće videti po izbočinama na lobanji.

The widespread popularity of phrenology throughout the early 19th century

Široko rasprostranjena popularnost frenologije tokom ranog XIX veka

tipped the scales towards Aubertin's localism.

okrenula je prilike u korist Obertinovog lokalizma.

But the problem was that Gall had never bothered to scientifically test

Ali problem za koji se Gal nikada nije potrudio da naučno proveri

whether the individual brain maps he had constructed

bio je da li se individualne mape mozga koje je sačinio

applied to all people.

odnose na sve ljude.

And in the 1840's, Pierre Flourens challenged phrenology

1840. godine, Pjer Florens je doveo u pitanje frenologiju

by selectively destroying parts of animal brains

selektivno uništavajući delove mozga životinja

and observing which functions were lost.

i posmatrajući koje funkcije su izgubljene.

Flourens found that damaging the cortex

Florens je otkrio da je oštećivanje korteksa

interfered with judgement or movement in general,

ometalo rasuđivanje ili kretanje uopšte,

but failed to identify any region associated with one specific function,

ali nije uspeo da identifikuje nijednu oblast

koja je povezana sa jednom posebnom funkcijom,

concluding that the cortex carried out brain functions as an entire unit.

zaključujući da korteks nosi funkcije mozga kao celina.

Flourens had scored a victory for Gratiolet, but it was not to last.

Florens je postigao pobedu za Graciolea, ali to nije potrajalo.

Gall's former student, Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud,

Galov bivši učenik, Žan Batist Bujo,

challenged Flourens' conclusion,

osporio je Florensov zaključak,

observing that patients with speech disorders

primetivši da su svi pacijenti sa poremećajima govora

all had damage to the frontal lobe.

imali oštećenje frontalnog režnja.

A nakon što je autopsija koju je izveo Pol Broka 1861. godine

And after Paul Broca's 1861 autopsy of a patient who had lost the power

na pacijentu koji je izgubio moć govora,

to produce speech, but not the power to understand it,

ali ne i njegovog razumevanja,

revealed highly localized frontal lobe damage,

otkrila visoko lokalizovano oštećenje frontalnog režnja,

the distributed model seemed doomed.

činilo se da je model raspodele osuđen na propast.

Localism took off.

Lokalizam je bio u usponu.

In the 1870's, Karl Wernicke associated part of the left temporal lobe

1870. godine, Karl Vernike je doveo u vezu deo levog temporalnog režnja

with speech comprehension.

sa razumevanjem govora.

Soon after, Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch

Ubrzo zatim, Edvard Hicig i Gustav Frič

stimulated a dog's cortex and discovered a frontal lobe region

su stimulisali korteks psa i otkrili oblast frontalnog režnja

responsible for muscular movements.

koji je odgovoran za pokretanje mišića.

Building on their work, David Ferrier mapped each piece of cortex

Nadovezujući se na njihov rad,

Dejvid Ferier je mapirao svaki deo korteksa

associated with moving a part of the body.

povezan sa pomeranjem dela tela.

And in 1909, Korbinian Brodmann built his own cortex map with 52 separate areas.

A 1909. godine, Korbinian Brodman je napravio sopstvenu mapu korteksa

sa 52 zasebne oblasti.

It appeared that the victory of Aubertin's localistic model was sealed.

Činilo se da je pobeda Obertinovog lokalističkog modela zapečaćena.

But neurologist Karl Wernicke had come up with an interesting idea.

Ali je neurolog Karl Vernike došao na zanimljivu ideju.

He reasoned that since the regions for speech production and comprehension

Obrazložio je da, pošto se regije

za proizvodnju i razumevanje govora ne graniče,

were not adjacent,

then injuring the area connecting them might result

onda bi ozleđivanje oblasti koja ih povezuje moglo dovesti

in a special type of language loss, now known as receptive aphasia.

do posebne vrste gubitka govora, sada poznate kao receptivna afazija.

Vernikeov konekcionistički model je pomogao u objašnjenju poremećaja

Wernicke's connectionist model helped explain disorders

that didn't result from the dysfunction of just one area.

koji nisu rezultovali disfunkcijom samo jedne oblasti.

Savremeni neurološki instrumenti pokazuju da je mozak mnogo složeniji

Modern neuroscience tools reveal a brain more complex than

Gratiolet, Aubertin, or even Wernicke imagined.

nego što su to zamišljali Graciole, Obertin ili čak i Vernike.

Today, the hippocampus is associated with two distinct brain functions:

Danas, hipokampus se dovodi u vezu sa dve različite funkcije mozga:

creating memories and processing location in space.

stvaranjem sećanja i obradom položaja u prostoru.

We also now measure two kinds of connectivity:

Sada takođe merimo dve vrste povezanosti:

anatomical connectivity between two adjoining

anatomsku povezanost između dve susedne

regions of cortex working together,

regije korteksa koje zajedno deluju,

and functional connectivity between separated regions

i funkcionalnu povezanost između odvojenih regija

working together to accomplish one process.

koje zajedno deluju da bi obavile jedan proces.

A seemingly basic function like vision

Naizgled bazična funkcija poput vida

is actually composed of many smaller functions,

je zapravo sačinjena od mnogo manjih funkcija,

with different parts of the cortex representing

sa različitim delovima korteksa koji predstavljaju

shape, color and location in space.

oblik, boju i položaj u prostoru.

When certain areas stop functioning, we may recognize an object,

Kada izvesne oblasti prestanu da funkcionišu, možemo prepoznati objekat,

but not see it, or vice versa.

ali ne možemo ga videti, ili obrnuto.

There are even different kinds of memory for facts and for routines.

Postoje čak i različite vrste pamćenja za činjenice i za šablone.

And remembering something like your first bicycle

Pamćenje nečega kao što je vaš prvi bicikl

involves a network of different regions each representing the concept

podrazumeva mrežu različitih regija od kojih svaka predstavlja koncept

of vehicles, the bicycle's shape, the sound of the bell,

vozila, oblik bicikla, zvuk zvona,

and the emotions associated with that memory.

i osećanja povezana sa tim sećanjem.

In the end, both Gratiolet and Aubertin turned out to be right.

Na kraju se ispostavilo da su i Graciole i Obertin bili u pravu.

And we still use both of their models to understand how cognition happens.

I još uvek koristimo oba njihova modela u razumevanju kako se kognicija dešava.

For example, we can now measure brain activity on such a fine time scale

Na primer, sada možemo izmeriti moždanu aktivnost

na tako finoj vremenskoj skali

that we can see the individual localized processes that comprise

da možemo videti zasebne lokalizovane procese koji se nalaze

a single act of remembering.

u jednom činu upamćivanja.

But it is the integration of these different processes and regions

Ali integrisanje ovih različitih procesa i regija

that creates the coherent memory we experience.

stvara povezano pamćenje koje doživljavamo.

The supposedly competing theories prove to be two aspects

Pokazalo se da su po svoj prilici konkurentske teorije dva aspekta

of a more comprehensive model,

obuhvatnijeg modela,

which will in turn be revised and refined

koji će biti revidiran i usavršen

as our scientific techologies and methods for understanding the brain improve.

kako naša naučna tehnologija i metode za razumevanje mozga budu napredovali.