The great brain debate - Ted Altschuler

296,517 views ใƒป 2014-11-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
In 1861, two scientists got into a very brainy argument.
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ื‘ 1861, ืฉื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื—ื™.
00:12
Specifically, they had opposing ideas of how speech and memory
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
00:16
operated within the human brain.
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ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
00:18
Ernest Aubertin, with his localistic model,
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ืืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ืขื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื•,
00:21
argued that a particular region or the brain
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ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืื–ื•ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
00:23
was devoted to each separate process.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ืคืจื“ืช.
00:26
Pierre Gratiolet, on the other hand, argued for the distributed model,
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ืคื™ื™ืจ ื’ืจื˜ื™ื•ืœื” ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ,
00:30
where different regions work together
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ื‘ื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“
00:32
to accomplish all of these various functions.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
00:35
The debate they began reverberated throughout the rest of the century,
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื”ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืื”,
00:39
involving some of the greatest scientific minds of the time.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
00:42
Aubertin and his localistic model had some big names on his side.
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ืœืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื•.
00:46
In the 17th century, Renรฉ Descartes had assigned the quality
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 17, ืจื ื” ื“ืงืืจื˜ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
00:50
of free will and the human soul to the pineal gland.
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ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื•ื—.
00:54
And in the late 18th century, a young student named Franz Joseph Gall
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื” 18, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืคืจืื ืฅ ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื’ืืœ
00:58
had observed that the best memorizers in his class had the most prominent eyes
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืชืชื• ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช
01:04
and decided that this was due to higher development
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:06
in the adjacent part of the brain.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:09
As a physician, Gall went on to establish the study of phrenology,
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ื›ืจื•ืคื, ื’ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื—ืงืจ ื”ืคืจื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
01:12
which held that strong mental faculties corresponded to
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ืฉื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื™ื•ื›ื•ืช
01:16
highly developed brain regions, observable as bumps in the skull.
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ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื—, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช.
01:20
The widespread popularity of phrenology throughout the early 19th century
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ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19
01:24
tipped the scales towards Aubertin's localism.
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ื”ื˜ืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:28
But the problem was that Gall had never bothered to scientifically test
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื’ืืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื˜ืจื— ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื“ืขื™ืช
01:31
whether the individual brain maps he had constructed
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ืื ืžืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื”
01:34
applied to all people.
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ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:36
And in the 1840's, Pierre Flourens challenged phrenology
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 40 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19, ืคื™ื™ืจ ืคืœืื•ืจื ืก ืงืจื ืชื’ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื ื•ืœื’ื™ื”
01:40
by selectively destroying parts of animal brains
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช
01:43
and observing which functions were lost.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื‘ื“ื•.
01:46
Flourens found that damaging the cortex
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ืคืœื•ืจื ืก ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก
01:48
interfered with judgement or movement in general,
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ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
01:51
but failed to identify any region associated with one specific function,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืื—ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช,
01:55
concluding that the cortex carried out brain functions as an entire unit.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื— ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืžื”.
02:00
Flourens had scored a victory for Gratiolet, but it was not to last.
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ืคืœื•ืจื ืก ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืจื˜ื™ื•ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
02:04
Gall's former student, Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud,
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืืœ, ื’'ืืŸ ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ื•,
02:07
challenged Flourens' conclusion,
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ืงืจื ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืจื ืก,
02:09
observing that patients with speech disorders
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
02:11
all had damage to the frontal lobe.
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ื”ื™ื” ื ื–ืง ืœืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช.
02:14
And after Paul Broca's 1861 autopsy of a patient who had lost the power
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ืื—ืจื™ ื ืชื™ื—ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
02:18
to produce speech, but not the power to understand it,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
02:21
revealed highly localized frontal lobe damage,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ื ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืœืื•ื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช,
02:24
the distributed model seemed doomed.
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื ืจืื” ืื‘ื•ื“.
02:27
Localism took off.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื™ืื”.
02:29
In the 1870's, Karl Wernicke associated part of the left temporal lobe
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19, ืงืืจืœ ื•ื•ืจื ื™ืง ืฉื™ื™ืš ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืจืงืชื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช
02:33
with speech comprehension.
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ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:35
Soon after, Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch
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ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืคืจื™ื˜ืฉ
02:37
stimulated a dog's cortex and discovered a frontal lobe region
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ื’ื™ืจื• ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช
02:41
responsible for muscular movements.
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
02:44
Building on their work, David Ferrier mapped each piece of cortex
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืคืจื™ื™ืจ ืžื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก
02:47
associated with moving a part of the body.
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ืฉืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื”ื–ื–ืช ืื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:50
And in 1909, Korbinian Brodmann built his own cortex map with 52 separate areas.
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ื•ื‘ 1909, ืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื” ืžืคืช ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ืžืฉืœื• ืขื 52 ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื.
02:56
It appeared that the victory of Aubertin's localistic model was sealed.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืชื.
03:01
But neurologist Karl Wernicke had come up with an interesting idea.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ ืงืจืœ ื•ื•ืจื ื™ืงื” ื”ืขืœื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:04
He reasoned that since the regions for speech production and comprehension
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
03:08
were not adjacent,
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ืœื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื,
03:10
then injuring the area connecting them might result
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ืื– ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื™ื’ืจื•ื
03:13
in a special type of language loss, now known as receptive aphasia.
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ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืคื”, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืืคื–ื™ื” ืงืœื™ื˜ืชื™ืช.
03:18
Wernicke's connectionist model helped explain disorders
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจื ื™ืง ืขื–ืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช
03:21
that didn't result from the dysfunction of just one area.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:25
Modern neuroscience tools reveal a brain more complex than
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ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืืฉืจ
03:28
Gratiolet, Aubertin, or even Wernicke imagined.
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ื’ืจื˜ื•ื™ืœื”, ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืจื ื™ืงื” ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
03:32
Today, the hippocampus is associated with two distinct brain functions:
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ืš ืœืฉืชื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื— ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช:
03:36
creating memories and processing location in space.
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘.
03:40
We also now measure two kinds of connectivity:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช:
03:43
anatomical connectivity between two adjoining
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ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื
03:46
regions of cortex working together,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“,
03:48
and functional connectivity between separated regions
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ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื
03:51
working together to accomplish one process.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื—ื“.
03:54
A seemingly basic function like vision
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ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืจืื™ื”
03:56
is actually composed of many smaller functions,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
03:59
with different parts of the cortex representing
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ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื
04:01
shape, color and location in space.
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ืฆื•ืจื”, ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
04:04
When certain areas stop functioning, we may recognize an object,
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ื›ืฉืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ื–ื”ื” ืขืฆื,
04:07
but not see it, or vice versa.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื•, ืื• ืœื”ืคืš.
04:10
There are even different kinds of memory for facts and for routines.
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ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช.
04:14
And remembering something like your first bicycle
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ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
04:17
involves a network of different regions each representing the concept
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ืžืขืจื‘ ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื“ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
04:20
of vehicles, the bicycle's shape, the sound of the bell,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘, ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื, ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ,
04:24
and the emotions associated with that memory.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
04:27
In the end, both Gratiolet and Aubertin turned out to be right.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื ื’ืจื˜ื•ื™ื™ืœื” ื•ื’ื ืื•ื‘ืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื•.
04:31
And we still use both of their models to understand how cognition happens.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
04:35
For example, we can now measure brain activity on such a fine time scale
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื–ื” ื“ื™ื•ืง
04:39
that we can see the individual localized processes that comprise
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
04:42
a single act of remembering.
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ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
04:45
But it is the integration of these different processes and regions
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:48
that creates the coherent memory we experience.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื.
04:51
The supposedly competing theories prove to be two aspects
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืกืชื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉื ื™ ืคื ื™ื
04:55
of a more comprehensive model,
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ,
04:57
which will in turn be revised and refined
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ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื™ืขื•ื“ืŸ
04:59
as our scientific techologies and methods for understanding the brain improve.
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ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืชืคืจื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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