How do steroids affect your muscles— and the rest of your body? - Anees Bahji

3,692,835 views ・ 2020-11-09

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Ivana Vojnić Tunić Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:07
They’ve caused global scandals.
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Uzokovali su skandale širom sveta.
00:09
They’re banned in most athletic competitions.
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Zabranjeni su u većini sportskih takmičenja.
00:13
But are steroids actually bad for you?
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Ali da li su steroidi zaista tako loši?
00:16
The term “steroids” refers to a broad category of molecules
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Naziv "steroid" odnosi se na široku kategoriju molekula
00:20
that share a similar molecular structure,
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koji dele sličnu molekulsku strukturu,
00:23
but have many different functions.
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ali imaju mnogo različitih funkcija.
00:25
When people talk about steroids in the context of sports,
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Kada ljudi pričaju o steroidima u sportu,
00:29
they’re referring to a subset of steroids that resemble testosterone.
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oni misle na potkategoriju steroida koja liči na hormon testosteron.
00:34
Though elite athletes and bodybuilders began using these steroids in the 1950s,
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Iako su prvoklasni sportisti i bodibilderi počeli da koriste steroide još 1950-ih,
00:40
today, most steroid users are actually not competitive athletes,
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većina današnjih korisnika zapravo nisu sportisti,
00:45
but people seeking a particular appearance.
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već ljudi koji priželjkuju određeni izgled tela.
00:48
These steroids have two main effects: androgenic, or masculinizing,
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Steroidi imaju dva osnovna dejstva:
androgeno, koje razvija muške polne karakteristike
00:53
and anabolic, or growth-promoting.
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i anaboličko, koje pošpešuje rast.
00:57
These effects mimic naturally-occurring testosterone,
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Ova dejstva oponašaju testosteron koji se prirodno nalazi u telu,
01:00
which drives the development and maintenance
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što zauzvrat pospešuje razvoj i održavanje
01:02
of male secondary sex characteristics and general growth in everyone.
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muških sekundarnih polnih karakteristika i sveukupan rast kod ljudi.
01:07
That means testosterone and the synthetic steroids based on it
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To znači da testosteron i sintetički steroidi koji su napravljeni od njega
01:11
promote body and facial hair growth, enlargement of the vocal cords
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pospešuju rast dlaka na licu i telu, uvećavaju glasne žice
01:16
and deepening of the voice, increased muscle mass and strength,
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i produbljuju glas, uvećavaju mišićnu masu i snagu,
01:20
and increased stature and bone mass.
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koštanu masu i ubrazavaju rast u visinu.
01:24
Recreational steroid users are after the anabolic, growth promoting effects.
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Neredovni korisnici steroida uzimaju anaboličke steroide koji pospešuju rast.
01:30
To make muscles grow, steroids first promote protein synthesis—
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Kako bi se mišići uvećali, steroidi prvo ubrzavaju sintezu proteina -
01:34
proteins are essential building blocks of all cells, tissues, and organs,
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proteini su osnovne jedinice građe svih ćelija, tkiva i organa,
01:39
including muscles.
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uključujući i mišiće.
01:41
Steroids also block cortisol,
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Steroidi takođe blokiraju kortizol,
01:43
a signaling molecule that drives the breakdown of substances
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signalni molekul koji razlaže supstance
01:47
including proteins.
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uključujući i proteine.
01:49
Finally, they may push the development of muscle, rather than fat,
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Naposletku, mogu pospešiti razvoj mišića, umesto masti
01:53
and boost our metabolism, shrinking fat deposits.
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i ubrzati rad metabolizma tako što će smanjiti depo masti.
01:57
These properties make steroids valuable for treating many illnesses and injuries.
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Ova svojstva čine steroide veoma korisnim u lečenju mnogih bolesti i povreda.
02:02
They can help people with wasting illnesses,
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Mogu da pomognu kod progresivnih oboljenja
02:05
like AIDS and certain cancers,
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kao što su sida ili određeni tipovi raka,
02:07
maintain muscle mass and help burn victims recover lost muscle tissue.
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održe mišićnu masu i pomognu žrtvama požara u obnavljanju mišićnog tkiva.
02:13
So if steroids are used as medicine,
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Ako se steroidi koriste u medicini,
02:15
they must be safe to use recreationally, right?
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onda je sigurno bezbedno koristiti ih povremeno, zar ne?
02:18
Well, it’s not that simple.
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To i nije tako jednostavno.
02:20
To create the desired muscle growth,
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Kako bi postigli željenu mišićnu masu,
02:22
recreational steroid users must typically take doses orders of magnitude higher
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neredovni korisnici steroida uglavnom moraju da uzimaju mnogo veće doze
02:28
than those prescribed for a medical condition.
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od onih propisanih za neko oboljenje.
02:31
Long term, high dose steroid usage can have both undesirable
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Na duže staze, koršćenje velikih doza steroida može da ima neželjeno,
02:36
and outright harmful effects—
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a u najgorem slučaju i štetno dejstvo -
02:38
some of them dependent on factors like age, sex,
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neki od faktora koji utiču na to jesu životna dob, pol
02:41
and underlying health conditions.
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i zdravstveni problemi.
02:44
We’re not sure what all the risk factors are,
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Još uvek nije poznato koji su faktori sve rizični,
02:47
but we do know recreational steroid use is particularly risky for adolescents.
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ali znamo da je povremeno korišćenje steroida posebno opasno za adolescente.
02:53
During puberty, steroid use can prompt bones to mature
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Tokom puberteta, uzimanje steorida može da ubrza sazrevanje kostiju
02:57
before they’re done growing, causing growth defects.
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pre nego što su one završile sa rastom, uzrokujući anomalije rasta.
03:00
Adolescents are also most at risk
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Adolescenti su takođe u opasnosti
03:03
for the harmful psychiatric effects of steroid use.
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od štetnog uticaja steroida na mentalno zdravlje.
03:07
The most common of these, increased impulsivity and increased aggression,
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Najčešći primer jeste povećana impulsivnost i nasilnost,
03:12
are well-known as “roid rage.”
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poznata i kao "steroidni bes".
03:15
Up to 60% of users experience these effects.
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Do 60 posto korisnika iskusi te efekte.
03:19
But there are also less common,
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Međutim, tu su i ona ređa,
03:20
more damaging psychiatric side effects like mania and even psychosis.
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ali mnogo štetnija dejstva po mentalno zdravlje kao što su manija ili psihoza.
03:26
Steroid use can damage organs including the liver and kidneys,
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Korišćenje steroida može da ošteti organe kao što su jetra i bubrezi
03:30
and cause cardiovascular problems like high blood pressure.
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i uzrokuje kardiovaskularne probleme poput visokog krvnog pritiska.
03:34
While some or all of those effects may be reversible,
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Dok se neka od dejstava mogu poništiti,
03:38
steroid use can also cause liver cancer, especially in males.
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steroidi takođe mogu da dovedu do raka jetre, posebno kod muškaraca.
03:43
Though recreational users take steroids for their anabolic effects,
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Iako neredovni korisnici uzimaju steroide zbog anaboličkog dejstva,
03:47
they also experience androgenic effects— often undesired.
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oni isto tako mogu da iskuse androgeno dejstvo, koje je često nepoželjno.
03:52
That can mean increased body hair, enlargement of the clitoris,
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Ono sa sobom nosi maljavost, uvećanje klitorisa
03:56
and permanent voice deepening in females.
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i trajnu promenu dubine glasa kod žena.
03:59
At the same time, excess testosterone-like steroids can cause feminization in males,
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Istovremeno, višak steroida sličnih testosteronu može da uzrokuje feminizaciju
04:05
because the body converts the excess into estrogen.
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kod muškaraca,
jer organizam taj višak pretvara u estrogen.
04:09
This can lead to breast development and shrinking testicles.
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To dovodi do rasta grudi i smanjenja testisa.
04:13
These effects are not uncommon—
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Ova dejstva nisu retka -
04:15
about a third of male steroid users experience them to some degree.
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oko trećine muškaraca koji koriste steroide iskuse ih u nekoj meri.
04:20
Excess steroid use can also reduce fertility in males and females—
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Preterana upotreba steorida može da dovede i do problema sa plodnošću kod oba pola -
04:25
by reducing the sperm in semen or by causing missed periods and conditions
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redukujući broj spermatozoida u spermi ili uzrokujući neredovan menstrualni ciklus
i poremećaje kao što je sindrom policističnih jajnika.
04:31
like polycystic ovary syndrome.
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04:33
All these effects may be reversible if steroid use stops— but they may not be.
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Neka dejstva mogu da se ponište nakon prestanka upotrebe steroida, ali ne i sva.
04:39
The specific steroid, the duration of use,
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Vrsta steroida, dužina korišćenja
04:42
and other factors could play a role in reversibility.
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i drugi faktori igraju ulogu u tome da li je moguće vratiti se na staro.
04:47
Finally, there’s mounting evidence
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Na kraju, postoji obilje dokaza
04:49
that users are susceptible to steroid dependence.
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da korisnici mogu da postanu zavisni od steroida.
04:52
They can develop tolerance and require increasingly large doses over time.
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Mogu da postanu tolerantni što dovodi do toga da su im vremenom potrebne veće doze.
04:58
This increases the risk of harmful effects,
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Time se povećava i rizik od štetnog dejstva,
05:01
all of which are increasingly common at higher doses
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koje je veoma često kod korisnika koji uzimaju veće doze,
05:05
taken for longer durations.
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duži vremenski period.
05:08
Still, there remains little definitive information
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Još uvek postoji vrlo malo preciznih informacija
05:11
on how common and how reversible almost any of the harms are
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o učestalosti i mogućnosti poništenja bilo kojih od ovih štetnih efekata
05:16
at different levels of use.
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na različitim stadijumima upotrebe.
05:18
We don’t know enough, about either risk factors or exposure levels,
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Ne znamo dovoljno o faktorima rizika, niti o nivou izloženosti
05:22
to definitively say any recreational steroid use will be harm-free.
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da bi se sa sigurnošću tvrdilo
da povremena upotreba steroida ne nosi sa sobom nikakve posedice.
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