Speech acts: Constative and performative - Colleen Glenney Boggs

Govorni činovi: Konstativi i performativi - Kolin Gleni Bogz (Coleen Glenney Boggs)

Prevodilac: Anja Saric Lektor: Mile Živković

Have you ever seen

Da li ste ikada videli

a big, red "No Running" sign at a public pool?

na bazenu veliki crveni znak "Zabranjeno trčanje"?

For the most part,

Najvećim delom,

the pace on the deck reflects this statement.

hodanje po ivici bazena oslikava ovaj iskaz.

But while the sign accurately describes

Ali iako znak precizno opisuje

the patrons' movements,

kretanje gostiju bazena,

isn't it true that people are walking

nije li tačno da ljudi hodaju

because the sign tells them no running?

zato što im znak kaže da ne smeju da trče?

So, is this sign portraying the pool's environment,

Dakle, da li znak opisuje okruženje bazena

or is it doing something else,

ili radi nešto drugo,

something more powerful?

nešto mnogo moćnije?

The difference between a statement that describes

Razlika između izjave koja opisuje

and one that commands

i one koja nalaže,

is an idea developed by British linguist J. L. Austin.

ideja je koju je razvijo britanski lingvista Dž. L. Ostin.

He defines this distinction

On definiše ovu razliku

as two separate parts of speech:

kao dva različita govorna čina:

constatives

kontastivi

and performatives.

i performativi.

Constatives are sentences

Konstativi su rečenice

that describe something as true or false,

koje opisuju nešto kao tačno ili netačno,

and performatives are sentences

a performativi su rečenice

that denote an action.

koje označavaju radnju.

In other words, a constative is,

Drugim rečima, konstativ postoji,

and a performative does.

a performativ radi.

To help us distinguish these two parts of speech,

Kako bismo lakše razlikovali ove dve vrste reči,

let's start by examining constatives

hajde da počnemo ispitivanjem konstativa

around the park outside the pool.

u parku oko bazena.

The first sign we encounter says,

Prvi znak na koji nailazimo kaže:

"The park closes at 6 p.m."

"Park se zatvara u 18 časova."

After checking with a friendly park official

Nakon što smo proverili sa srdačnim čuvarom parka

that the park does, indeed, close at 6,

da se park, zaista, zatvara u 18 časova,

we can confirm that this statement

možemo potvrditi da je ova izjava

is a true constative.

pravi konstativ.

Nearby, there's a man on a bench

U blizini imamo čoveka na klupi,

with a newspaper, and the headline reads,

ima novine, a naslov kaže:

"Heatwave!"

"Toplotni talas!".

However, the sky is cloudy and it feels quite chilly.

Međutim, vrlo je oblačno i hladnjikavo.

Today's headline is a false constative

Današnji naslov je lažni konstativ

as it has proven to be incorrect.

jer je dokazano da je netačan.

Before the rain starts to fall,

Pre nego što počne kiša,

let's throw away our can of soda

hajde da bacimo našu limenku soka

at the blue trash bin that says, "Recycle."

u plavu kantu na kojoj piše "Reciklirati".

It's a performative.

To je performativ.

Performatives are sentences

Performativi su rečenice

that are meant to inspire actions.

koje za cilj imaju da podstreknu radnju.

Rather than conveying a message,

Umesto da prenese poruku,

it acts upon the world,

performativ deluje na svet,

it does something.

radi nešto.

In this case, the performative of "Recycle"

U ovom slučaju, performativ "Recikliranje"

is requesting people to put their trash

traži od ljudi da svoje đubre stave

into the proper receptacle.

u odgovarajuće pregrade.

Words not only bring about actions,

Pored toga što izazivaju radnju,

sometimes words themselves are actions.

reči su nekada i same po sebi radnja.

This is what is known as speech acts.

To je ono što nazivamo govornim činovima.

These actions include, but are not limited to,

Ove radnje uključuju, ali nisu ograničene na

ordering,

naređivanje,

promising,

obećavanje,

apologizing,

izvinjavanje,

warning,

upozoravanje,

sentencing,

izricanje kazne,

christening,

krštenje,

and even marrying.

pa čak i venčavanje.

Take a look at the wedding near the gazebo.

Pogledajte venčanje pored letnjikovca.

The couple says the words, "I do."

Par izgovara reči: "Da.".

The speech act here are the words, "I do."

Ovde je govorni čin reč "da".

These words cause them to marry one another.

Ova reč ih čini venčanima.

"I do" has acted upon them

"Da" je delovalo na njih

and profoundly changed their world.

i duboko promenilo njihov svet.

However, performatives depend

Međutim, performativi zavise

on context and reception.

od konteksta i prijema.

These are known as felicity conditions.

To su takozvani podesni uslovi.

Imagine if the mayor showed up to the wedding

Zamislite da se gradonačelnik pojavi na venčanju

and said, "By the power vested in me

i kaže: "U ime zakona,

kao gradonačelnik ovog grada,

as mayor of the city,

I name this gazebo 'The Mayor's Pizza Palace.'"

proglašavam ovaj letnjikovac Gradonačelnikovom pica palatom".

His words would be a speech act

Njegove reči su govorni činovi

by which he named the gazebo.

kojima je imenovao letnjikovac.

And because he's the mayor,

I zato što je on gradonačelnik,

the gazebo would be known by its new name.

letnjikovac će biti poznat pod novim imenom.

But if someone who isn't the mayor,

Ali ako neko ko nije gradonačelnik,

just a normal passerby,

samo običan prolaznik,

decides to name the gazebo after her favorite cat,

odluči da imenuje letnjikovac po svojoj omiljenoj mački,

the chances are the name would not change.

velike su šanse da se ime neće promeniti.

Felicity conditions are the rules

Podesni uslovi su pravila

under which the performative can be enacted.

pod kojima se performativ može odigrati.

These are fairly logical.

Ona su prilično logična.

The performative should have proper authority,

Performativ treba da ima pravi autoritet.

it should be understood,

Treba da bude potvrđen,

it should be clear,

treba da bude jasan,

and it should be able to be executed.

i treba da bude izvodljiv.

If the performative doesn't meet these conditions,

Ako performativ ne ispunjava ove uslove,

then it doesn't have the power

onda nema snagu

to denote action.

da označava radnju.

But just because a performative meets its conditions

Ali samo zato što performativ ispunjava uslove

and is clearly stated,

i jasno je utvrđen,

doesn't mean that it's implicitly followed.

ne znači da se bespogovorno sledi.

Back at the pool,

Nazad na bazenu,

a rowdy group of teenagers races to the high dive.

grupa mangupa tinejdžera trka se do odskočne daske.

"No running" does not seem

"Zabranjeno trčanje" izgleda da

to have power over them,

nema uticaj na njih,

and they'll have to face the consequences

i moraće da se suoče sa posledicama

of breaking this performative.

nepoštovanja ovog performativa.

They may even have to force out

Možda će čak morati

some performatives of their own,

da ispale neke sopstvene performative,

such as apologizing to the life guard

poput izvinjenja spasiocu

and promising to never run again.

i obećanja da više neće trčati.

Maybe the life guard will respond

Možda će spasilac odgovoriti

with another performative,

još jednim performativom,

sentencing them to be banished from the pool

izričući im kaznu zabrane ulaska na bazen

for the rest of the day.

tokom ostatka dana.

After all, these teenagers must learn

Na kraju krajeva, tinejdžeri moraju naučiti

to respect the power of words.

da poštuju silu reči.