Speech acts: Constative and performative - Colleen Glenney Boggs

210,125 views ใƒป 2013-10-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Have you ever seen
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ืชื
00:07
a big, red "No Running" sign at a public pool?
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ืฉืœื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืื“ื•ื ืฉืื•ืžืจ "ืœื ืจืฆื™ื" ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช?
00:10
For the most part,
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ืœืจื•ื‘,
00:11
the pace on the deck reflects this statement.
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ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืง ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:13
But while the sign accurately describes
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
00:15
the patrons' movements,
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ืืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื,
00:16
isn't it true that people are walking
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ื”ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื
00:18
because the sign tells them no running?
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืœื˜ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœื ืœืจื•ืฅ?
00:21
So, is this sign portraying the pool's environment,
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื”ืฉืœื˜ ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”,
00:24
or is it doing something else,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
00:25
something more powerful?
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง?
00:27
The difference between a statement that describes
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉืžืชืืจืช
00:30
and one that commands
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ื•ืื—ืช ืฉืคื•ืงื“ืช
00:31
is an idea developed by British linguist J. L. Austin.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืœืฉืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื’'. ืœ. ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ.
00:35
He defines this distinction
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
00:37
as two separate parts of speech:
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ื›ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ:
00:39
constatives
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ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช
00:40
and performatives.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช.
00:41
Constatives are sentences
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ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื
00:42
that describe something as true or false,
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ืฉืžืชืืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:45
and performatives are sentences
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ื•ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื
00:46
that denote an action.
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ืฉืžืกืžื ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื”.
00:48
In other words, a constative is,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื,
00:50
and a performative does.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ืฉื”.
00:52
To help us distinguish these two parts of speech,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜,
00:55
let's start by examining constatives
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช
00:57
around the park outside the pool.
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ื‘ืคืืจืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”.
00:59
The first sign we encounter says,
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ื”ืฉืœื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื• ืื•ืžืจ,
01:01
"The park closes at 6 p.m."
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"ื”ืคืืจืง ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ 6 ื‘ืขืจื‘."
01:03
After checking with a friendly park official
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ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืคืืจืง ื—ื‘ื™ื‘
01:06
that the park does, indeed, close at 6,
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ืฉื”ืคืืจืง ื‘ืืžืช ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ 6,
01:08
we can confirm that this statement
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืฉืจ ืฉื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
01:10
is a true constative.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
01:11
Nearby, there's a man on a bench
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ืœื™ื“, ื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืกืคืกืœ
01:13
with a newspaper, and the headline reads,
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ืขื ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื›ืชื•ื‘,
01:15
"Heatwave!"
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"ื’ืœ ื—ื•ื!"
01:17
However, the sky is cloudy and it feels quite chilly.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื ื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืจ.
01:20
Today's headline is a false constative
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ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”
01:22
as it has proven to be incorrect.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
01:24
Before the rain starts to fall,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืฉื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื“ืช,
01:26
let's throw away our can of soda
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ืคื—ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•
01:28
at the blue trash bin that says, "Recycle."
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ื‘ืคื— ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘, "ืžื—ื–ืจื•."
01:30
It's a performative.
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ื–ื• ื”ื•ืจืื”.
01:32
Performatives are sentences
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ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื
01:33
that are meant to inspire actions.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
01:35
Rather than conveying a message,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกืจ,
01:37
it acts upon the world,
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:39
it does something.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื•.
01:40
In this case, the performative of "Recycle"
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” "ืžื—ื–ืจื•"
01:43
is requesting people to put their trash
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ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื‘ืœ
01:45
into the proper receptacle.
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ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืื™ื.
01:46
Words not only bring about actions,
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ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช,
01:49
sometimes words themselves are actions.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช.
01:51
This is what is known as speech acts.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืคืขื•ืœืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
01:54
These actions include, but are not limited to,
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ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช
01:56
ordering,
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ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ,
01:57
promising,
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ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”,
01:58
apologizing,
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ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช,
01:59
warning,
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ืื–ื”ืจื”,
02:00
sentencing,
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ื’ื–ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ,
02:01
christening,
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ื”ืฉืงื”,
02:02
and even marrying.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.
02:03
Take a look at the wedding near the gazebo.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื‘ื•.
02:06
The couple says the words, "I do."
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ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, "ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื."
02:08
The speech act here are the words, "I do."
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ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื, "ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื."
02:11
These words cause them to marry one another.
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœื”ื ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™.
02:13
"I do" has acted upon them
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"ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื" ืคืขืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื
02:15
and profoundly changed their world.
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ื•ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื.
02:17
However, performatives depend
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช
02:19
on context and reception.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”.
02:21
These are known as felicity conditions.
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ืืœื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืชื ืื™ ืคืœื™ืกื™ื˜ื™.
02:23
Imagine if the mayor showed up to the wedding
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื”
02:25
and said, "By the power vested in me
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ื•ืืžืจ, "ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™
02:28
as mayor of the city,
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ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
02:29
I name this gazebo 'The Mayor's Pizza Palace.'"
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื’ื–ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื–ื” "ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ.""
02:32
His words would be a speech act
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ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคืขื•ืœื”
02:34
by which he named the gazebo.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ืœื’ื–ื™ื‘ื•.
02:35
And because he's the mayor,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
02:37
the gazebo would be known by its new name.
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ื”ื’ื–ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:39
But if someone who isn't the mayor,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
02:41
just a normal passerby,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืื•ืจื—,
02:43
decides to name the gazebo after her favorite cat,
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ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื’ื–ื™ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”,
02:45
the chances are the name would not change.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื”ืฉื ืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื”.
02:48
Felicity conditions are the rules
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ืชื ืื™ ืคืœื™ืกื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื
02:50
under which the performative can be enacted.
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ืชื—ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
02:52
These are fairly logical.
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:54
The performative should have proper authority,
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ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื”,
02:56
it should be understood,
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ืช,
02:58
it should be clear,
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
02:59
and it should be able to be executed.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข.
03:01
If the performative doesn't meet these conditions,
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ืื ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:04
then it doesn't have the power
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—
03:05
to denote action.
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ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
03:07
But just because a performative meets its conditions
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื
03:09
and is clearly stated,
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ื•ื ืืžืจืช ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
03:11
doesn't mean that it's implicitly followed.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžืœืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”.
03:13
Back at the pool,
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ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื›ื”,
03:14
a rowdy group of teenagers races to the high dive.
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคืจืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืฉืจื” ืจืฆื” ืœืžืงืคืฆื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
03:17
"No running" does not seem
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉืœ "ืืกื•ืจ ืœืจื•ืฅ"
03:19
to have power over them,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœื™ื”ื,
03:20
and they'll have to face the consequences
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
03:22
of breaking this performative.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:24
They may even have to force out
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ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื
03:25
some performatives of their own,
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ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื,
03:27
such as apologizing to the life guard
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืœ
03:28
and promising to never run again.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘.
03:31
Maybe the life guard will respond
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืœ ื™ื’ื™ื‘
03:32
with another performative,
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ืขื ื”ื•ืจืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
03:33
sentencing them to be banished from the pool
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”
03:35
for the rest of the day.
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ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:37
After all, these teenagers must learn
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
03:39
to respect the power of words.
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ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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