What light can teach us about the universe - Pete Edwards

Šta nas svetlo može naučiti o svemiru - Pit Edvards (Pete Edwards)

310,809 views

2014-07-31 ・ TED-Ed


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What light can teach us about the universe - Pete Edwards

Šta nas svetlo može naučiti o svemiru - Pit Edvards (Pete Edwards)

310,809 views ・ 2014-07-31

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
How and when did our universe begin?
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Kako i kada je nastao naš svemir?
00:09
How did it get to look like this?
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Kako je postao ovakav?
00:11
How will it end?
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Kako će završiti?
00:12
Humans have been discussing these questions
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Ljudi su raspravljali o ovim pitanjima
00:14
for as long as they've been around without ever reaching much agreement.
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od kako su ovde bez dostizanja saglasnosti.
00:18
Today, cosmologists are working hard to find the answers.
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Danas se kosmolozi jako trude da pronađu odgovore,
00:22
But how can anyone hope to find concrete answers to such profound questions?
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ali kako se iko može nadati da pronađe konkretne odgovore
na takva duboka pitanja?
00:27
And how is it possible to explore and study something as huge as the universe,
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I kako je moguće istražiti i proučavati nešto tako ogromno kao što je svemir,
00:31
most of which we'll never be able to reach?
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čiji veći deo nikada nećemo moći da dostignemo?
00:34
The answer is light.
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Odgovor je svetlo.
00:35
And although light from distant parts of the universe
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Iako svetlu iz udaljenih delova svemira
00:38
can take billions of years to reach us,
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može trebati milijarde godina da stigne do nas,
00:40
it carries six unique messages that, when put together,
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ono nosi 6 jedinstvenih poruka koje, kada se spoje,
00:43
can disclose an amazing amount of information to astronomers
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mogu da otkriju zapanjujuću količinu informacija za astronome
00:47
who know how to look for it.
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koji znaju kako da ih potraže.
00:49
Just as sunlight can be split up into the familiar rainbow,
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Kao što se Sunčeva svetlost može podeliti na poznatu dugu,
00:52
splitting the light from distant objects exposes different patterns of colors
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podela svetla sa udaljenih objekata otkriva različite obrasce boja,
00:56
depending on its source.
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što zavisi od njenog izvora.
00:58
This distinctive light barcode can reveal not only an object's composition,
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Ovaj prepoznatljivi svetlosni barkod može da otkrije ne samo sastav objekta,
01:02
but also the temperature and pressure of its constituent parts.
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već i temperaturu i pritisak njegovih sastavnih delova.
01:06
There's even more we can discover from light.
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Ima čak i više što možemo otkriti preko svetla.
01:09
If you've ever stood on a train platform, you might have noticed
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Ako ste ikada stajali na platformi voza, možda ste primetili
01:12
that the train sounds different depending on its direction
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da voz zvuči drugačije u zavisnosti od njegovog pravca,
sa zvukom koji postaje viši kada vam se približava
01:15
with the pitch ascending when it approaches you
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01:17
and descending when it speeds away.
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i koji se snižava dok odlazi.
01:19
But this isn't because the train conductor is practicing for a second career.
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Međutim, ovo se ne dešava zbog toga
što kondukter voza vežba za drugu karijeru,
01:23
Rather, it's because of something called the Doppler effect
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već zbog nečega što se zove Doplerov efekat
01:26
where sound waves generated by an approaching object are compressed,
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gde su zvučni talasi koje proizvodi objekat koji se približava sabijeni,
01:29
while those from a receding object are stretched.
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dok se oni koje proizvode udaljavajući predmeti rastežu.
01:33
But what has this to do with astronomy?
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Ali, kakve ovo ima veze sa astronomijom?
01:35
Sound does not travel through a vacuum. In space, no one can you hear you scream!
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Zvuk ne putuje kroz vakuum. U svemiru vas niko ne bi čuo da vrištite!
01:40
But the same Doppler effect applies to light whose source is moving at exceptional speed.
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Isti Doplerov efekat primenjuje se na svetlo
čiji se izvor kreće po izuzetnim brzinama.
01:45
If it's moving towards us, the shorter wavelength
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Ako se kreće prema nama, kraća talasna dužina
01:48
will make the light appear to be bluer.
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učiniće da svetlo postane plavlje,
01:50
While light from a source that's moving away
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dok će svetlo iz izvora koji odlazi
01:52
will have a longer wavelength, shifting towards red.
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imati dužu talasnu dužinu, prebacujući se na crvenu boju.
01:55
So by analyzing the color pattern in the Doppler shift of the light
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Kroz analizu obrasca boja u Doplerovoj smeni svetla
01:59
from any object observed with a telescope, we can learn what it's made of,
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sa bilo kog objekta koji se posmatra teleskopom,
saznajemo od čega se sastoji,
02:02
how hot it is and how much pressure it's under,
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koliko je vreo, pod kolikim je pritiskom,
02:06
as well as whether it's moving, in what direction and how fast.
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kao i da li se kreće, u kom pravcu i koliko brzo.
02:10
And these six measurements, like six points of light,
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Ovih šest merenja, kao šest tačaka svetlosti,
02:13
reveal the history of the universe.
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otkrivaju istoriju svemira.
02:16
The first person to study the light from distant galaxies was Edwin Hubble,
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Prva osoba koja je proučavala svetlo iz udaljenih galaksija bio je Edvin Habl,
02:20
and the light he observed was redshifted.
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a svetlo koje je posmatrao prikazivalo je crveni pomak.
02:23
The distant galaxies were all moving away from us,
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Sve udaljene galaksije su se udaljavale od nas,
02:26
and the further away the were, the faster they were receding.
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a što su bile udaljenije, brže su nestajale.
02:29
Hubble had discovered our universe is expanding,
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Habl je otkrio da se naš svemir širi,
02:32
providing the first evidence for the Big Bang theory.
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obezbeđujući tako prvi dokaz za teoriju Velikog praska.
02:36
Along with the idea that the visible universe has been constantly expanding
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Zajedno sa idejom da se vidljivi svemir konstantno širi
02:40
from a densely packed single point,
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iz gusto zbijene pojedinačne tačke,
02:42
one of this theory's most important predictions
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jedno od najvažnijih predviđanja ove teorije je
02:45
is that the early universe consisted of just two gases: hydrogen and helium,
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da se rani svemir sastojao od samo dva gasa - vodonika i helijuma,
02:50
in a ratio of three to one.
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u razmeri tri prema jedan,
02:52
And this prediction can also be tested with light.
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a ovo predviđanje je testirano i na svetlu.
02:55
If we observe the light from a remote, quiet region of the universe and split it,
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Ako posmatramo svetlo iz udaljenog, tihog područja svemira i ako ga podelimo,
02:59
we do indeed find the signatures of the two gases in just those proportions.
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zaista nalazimo zapise o dva gasa u samo ova dva odnosa.
03:04
Another triumph for the Big Bang.
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Još jedan trijumf za Veliki prasak.
03:06
However, many puzzles remain.
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Ipak, mnoge zagonetke ostaju.
03:09
Although we know the visible universe is expanding,
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Iako znamo da se vidljivi svemir širi,
03:12
gravity should be applying the brakes.
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gravitacija bi trebalo da primenjuje kočnice.
03:15
But recent measurements of light from distant dying stars
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Međutim, skorašnja merenja svetla sa udaljenih umirućih zvezda
03:17
show us that they're farther away than predicted.
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pokazuju nam da su udaljenije nego što je predviđeno.
03:20
So the expansion of the universe is actually accelerating.
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Dakle, širenje svemira se zapravo ubrzava.
03:24
Something appears to be pushing it,
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Čini se da ga nešto gura,
03:26
and many scientists believe that something is dark energy,
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a mnogi naučnici veruju da je to nešto tamna materija,
03:30
making up over 2/3 of the universe and slowly tearing it apart.
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koja čini preko dve trećine svemira i koja ga polako kida.
03:34
Our knowledge of the behavior of matter and the precision of our instruments
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Naše znanje o ponašanju materije i preciznost naših instrumenata
znači da jednostavno posmatranje udaljenih zvezda
03:38
means that simply observing distant stars can tell us more about the universe
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može da nam kaže više o svemiru
03:42
than we ever thought possible.
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nego što smo ikada mislili da je moguće.
03:45
But there are other mysteries, like the nature of dark energy
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Međutim, postoje druge misterije, kao što je priroda tamne energije,
03:47
upon which we have yet to shed light.
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koje tek treba da rasvetlimo.
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